Houses of hard work. The history of the creation of workhouses and charity houses in the 19th century

Peter I, when starting to create city magistrates, thought to charge them with the responsibility of establishing orphanages, almshouses, hospitals, workhouses and restraining houses “to provide work and food to everyone who can correct any work.”

The public charity system created by Catherine II provided for the opening, along with a hospital and an almshouse, of special institutions for employing the unemployed, beggars and vagabonds. In accordance with the Institution for the Administration of the Provinces, published in 1775, it was obligatory to create workhouses and straithouses. In 1785, a strait house was created in Moscow. Unlike the workhouse, which was intended to provide labor for volunteers, the straithouse was a forced labor colony where individuals were interned for antisocial behavior.

The workhouse and the straithouse soon merged and became a forced labor colony, on the basis of which a prison was subsequently formed. Since 1870, the restraint house began to be called the Moscow City Correctional Prison.

In contrast to them, one can name the emergence of houses of industriousness, whose activities were

aimed at solving the problems of the unemployed. Purpose of houses of industriousness

consisted of providing the poor with the opportunity to earn bread by honest labor - with the assistance of society. These institutions were created as a means of reducing beggary, preventing crimes often committed due to hunger, and to promote the development of national labor." Most often, the houses of industriousness did not have an "educational-correctional character.

The main reason for coming to the house of industriousness, according to Guerrier’s observation, was “reduced ability to work”; help from the house of industriousness could be needed, for example, by a woman with a child, an elderly person who has become lazy, an alcoholic or a teenager.

In 1882, the first house of industriousness opened in Russia. The idea of ​​its foundation is tight

associated with the name of the spiritual shepherd - Father John of Kronstadt.

At first, guardianship, not yet having a special home of diligence, was forced

It was enough to be content with what was made up of those in need of work in the artel, which were hired by the day for “menial” work. Having collected donations for the construction of the House of Diligence within a year, the house was opened in 1882. The house of industriousness was designed for men; they were invited to pluck hemp. The house performed well and in 1896 alone it provided work to 21,876 people.

in 1886, the first house of industriousness appeared in St. Petersburg. At first, the financial situation at home was unsecured, because finding Good work it was difficult for men. And in 1892 the men's department was closed. This house was reserved only for women and girls.

In 1886, another house of industriousness opened in St. Petersburg. In the house there were accommodations for men who were considered the only ones to stay at home. In parallel with this, the house of industriousness could carry out one more task and stop issuing wages to workers, which should go to the maintenance of those in need, but meanwhile is often spent on drinking and debauchery. Now those in need do not receive any wages, but are only given a small reward.

Due to the long period of stay in the house, those destined for him found him

type of work that is closer to them. The house had several workshops: carpentry, bookbinding, cartoning, shoemaking, tailoring, metalworking and others. The house provided training for those in need in their chosen specialty.

The internal regime is quite strict, but the main means to maintain it are

serve as persuasion rather than punishment. The most serious punishment is removal from the House, and the rest of the ladder of punishment consists of either a reduction in remuneration or the deprivation of certain general rights (eg the right to smoke for a certain period).

In 1896, the Women's House of Diligence was founded at the Moscow workhouse. He had workshops equipped with sewing machines, where women who came could earn a living.

diligence: “In addition to the main task - to provide urgent,

short-term assistance by providing them with labor and shelter - this kind

institutions have a number of other functions: - food, overnight accommodation, care for workers' children, - finding employment.

In 1895, the Trusteeship of Houses of Industriousness and Workhouses was opened,

later (in 1906) renamed the Trusteeship of Labor Assistance. It helped set up and maintain various “labor assistance” institutions. Since anyone who wanted to work could find something to do in the Houses of Industriousness, they introduced

here are crafts “that do not require any special professional knowledge.” Among the unskilled jobs there were: plucking tow, bast, hemp; gardening and horticulture; gluing bags; cleaning the premises and caring for the house; chopping and sawing firewood; cleaning streets and squares; carrying and transportation of goods; cleaning and plucking of feathers. For those who had any qualifications, workshops were opened in houses of industry.

Work here was paid more modestly than it would be in a permanent workplace. IN

permanent place. In most Houses visitors were provided with food, and in some

received full shelter.

Anyone can find themselves on the street. Help, it would seem, was nowhere to be found. But there are also those who are ready to lend a shoulder. TASS correspondents visited the Noah House of Diligence. People who have gone through their own personal hell come here. Here they are trying to return to normal life.

House of Diligence "Noah"

House of Hard Work "Noah" is a network of shelters for homeless people. The first one was opened in 2011. Founder - Emilian Sosinsky. “Many organizations help targeted, specific people,” he says. “My task was to deal not with just a few, but with thousands.”

“Noah” employees are sure: work is the main thing in life, and a person must understand that everything in life must be earned. This is also why all guests are paid regularly. Emilian Sosinski is convinced that this promotes socialization.

Now the network has 12 branches located in Moscow and the Moscow region. Two of them are social homes (mainly for the elderly, disabled and women with children), the rest are work homes (for able-bodied men). Residents of workhouses earn money for the entire community by finding work as workers. In social houses, people run the household, providing the community with meat and eggs.

"Standard Story"

Forest near Moscow. Behind the high fence is a vast area and several large red brick houses with many entrances and exits. “Everyone who enters the fence is drawn to alcohol,” a foundation employee tells us, who asked not to name him. “From the newcomer to the founder of the house, Emilian. So that a person understands from the very beginning: they don’t drink here at all. If you want to drink, go to railway station".

Most people who find themselves in Noah arrive here directly from the train station. “I came to Moscow from Krasnodar,” says a woman of about 40. “I found a job here for myself, and a school for my son. I had 50 thousand rubles - I could rent an apartment until my first salary. I turned away to buy water for my child - they stole both my money and documents.” . I found “Noah” on the Internet. Here they help you restore your passport, but to do this you need to live in the house for a month. “Then you can get a job,” she says. “I worked in a confectionery factory for half my life, I remember the recipes for all the cakes by heart.”

This is a relatively happy story. It can be worse.

Women and men live in separate rooms. Any relationship outside of marriage is called “fornication” and is strictly prohibited. And even if the couple signs, this does not mean that they will automatically be given a shared bedroom - only the most “deserved” inhabitants of the house receive them. Mothers and children live separately. When the work day begins, one of the women stays with the kids - that is, in fact works as a nanny. This is the Noah principle: everyone here works to provide a comfortable life for themselves and others. Everyone does what they can and have the strength to do.

Residents work at home six days a week. Rise - at 8:00, lights out - at 23:00. Although the cook, for example, gets up at half past five in the morning to prepare breakfast for everyone. The food is simple and satisfying - today, for example, there was borscht for lunch, and buckwheat with meat for dinner. In "Noah" there is subsistence farming: pigs, goats, rabbits, chickens. Meat and egg inhabitants social house provide for themselves completely. They save on gas thanks to a field kitchen donated by the Pokrovsky Convent.

The bedrooms in the buildings are packed with bunk beds so tightly that it is difficult to walk between them. And still there is not enough room for everyone. Therefore, some of the inhabitants of the house spend the night in the stable - in literally. In the future, it is planned to transfer some of the guests to a new branch, which will open in the Sergiev Posad district of the Moscow region. But so far there are not enough funds for it.

“Homeless old people, women with children and disabled people, including bedridden people, should move there,” says Emilian Sosinsky. “According to my calculations, the branch could accommodate all the disabled homeless people in the Moscow region who are ready to accept our rules. Now we are looking for philanthropists who could help." Able-bodied homeless people already have the opportunity to get to Noah from the street - but many disabled people do not yet have such a chance.

“I got to such a low point that I couldn’t walk.”

Olga is 42, she has black drawn eyebrows and a bright scarlet manicure, she confidently scribbles on a typewriter and makes aprons for local chefs. “Am I a professional seamstress?” Olga laughs. “What do you mean! I learned to sew in places not so remote. How long did I sit? How many times?” Olga had three sentences; in total, she spent five years in prison for fraud and forgery of documents. And in her youth she “was good”, did acrobatics, received ranks. But then I gave up. Olga has an adult son, she never lost contact with him, but “I won’t sit on his neck, let him arrange his life.” Now she is looking for a job - she can do a lot of things, from sewing to repairs, but they don’t hire people with a “camp” education to become seamstresses, and for hard work physical work health is no longer enough. Until he finds it, he will stay here.

There are dozens of such stories in Noah. “I drank for years, lived on the street, kind people brought me here,” “I was imprisoned, took drugs, my family doesn’t know anything about me for a long time,” and even “I’m an uncomfortable person, I didn’t get along with my son-in-law, I had to leave home” are the most typical explanations for this. why people come here. The guests at Noah are completely different. From a worker with three years of education to a mathematician who worked at secret facilities during Soviet times. But when you listen to their stories, they seem to merge into one.

"...I had two apartments in Moscow. I sold them to buy one simpler one and save money for my child’s education. I was robbed. I can’t tell you, I don’t even want to remember, it makes me shiver. I have nothing..."

"...I come from Dagestan, in 1996 I fled from there from the war to Volgograd. And then I had to leave. I didn’t have my own home. I have relatives, but everyone has their own family. If you don’t have money, who needs you? Who needs you Will they give you food and drink? Well, the first month, the second, and on the third they say: “Sorry, but we don’t have to feed you...”

“...One woman ended up here after the hospital: a thief doused her with acid. And while she was lying there, her husband managed to take out and sell all her property. But she only stayed here for two months: she quickly got divorced and got married again...”

“...I drank on the street for two years. I got to such a low point that I couldn’t walk. When they brought me here, they told me: “Brother, how are we going to get you? You have to go up to the fourth floor, sleep on the second tier of the bed." I climbed onto the floor on my knees and, by some miracle, onto the bed. I hung from there, smiled and said: “I have fulfilled your conditions.” Now I take care of the pigs. I've never dealt with animals before..."

This house really looks like Noah's Ark. Here everyone is given a chance to survive - no matter what hell they have gone through before.

"I didn't want to live"

Lyudmila does the laundry here. She is a large woman, 39 years old, quiet and reserved. She has five children, two live with their grandmother, three live here with her. The youngest girls are three months old and are twins. Lyudmila has been in “Noah” for three years, her husband is the head of one of the labor houses. Looking at her, you wouldn't think that she once sold drugs.

“We were never close to my mother,” says Luda. “I could leave the house and return in a year.” Once she “came out” so much that she ended up married at the age of 16. But an accident occurred and the husband fell into a coma. Lyudmila started drinking. Then everything turned out to be predictable. “I was such a girl... an adventurer,” she says. Drugs, a colony, a connection with a gypsy company - there really were enough adventures in her life. One day the gypsies invited her to Moscow, supposedly to work in a chain store. In reality, Lyuda’s documents were taken away and she was forced to beg. And then they raped me. “I ran away from the gypsies, all beaten,” she recalls. “I didn’t want to live.” Lyudmila tried to commit suicide, but failed. The social patrol found her on the street. That’s how she ended up in “Noah” - as it turned out, pregnant. “I didn’t want to leave the child, I thought he would remind me of what happened,” she says. “But I still gave birth to a son.” The boy turned out to be HIV+. As it turned out, Lyudmila was infected.

Now the woman and her son are taking medication. The babies were born with a negative status. She even began to keep in touch with her mother, who lives in Ukraine. Lyuda has a 22-year-old son and a five-year-old daughter there. Perhaps someday she will take her home with her.

The fact that there are HIV-positive people in the house is treated normally here. There is only one requirement in the house - follow the rules, and we will help you with everything else. HIV-positive people are registered and provided with therapy. Those who have lost their documents are helped to restore them. And women whose children were taken away due to drunkenness can return them as soon as they themselves return to a normal lifestyle. "Noah" works closely with all authorities - from the local police department to the guardianship. But compliance with the rules is strictly monitored here. For swearing - a fine of 50 rubles. This money is put into the general cash register - they recently bought a TV with it. For assault, the offender is immediately blacklisted and leaves the house until everyone he has harmed forgives him. And even then, you can only return after three months of rehabilitation (during this time a person works for free, only for shelter and food).

Smoking is allowed, but it is not encouraged. All types of intoxication are prohibited. “At meetings I say: I’m a drunk like you, but I haven’t drunk for four years,” says Sergei Sterinovich. Four years ago, he came here immediately after surgery on the pancreas: “My stomach was not yet stitched up, the wound was healing itself, there was a 15-centimeter hole.” He began to sit on watch - because he could not help but work, and he was still not able to walk. Now he heads the security service of the entire organization, is married and has a child.

"I do not have"

Not all people stay in “Noah” for a long time. For example, a couple - she is 40, he is 45, met here. They'll sign soon - "but without ceremony, I'm not a girl, so White dress put on." They are planning to find an apartment and leave: they want to live in their own home, “so that no one pokes their nose in and says: this is not how you live.” The employees of the house treat this normally: no one is obliged to live here forever. There is only one question - where does he go? guest. “If some careless mother is going to go homeless, guardianship comes and decides what to do with the child,” they explain to us. But if a person has found a job and shelter, they will only support him and even help him with registration.

Leave "Noah", live new life, not worrying about an overnight stay and coming to the station only when going on vacation is the best outcome for any guest. Many people succeed. But sometimes even those who have somewhere to go are not ready to return to their family.

Galina Leonidovna is 58 years old, she has been a housewife all her life and will receive a pension only in two years - due to old age. 20 years ago she left her husband and 18-year-old daughter in Krasnoyarsk. I went to Moscow to sell pine nuts and met a man at the market. Galina Leonidovna never returned home - she didn’t even divorce her husband, so she couldn’t sign with her new lover. Four years ago he died of cardiac arrest. “The apartment where we lived, the dacha, the car was sued by his son - he found an old will. And I was left without a husband and without an apartment.”

At first she lived with her “mother-in-law,” who is already 90 years old. “She either accepted me or kicked me out. She cried: “Why didn’t you sign with my son, it’s your fault!” Actually, it’s true - it’s my fault. It happened that she would wake up at night and start screaming. I can’t stand it - and out the door ", I'm going to the station. And I just sat at the station for several nights. I didn't live on the street. Although, probably, if she had died, I would have immediately ended up on the street." Galina Leonidovna's legs were paralyzed from stress. She came to Noah by accident: she became ill on the subway, and they helped her. Here she sews and understands that, most likely, she will stay here until the end. “I won’t return home,” she says. “When all this happened, I said that I was going abroad for a long time and would not call. I made three boxes for her. We used to communicate on Skype, corresponded. I have never seen my grandson in person. I saw, I left when my daughter was 18 years old, she was still studying. And now my grandson is already 15 years old."

Pavel also once had a family, an apartment and a dacha. He's tall and strong man about 50, prepares firewood for the whole house. He looks like a country man, but at heart he is a philosopher. He himself admits: he was always told that he was “not a city person.” Pavel was an alcoholic. For years he held on, but still left - first on a binge, and then from home. I lived on the street for a long time. “There is a lot of food in Moscow; they often throw away the good stuff,” he says. “We were grazing at the supermarket, there was anything: meat, dairy, vegetables and fruits. There were a lot of bananas. Once I came, I thought: damn, again bananas.”

Emilian Sosinsky is sure that the fact that it is so easy to survive on the streets in the capital corrupts many. “This is a real epidemic: more and more homeless people are becoming parasites, because our region is favorable for doing nothing,” he says. “They understand that it is not necessary to work and stop drinking. When a person does not work, he begins to think that he does not owe anything to anyone, everyone should "To him. Such people, if there are many of them, can be dangerous to society. Therefore, this epidemic must be stopped."

Since the time of the baptism of Rus', giving alms and receiving strangers were considered an indispensable virtue of every Russian person - from the commoner to the Grand Duke. Charity for the needy was the responsibility of monasteries and parishes, which were supposed to maintain almshouses and provide shelter for wanderers and the homeless. In the 18th century, attitudes towards the poor, the poor, and orphans changed. Life, rebuilt in many ways in a Western manner, has given rise to philanthropy, when help is provided for reasons abstract humanism, and not out of love for a specific person.

In the photo: House of Diligence in Kronstadt.

Mercy - instead of compassion (1). The indulgent charity of the prosperous to the humiliated and the orphaned will exist in society until the revolution.

In the 19th century, private secular charity developed: charitable institutions, various charitable societies, almshouses, shelters, charity houses, and shelters were founded. Needy able-bodied men and women aged 20-45 could only hope for small cash benefits and free lunches. Finding temporary work was not easy. A man in rags, exhausted, without documents, but willing to work honestly, had practically no chance of getting a job. It broke people morally and physically. They ended up at the Khitrov market, where they became professional “shooters”. Getting such people to work again and returning them to society was not an easy task.

The first decree, which talks about the workhouse, where “young sloths” who received “sustenance from work” should be forcibly placed, was given by Empress Catherine II to the Moscow Chief of Police Arkharov in 1775. In the same year, the “Institution on the Provinces” entrusted the establishment of workhouses to the newly created orders of public charity: “... in these houses they give work, and as they work, food, cover, clothing or money... completely wretched people are accepted who can work and they come voluntarily..."(2) The workhouse was located at two addresses: the men's department in the premises of the former Quarantine House behind the Sukharev Tower, the women's department in the abolished St. Andrew's Monastery. In 1785 it was combined with a restraining house for “violent sloths.” The result was an institution like a forced labor colony, on the basis of which a city correctional prison arose in 1870, known today to Muscovites as “Matrosskaya Tishina.” There were also workhouses in Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk and existed until 1853.

The number of beggars also grew, but there were no institutions where they could be helped. The situation was especially unfavorable in Moscow and St. Petersburg, where crowds of people in need flocked in search of work and food, especially in lean years. In 1838, the charter of the Moscow Committee for the analysis of cases of begging was approved. The Moscow City Workhouse, established in 1837 with the aim of providing income to those who came voluntarily and forcing professional beggars and loiterers to work, was also transferred to the committee’s jurisdiction. The Yusupov workhouse, as it was popularly called, was located at 22 Bolshoi Kharitonyevsky Lane, opposite the Yusupov Palace. The building was leased to the government in 1833 as a shelter for the poor. Up to 200 people attended here. The shelter was maintained at the expense of the Order of Public Charity. Over time, the number of recipients increased. By decision of the committee of trustees and thanks to the donation of the merchant Chizhov, the Yusupov Palace was purchased. In 1839 it was finally taken over by the town and became a workhouse.

The chairman of the trustee committee was Nechaev, and following his example, all committee members and workhouse employees worked without remuneration, making their own contributions. The number of those receiving treatment reached 600 people, and a hospital with 30 beds was opened. At the same time, G. Lopukhin donated his estate to the workhouse - the village of Tikhvino, Moscow province, Bronnitsky district (3).

New entrants were given a probationary period. After six months, they were divided into two categories: those who experienced good behavior and those who experienced unreliable behavior. The first ones did housework, receiving (4) kopecks per day and half the price for orders. The latter were assigned a guard, they were entrusted with the most difficult work and were forbidden to leave the house. Children learned literacy and crafts.

TO mid-19th century century, “the magnificent palace of Prince Yusupov, a noisy, brilliant house, in which taste, fashion and luxury reigned and were willful for more than 20 years, where music thundered for whole months, fancy balls, dinners, performances were given”, became extremely nondescript, “equally huge, gloomy and sad"4. The three-story building housed men's, women's and "old men's" departments. The latter housed disabled people who required care. In the large halls, beds and bunks were adjacent to tiled stoves, statues, and columns. The police most often brought those in need to Yusupov's house, but there were also volunteers driven to extremes. Gradually, the influx of volunteers practically stopped. No orders were received, household work was not paid, and those in need refused to work. The workhouse turned into “a shelter where beggars detained by the police on the streets of Moscow spent their time in idleness” (5). The problem of employing the poor has not been solved.

In 1865, the charter of the Society for the Encouragement of Hard Work was approved, the founders of which were A.N. Strekalova, S.D. Mertvago, E.G. Torletskaya, S.S. Strekalov, S.P. Yakovlev, P.M. Khrushchov. A.N. Strekalova was chosen as the chairman. Since 1868, the Society for the Encouragement of Hard Work became part of the Department of the Imperial Humane Society. Various charitable institutions were opened, for example, "Moscow Anthill" - a society to provide temporary assistance to the poorest residents of Moscow. Members of the "Anthill" - "ants" - contributed at least 1 ruble to the cash desk and during the year had to make at least two items of clothing at their own expense. Over time, the name “murashi” was assigned to the female workers of the “Anthill” workshops.

In February 1894, a women's home for industriousness opened at the corner of 3rd Tverskaya-Yamskaya and Glukhoy Lane. Anyone could get a job - in sewing workshops or at home. Gradually, a whole charitable complex was formed: workshops, a folk teahouse, a bakery (located in a house on the corner of 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya and Glukhoy Lane). The bakery provided women with quality bread at an affordable price. The poorest working women were given bread free of charge. While the mothers worked, the children were supervised in the nursery. In 1897, a school for dressmakers and cutters was organized for literate girls from poor families. Orders arrived regularly, manufactured products were sold at a cheap price in open warehouses. This was the first Moscow charitable institution of this type. By that time, there were already three houses of industry in St. Petersburg and one in Kronstadt for 130 people, founded in 1882 with private donations by Father John of Kronstadt. The main work of the detainees of the Kronstadt house was plucking hemp. There were fashion and sewing workshops for women and shoemaking workshops for boys.

One of the most passionate propagandists of “labor charity” in Russia was Baron O.O. Bukshoeveden. Through his efforts, by 1895, houses of industriousness were opened in Vilna, Elabuga, Arkhangelsk, Samara, Chernigov, Vitebsk, Vladimir, Kaluga, Simbirsk, Saratov, Smolensk and many other cities of the Russian Empire, including the second house of industriousness in St. Petersburg, called Evangelical, founded with funds raised by the baron among the Lutheran merchants. All of the House's employees were from among those who were looked after, which made it possible to reduce costs and increase the number of jobs. The institution was closed, that is, those in custody were fully supported. “Experience has shown that the workers did not know how to manage the money they received and remained in a poor condition, which prompted the council to provide them with shelter and food. In view of this, with the exception of a few married old people, everyone who was looking for work was required to live in a house of industriousness "(6).

Gradually, philanthropists became convinced of the need for two types of labor assistance institutions for volunteers: one - where a person would receive only temporary work until finding a permanent one; the other is closed, providing for the isolation of those in custody from outside world for educational purposes and, accordingly, their full content. In the latter case, “self-sufficiency” was out of the question; financial support from the state and private philanthropists was required. The most appropriate form of institutions of the second type seemed to be an agricultural colony: “A person who came in rags to look for work is no longer capable of independent work... For such an individual, the only salvation would be a workers’ colony far from the city” (7). A person who recently lost his job could very well be helped by the city house of industriousness.

Almost all labor houses were subsidized by the state or private benefactors. The average additional payment to cover the costs of the House was 20-26 kopecks per day per person. Mostly unskilled people came, their work was low paid: plucking hemp, making paper bags, envelopes, mattresses from sponge and hair, ruffling tow. The women sewed, combed yarn, and knitted. Moreover, even these simple crafts often had to be taught to those in need first, which significantly increased costs. Some of the houses of industry, as already said, simply turned into houses of charity. The earnings of a laborer in the workshops ranged from 5 to 15 kopecks per day. Work on street cleaning and sewage dumps paid more, but there were not enough such orders for all those desired.

House of hard work for exemplary women in St. Petersburg. It was opened in 1896 on the initiative of O. O. Buxhoeveden and with the support of the Trusteeship of Labor Homes and Workhouses (see Trusteeship of Labor Assistance), which allocated 6 thousand rubles for the construction. Originally located at: Znamenskaya st. (now Vosstaniya St.), 2, by 1910 it moved to Saperny Lane, 16. The chairman of the Trustee Committee in the 1900s was a bar. O. O. Buksgevden, then - V. A. Volkova, secretary - G. P. Syuzor.

The establishment provided women with the opportunity for intelligent work and constant income “until a more lasting arrangement for their destiny.” As a rule, graduates of secondary schools applied here educational institutions, orphans, widows, ladies abandoned by their husbands, often burdened with children or elderly parents and who did not receive pensions.

There were houses of hard work and for children- in Kherson, Yaroslavl, Yarensk. The Kherson Society generally believed that such institutions were necessary primarily “for the younger generation, in order to give them proper upbringing from childhood and eradicate the beggary and begging behavior of children that has developed in the city. It seemed less necessary for now to set up a home for industriousness for adults due to the very favorable conditions when they find work and sufficiently high wages for almost the entire year..."(8) In Yaroslavl in 1891, the local Committee for Charity of the Poor opened a cardboard-binding workshop for the poorest children in order to distract them from beggary. There was a cheap canteen with it. For work, children received 5 - 8 kopecks a day. They could stay in the House from one month to a year. Children's labor paid for the costs of charity even less than the labor of adults.

The budgets of the houses of industriousness consisted of membership fees, voluntary donations, proceeds from the sale of manufactured products, fees for city work, funds received from charity concerts, lotteries, circle collection, as well as from subsidies from the state and the Society. “The meaning of labor assistance is not always correctly understood by local leaders of industrious homes. There is a significant difference between labor assistance, which is provided to a person under the condition of actual work, and such assistance to an elderly person or a child. The work required of them has no real character. It happens that the home hard work becomes an end in itself, forgetting that it must be a means to another higher goal" (9).

Until 1895, 52 houses of hard work were established in Russia. In 1895, a regulation was issued on guardianship under the patronage of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna to facilitate and provide financial assistance in the opening of new houses, as well as to maintain existing ones. By 1898, there were already 130 houses of industriousness in Russia. In November 1897, the Committee of Trustees began publishing the magazine "Labor Help". The idea of ​​labor assistance is firmly embedded in public consciousness: “We give a piece of bread, which the poor man pushes away with bitterness, because he is left homeless and without clothes and cannot get by on bread alone. We give the beggar a coin to get rid of him, and we realize that we are actually pushing him deeper into poverty ", since he will drink away the alms given to him. Finally, we give clothes to the undressed man, but in vain, for he returns to us in the same rags."

On May 15, 1895, hereditary honorary citizen S.N. Gorbova addressed the City Duma with a proposal to establish, at her own expense, a women’s house of hard work named after M.A. and S.N.Gorbovykh. For construction, the Duma allocated a site in Bolshoi Kharitonyevsky Lane. The two-story stone building, facing the alley, was designed for 100 workers. On the second floor there were two workshops where linen was sewn, on the first floor there were apartments for employees and a people's canteen, transferred by the founder to the management of the city. Female workers received lunches consisting of cabbage soup, porridge and black bread for the price of 5 kopecks. Free meals were often donated by philanthropists.

Women came to the House on their own or were directed by city trustees and the Council. These were mostly peasant women and bourgeois women aged 20 to 40, often illiterate (10). Upon admission, each student was given a pay slip and was provided with a sewing machine and a cabinet for storing unfinished work. On average, 82 women worked here every day. They received wages once a week - from 5 to 65 kopecks per day. The cost of material, threads, and deductions to the House were deducted from earnings. In 1899, a nursery was established at the House. Product sales were ensured by regular city orders for various charitable institutions. For example, in 1899, the City Council received an order to sew linen for all Moscow hospitals.

In more difficult conditions, the city workhouse was located, providing labor assistance to both volunteers and those delivered by the police. Until 1893, it was under the jurisdiction of the Committee, which had very meager funds, for the analysis and charity of those asking for alms. No work was carried out here; mainly the beggars brought by the police were looked after (the number of volunteers was minimal). Soon the Committee was abolished, and the charitable institutions under its jurisdiction were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Moscow City Public Administration. Gradually things began to improve.

In 1895, the House was provided with work at the Spasskaya sewage dump, and the bookbinding and envelope workshop and the basket and linen workshop were revived. P.M. and V.I. Tretyakov donated two thousand rubles to the House. In 1897, 3,358 people were already accepted for voluntary charity. About 600 people had shelter directly in the House (11).

Those sent to work were divided into two categories: those who had their own good clothes and shoes and those who did not. Workers of the first category formed an artel and elected a leader who supervised the work and received an increase of up to 10 kopecks in their daily earnings. Those belonging to the second category also formed an artel, but worked under the supervision of a supervisor. Earnings were up to 25 kopecks a day in the summer, and up to 20 kopecks in the winter. Volunteers of the first category received 5-10 kopecks more than those of the second. The latter were given clothes, shoes, and underwear - of course, very, very second-hand ones. Here is the testimony of S.P. Podyachev, who described his stay in the House in 1902: “The clothes they were given were old, torn, smelly and dirty... They were given out differently: one received a short “stage” sheepskin coat, another from a thick cloth, either a jacket or not. then the underwear... The pants were also different: some were made of thick cloth and quite strong, others were blue, thin, like a rag... The legs were soft, made of woolen cords "chuni", exactly the same as what women wore pilgrims go to St. Sergius in the spring..." (12) "Chuni" were woven from old rags and lined with felt. Such shoes had to be tied with a belt or rope, which were not always provided, so workers sewed “chuni” to their underpants. “The worker’s legs are constantly sewn up, as if in a bag, and then he has to sleep in the chunya, and work, and walk from one end to the other,” notes Dr. Kedrov (13). He writes that “many workers have to go to work with a headscarf, a torn shawl or a scarf tied around their heads, including any dirty rag or cloth that comes to hand. The workers are belted with ropes and washcloths; they go to work and at the same time sleep on it, spreading it on the floor and covering themselves on a bed that is not only dirty, but almost always with torn sleeves, collars, and hems.”

Over time, about 500 people accumulated in the House, designed for 200 people. S.N. Gorbova temporarily provided the workhouse with most of the premises of the house of industriousness. In 1897, the city administration opened a branch of the workhouse in Sokolniki at Ermakovskaya Street, building 3, acquiring for this purpose the estate of the former Borisovsky factory. The two- and three-story buildings accommodated more than 400 prisoners. The Sokolniki department gradually expanded, which over time made it possible to accept more than 1000 people, as well as open workshops - blacksmithing, shoemaking, carpentry, box-making, and basket-making.

In the Moscow workhouse there were also children and teenagers brought by the police, who in 1913 were transferred to an institution called the Dr. Haas orphanage. In the children's department of the orphanage, street children under the age of 10 were raised. There were also nurseries for the children of workers at the home of industriousness and the workhouse.

One characteristic touch. “Ask anyone how I got here,” S.P. Podyachev writes in his essay, “by being drunk... We are all drunk... We’re just too weak... addicted to wine.” (14). Or another testimony: “Our grief drives us here, and the main reason is a weakness for the wine business... I’m a merchant... I made so much money in the wild, but here I’ve been doing nothing for five days and I can’t leave, I’ve drunk myself to death. We need to be whipped, bugged, so that we will be remembered..." (15)

The working day began at 7 o'clock. We got up at 5 o'clock in the morning. Before work, they received unlimited quantities of tea with sugar and black bread. “You can drink morning tea from clay mugs, which are kept under the pillow of the deceased or tied to their belts” (16).

However, according to the memoirs of S.P. Podyachev and Doctor Kedrov, “Morning tea, due to the lack of teapots and mugs for workers, is always taken with a fight. In view of this, to brew tea from a common cube, instead of cups and glasses, workers use clay flower jars (from greenhouses), covering the bottoms with bread or putty. Some of the workers manage to make themselves “cups” for tea from ordinary bottles. The bottle is cut into 2 parts, the neck is sealed with a stopper, and 2 “cups” for tea are ready." At noon, workers received lunch: hot food and porridge with lard or vegetable oil, and in the evening - the same dinner. “Bread and “sparrows” (the so-called small pieces of meat) were given out at the door of the dining room. Before getting into the dining room, you had to wait a long time in the cold... Cups of cabbage soup - each for 8 people - were already standing and smoking on the table, and spoons were lying , more like village chumichki. They began to eat, waiting until the full set had been assembled, that is, when all the tables were occupied..." (17) Workers employed outside the House took with them a piece of black bread and 10 kopecks of money, for which they drank tea twice, and on their return received a full meal and tea. The total working day was 10-12 hours.

On holidays and Sundays, most of the people in need rested. In their free time from work, those who wished could use the library and take books to the bedroom, where they read aloud to the illiterate. On Sundays they also gave concerts in the hall of the Sokolniki branch. There was an amateur choir in the central department. Those who wished could participate in dramatic productions. For example, in February 1902, Gogol’s comedy “Marriage” was staged here. The prisoners and two workhouse employees took part. Great success enjoyed the production of "The Inspector General" (18).

In 1902, both labor assistance institutions, located under the same roof and having a common administration, received independent status. In addition to those serving sentences under the sentence of the city presence, the workhouse included prisoners from the children's department and the department for teenagers unable to work, as well as chronicles. This improved life and simplified the procedure for accepting volunteers. First, they went to the prefabricated department, located in Bolshoi Kharitonyevsky Lane, where they were kept for no more than two days. All those accepted went to the bathhouse. “The washing procedure did not last long, because they were in a hurry and rushed. Those who washed and dressed were not allowed to stay in the bathhouse, but were ordered to go outside and wait there for the others to come out...” (19) Then they received outer clothing and "transported" to Sokolniki. Mostly artisan workers were concentrated there, and laborers lived in the central department or in the Tagansky department (on Zemlyanoy Val, in the house of Dobagin and Khrapunov-Novy). The largest orders for work - removing snow from the tracks - came from the railways. The main problem remained the provision of employment, as the number of people wishing to enroll in charity became more and more every year.

Another house of hard work opened in 1903 on Sadovaya-Samotechnaya Street, in the house of Kashtanova (maintained by the Labor Aid Society in Moscow). 42 women worked in the House. There were institutions that helped in finding work. The Moscow Labor Exchange named after T.S. Morozov, which began functioning in 1913, made it possible for workers and employers to easily find each other. It was founded on a donation from M.F. Morozova and was located at the Ermakovsky shelter on Kalanchevskaya Street. Up to 200-250 people were hired here every day, mostly rural workers. Employers came from Yaroslavl, Tver, Ryazan and other provinces. Labor contracts were concluded in a two-story stone building. The exchange provided services free of charge.

As we see, the measures taken by charitable societies and the government were very thoughtful and carried out purposeful nature. However, they did not solve the problem of poverty and unemployment in general. This problem, aggravated by revolution and civil war, had to be solved by Soviet-era Russia. “Post-perestroika” Russia is again suffering from the same problem today...

Notes

1. Ostretsov V. Freemasonry, culture and Russian history. M., 1998.
2. Speransky S. Workers' houses in Russia and abroad. P.19.
3. Tikhvin estate, later withdrawn from general management workhouse, would become an agricultural colony, where there were few people in need: they mostly worked wage-earners who were engaged in hauling firewood, firing bricks, quarrying stones, and carpentry.
4. Yusupov’s house and those cherished in it // Modern chronicle. 1863. ? 4.
5. Prison newsletter. 1897. ? 8.
6. Gerye V.I. What is a home of industriousness // Labor assistance. 1897. ? eleven.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Moscow city institutions based on donations. M., 1906.
11. Moscow City Workhouse in its past and present. M., 1913.
12. Russian wealth. 1902. ? 9.
13. Medical conversation. 1900. ? 8.
14. Russian wealth. 1902. ? 8.
15. Ibid.
16. From the life of the Moscow workhouse. M., 1903.
17. Russian wealth. 1902. ? 9.
18. News of the Moscow City Duma. 1902. ? 2.
19. Russian wealth. 1902. ? 9.

E. Khraponicheva
Moscow magazine N 9 - 1999

Jul 08

The House of Hard Work “Noah” (a shelter for the homeless from the Temple of Cosmas and Damian in Shubin) invites people to stay who, for various reasons, find themselves in Moscow and the Moscow region without a roof over their heads and are ready to live an honest, working and sober life. For those staying with us, the shelter provides assistance in restoring Russian documents and finding employment. Doctor's appointments and legal advice are provided regularly. Three full meals a day are provided, there is an opportunity to wash and wear clean clothes. We prohibit swearing and assault.

We accept people who are sober and who have undergone (if necessary) disinfection treatment.

Contact phone numbers:

Sheremetyevo 89262365415

Yurlovo 89645289784

Yamontovo 89262365417

Khovrino 89263723872

Office 89262365415

Emilian (manager) 89262365415

11 comments to “House of Hard Work “Noah” invites you to stay”

1. Kovalenko Lev Nikolaevich wrote:
   

   “People who find themselves without a roof are invited to stay,” but for how long and what will they have to do?
   The fact is that just a week ago, a man being released from the maximum security penal colony IK-2 in the city of Engels approached me with a request to advise him on which monastery he could go to in order to move there for permanent residence, given that his left arm is paralyzed and leg. He is about 60 years old. I would like to know; could he count on permanent residence in the house of hard work “Noah”?
   If we recall similar cases, we remember that several years ago the Engels nursing home sheltered three people released from prison. But soon these guests were denied shelter, because... They persistently began to establish Zonov’s rules in the shelter. In this regard, the question is: how are “Noah” going to ensure conflict-free accommodation for quite problematic people?

2. Vladimir wrote:
   

   Good afternoon
   I have a difficult situation and will soon be homeless
   Could you tell me more about your living conditions?
   with respect Vladimir
   8926-496-81-47

3. Yulia wrote:
   

   How much money do your women earn per week? And what kind of work do they do?

4. Eremin Yuri Mikhailovich wrote:
   

   I am homeless and temporarily live in the Ryazan region. Sheltered caring people so as not to freeze in winter, but there is no food! I don't smoke or drink! I’m trying to get out of this situation, but I haven’t been in jail yet, not a drug addict, but a completely adequate person with useful skills, such as a tinsmith, a cook, making blocks for the economical construction of buildings and utility rooms, but my dream is to create an Orthodox radio station for residents who cannot attend services! And I can do this immediately upon arrival in Noah! Within a few days, all you need is the Internet and one assistant! Everything else will come with me! I will be glad to answer all your questions. Georgy.

5. Vitaly wrote:
   

   HELLO everyone!!)) Alena, Nikolai, Vladimir and others.

6. Vitaly wrote:
   

   I lived in your house for some time. I am THANKFUL for your support!!

7. Andrey wrote:
   

   My name is Andrey, I have arms and legs, I can work, I ended up in Moscow because of the war in Ukraine, I was left without documents and housing. I’ll send you help

8. marina. wrote:
   

   my name is Marina. A month ago I lost all my documents and money. The house in which I lived after the sale of the apartment is not suitable for habitation. I became a victim of realtors. Now I live with a friend. This will not last long. After restoring my Vryatli passport, I will restore the money, cards and similar. I’m thinking about the monastery, I don’t know how to get to obedience. Help. I'm 62 years old

9. Sveta wrote:
   

   Good time days! By chance, on this site, I am ready to help Marina if she has not found shelter, or another woman who is in a difficult situation. The fact is that I live in Moscow, my mother is in the provinces, lives in big house, where there is gas, water, sewerage in the house, a large vegetable garden, outbuildings. She lives alone and is 70 years old, so that she doesn’t get bored, we are ready to accept a decent woman into our home for permanent residence, she will have a friend for her mother and she won’t be bored. Not for the sake of self-interest, if anyone thought so, we have everything. It’s just that the mother is bored alone; together they would plant a vegetable garden, keep chickens, etc. tel.89067044342

10. Andrey wrote:
    

    Collection of information on the status of Her Majesty the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna under the Augustus.

    Report to the Trustee on workhouses and workhouses. - Vol. IV. - St. Petersburg, 1902. (Extracts)

    Institutions for labor charity

    Industrious homes for adults and mixed and similar institutions

    The growth and development of industrious houses clearly shows that institutions of this kind, if they are intended only for labor charity, do not satisfy many of the urgent needs of life and, solely under the influence of such, they take on forms completely different from those created for them theoretically.

    The survey of labor houses, undertaken in the reporting year at the direction of the Committee, gave quite definite confirmation of this.

    When they were established, the houses of industriousness were understood by the founders themselves as more or less simple, uncomplicated institutions, intended to provide temporary work to persons who had, but then lost it due to unfortunate circumstances. They did not undertake educational and corrective purposes, did not undertake general tasks of charity, and therefore in their pure form should be closed to professional beggars, children and the disabled.

    Meanwhile, as a review of industrious houses showed in 1901, this type of them found only very little use in life: at present there are hardly many such houses that, with the correct development of their activities, would not turn into more complex institutions .

    This happened, on the one hand, because in a house of pure industry, under the influence of living conditions, it was necessary to open a number of auxiliary institutions, on the other hand, because in some areas an urgent need was discovered, along with able-bodied people - adults in need of temporary income - to accept disabled people, children and professional beggars, and, finally, with the third - that life has forced us to concern ourselves with strengthening the assistance provided in homes and making it preventive.

    A clear example of the complication of the original simple type of house of industriousness can be seen at least in the Orlovsky house, subordinate to the Trusteeship of houses of industriousness and workhouses. September 22, 1901 marked exactly 10 years since the founding of the said labor assistance institution, which was opened on September 22, 1891 for temporary charity for homeless poor people in need of work and food; It was designed for 50 people when it opened. Also in 1891, the Trustee Society filed a petition about him

    • 0 addition to the charter of the house of industriousness in the sense of granting the Society the right to open a night shelter at the house for the poor who do not work in the house, which shelter was opened to
    • December 1. At the same time, at the suggestion of the Diocesan Committee, established to collect donations for the benefit of those affected by the crop failure, a free canteen for 100 people was set up in the shelter premises. In 1892, as a result of the crop failure of 1891, the need for food and charity for the poor city residents and peasants arriving to work became even more urgent, therefore, in addition to the mentioned free canteen, 4 more cheap canteens were opened with funds from the Provincial Charity Committee, which were received under the jurisdiction of the Trustee Society. In the same year, the Society’s leaders saw themselves forced to open a children’s department at the house for temporary care of orphaned and generally street children. Due to the fact that the orphanage children, of whom 50 people were accepted at first, it was impossible to place them in permanent places Due to their unpreparedness for work, there was a need to impart craft knowledge to them. The Trustee Society tried to pursue this goal, teaching children in the shoe, box and hosiery workshops, at home, in the kitchen and bakery, which was also already open by this time, as well as sending them to printing houses, bookbinding and the city metalworkshop. In addition, the Trustee Society placed them in workshops of various workshops to teach children crafts.

    A school was established at the refuge, enjoying the rights of an elementary zemstvo school, under the direct supervision of a special teacher.

    In 1893, the activities of the Trustee Society expanded further, namely, in order to combat the cholera epidemic, a second shelter and a cheap canteen were opened. To combat beggary, the Society in the same year issued penny checks with a statement in them that for one a check gives a portion of hot food or half a portion of porridge, for 3 checks - hot food, one and a half pounds of bread, etc.

    In 1894, the idea arose about establishing an almshouse for elderly women, which was carried out the following year, 1895. This year, women's workshops received special development, which, in addition to fulfilling small orders from private individuals, also began to accept contracts for the supply of products for different institutions. Special craftswomen were hired to train those in need. For the sale of stockings produced in women's workshops, in addition to selling them at the workshop itself, a warehouse was opened at the store of the local merchant Vlasov. In May 1895, the Oryol Charitable Society for the House of Diligence came up with a proposal to transfer to its jurisdiction the charitable society of the “Nursery” shelter, with all its equipment; Moreover, the Charitable Society undertook to provide the House of Diligence with an annual subsidy of 150 rubles. Under these conditions, the “Nursery” shelter was accepted by the Trustee Society along with the three children who were in it. Actually, the nature of this shelter does not quite correspond to the generally accepted concept of shelters called “Nursery”; it would be more correct to call it a juvenile department of a children’s shelter due to the fact that children are left here not only for the daytime, but live permanently. In 1895, due to the cheapness of bread, the need for cheap canteens decreased so much that the board of the Society decided to close them until there was a new need. Nevertheless, the Society, in order to ensure that those in dire need were not deprived of the opportunity to receive cheap bread, established a branch of a cheap canteen at the House of Diligence itself.

    In 1896, the number of children cared for in the children's department of the House reached 80 children, and in the “Nursery” shelter it increased from 3 to 22.

    Due to the fact that the orphans, the poor, and the elderly living at the House of Diligence were deprived of the opportunity, due to the remoteness of city churches and the lack of sometimes warm clothes and shoes, to visit the temple of God, there was a natural need for the establishment of a home church at the House of Diligence, which was built with donations money and consecrated on September 15, 1897 by Fr. John Sergiev.

    In 1898, the activities of the women's workshop expanded even more; it brought in a net profit of 2,200 rubles. In addition to the previous workshops, a brush room was added for awaiting men.

    In 1899, men's workshops received special development, producing for the first time, instead of the usual deficit, an insignificant profit; At the same time, they began to expand the bakery existing at the House of Diligence.

    In 1900, an intermediary office was established at the House of Diligence to find places and occupations.

    According to information from 1901, the Oryol House of Diligence with its divisions is a series of buildings near the city center, on the river bank, surrounded by gardens and constituting, as it were, a whole colony of charitable institutions, which includes the following institutions: 1) church; 2) library; 3) the House of Diligence itself for temporary care of adult men and women with workshops: hosiery, seamstress, box, package, shoe, carpentry, metalwork and bakery; 4) shelter “Nursery”; 5) a refuge for boys; 6) shelter for girls; 7) school; 8) an almshouse for elderly women (one old man is also cared for in a separate room);

    9) a shelter for the incoming poor; 10) for them a cheap canteen and 11) an intermediary office for finding places and activities.

    Every day the House of Diligence cares for up to 225 people.

    The value of the Company's property exceeds RUB 75,000. The parish received 20,877 rubles in 1901. 94 kopecks, during the same time 23,002 rubles were spent. 50 kopecks

    The same - to a greater or lesser extent - complex institution of labor assistance is, for example, the Kronstadt House of Diligence (not subordinate to the Trusteeship), which has: 1) a church, 2) an orphanage, 3) an almshouse, 4) an overnight shelter, 5) dining room, 6) handicraft classes, 7) Sunday School, 8) a bookstore, 9) cheap apartments, 10) an intermediary office for hiring female servants, 11) a hospital, 12) a public school, 13) a children's library and 14) the organization of public readings. The cost of real estate of the Kronstadt house is 350,000 rubles, the amount of available capital is up to 490,000 rubles, annual income is more than 77,600 rubles, expenses are 59,580 rubles.

    Then, the 1st House of Industriousness of the St. Petersburg Metropolitan Trustee Society for Houses of Industriousness (subordinate to the Trusteeship) was also built with its workshops: sewing, weaving, carpentry, wallpaper, rope products, plumbing and foundry, painting, shoemaking and a workshop for making rugs and paths; it has: 1) a dormitory, 2) a kitchen, 3) a dining room, 4) a library, 5) a labor center (free sewing workshop), 6) a job search office,

    7) organization of external work, 8) laundry, 9) disinfection chamber, emergency room and first aid kit; It is also proposed to open a nursery and establish a bakery and overnight shelter. The Capital Trusteeship Society has property worth only 65,240 rubles. The Company's income for 1901 amounted to 24,611 rubles. 12 kopecks, consumption - 18,145 rubles. 65 kopecks The total number of recipients of 1 house of industriousness reached the figure of 30,907 rubles.

    Complex houses of industriousness and, moreover, significant in terms of capital and real estate (over 30,000 rubles) also include the following institutions subordinate to the Trusteeship of houses of industriousness and workhouses: the house of industriousness in Vilna, in Rostov-on-Don named after P. R. Maximov, in Kyiv, in Nizhny Novgorod them. Mikhail and Lyubov Rukavishnikov, in Yelets, in Poltava, in Rodom, the 2nd House of Diligence of the St. Petersburg Metropolitan Trustee Society for Houses of Diligence, in Saratov, in Tula, in Kharkov, in Odessa and in Rybinsk, in total with the above two - 15 institutions.

    The same houses of industriousness, but not under the jurisdiction of the Trusteeship, are available: in Baku, Warsaw, Vyatka, Grodno, Kursk, Moscow named after N.A. and S.N. Gorbov, in Moscow, the Sergievsky House of industriousness of the “Moscow Anthill” society, Samara, Simbirsk , St. Petersburg - the Evangelical House of Diligence and the House of Diligence of the Petrovsky Society for Helping the Poor, in Tsarskoe Selo, Tver, Torzhok, Chernigov, Revel and Yaroslavl - a total of 19 institutions.

    Of the other existing labor houses, some still remain simple and uncomplicated institutions for temporary income, but, apparently, most of them have already embarked on the path of complexity. There is no doubt that the rest will follow these last ones, since life steadily directs them towards this. There is no doubt that in the future they all, or at least the vast majority of them, will turn to complex institutions and open the doors of their establishments not only to workers looking for temporary work in the workshops at home, but also to everyone who needs them - many facts convince us of this . That the houses of industriousness of the pure type are theoretical and that, on the contrary, houses of the complex type are practical, was concluded, among other things, by the heads of the designated labor assistance institutions and their caretakers who were present at the Congress held from April 16 to 22 of this year.

    According to information from 1901, there are up to 130 trustee societies, circles and trustees for industrious homes (for adults and mixed ones). Of these, 77 labor assistance institutions operate on the basis of model statutes adopted under the Trustee for industrious homes and workhouses, the rest on the basis of special statutes, completely or not completely consistent with the exemplary ones.

    In the reporting year, five houses of hard work were reopened: the Blagoveshchensky House of Hard Work for disadvantaged women in St. Petersburg; house of hard work, established by the Society for the Care of the Families of Exiled Convicts on the island. Sakhalin; a house of hard work for women established by the Cross Charitable Society in St. Petersburg; the house of industriousness of the Menzelinsky Society for Benefiting the Poor and the house of industriousness of the Society for helping the needy population of Khvalynsky district, Samara province, in the village. Noble Tereshka, - the first three are subordinate to the Trusteeship, the last two act on the basis of special statutes. In addition, it is proposed to open: the House of Diligence in the city of Hungrov, Siedlce province, the draft charter of which, agreed with the approximate one, is now being approved; then the house of industriousness - in the city of Czestochowa, Petrovka province; in Cherkassy, ​​Kyiv province; in St. Petersburg, a house of industriousness for tailors and a house of industriousness in the city of Nikolaev, established by the Nikolaev Society for the construction of shelters.

    Of the listed institutions, the house of industriousness on the island deserves special attention. Sakhalin and the proposed opening of the house of industriousness in the city of Czestochowa.

    The rules of the Sakhalin House of Diligence were approved on December 5, 1901, but the institution itself actually began its activities in mid-September of the same year.

    The extremely difficult financial situation of part of not only the exiled, but also the full-fledged population of the island. Sakhalin, explained mainly by the insufficient local demand for labor, has long pointed to the need for private charity to intervene in this area to provide assistance at least to those in need who do not refuse to work to support the existence of themselves and their families.

    Imbued with the conviction of the urgent need for such intervention, the Society for the Care of the Families of Exiled Convicts decided to take the initiative in this matter, and since labor seemed to him the most rational type of assistance, general meeting members of the society on March 17 last year and decided to establish on the island. Sakhalin in Lent Alexandroven House of Diligence.

    The implementation of this resolution was started without delay, for which purpose the Board of the Society sent nurse E.K. Mayer to Sakhalin.

    During the first two weeks after the opening of the House, 150 people worked in it, but soon then the number of workers daily reached 150, and if it did not increase even more, it was only because the funds not only did not allow the Society to increase the contingent of workers, but also forced he subsequently reduced this contingent to 70-60 people. in a day.

    Work in the House of Diligence consists of sewing linen, clothes and shoes, weaving carpets, weaving nets, making mops and mattresses, etc. In addition, outsiders approached the House to hire people from it for work outside the House, for example, earthen. Orders for products and their sales were insignificant at first, although they amounted to 800 rubles in September and October. income, should, in the opinion of the Board and in the opinion of sister of mercy E.K. Mayer, increase significantly in number, as the House of Diligence gains greater fame among the administrations of prisons, hospitals, mines, etc.

    Sister Mayer, with the assistance of local officials who offered their services, Sundays People's readings with humane paintings are organized in the House, a gramophone and checkers are purchased. These readings are very willingly attended not only by the workers of the House of Diligence, but also by many of the residents of the Aleksandrovsky post. In addition to Sunday readings, the House organizes evening literacy classes (3 times a week).

    Since most of the workers who found employment in the House belong to the homeless and huddle in all sorts of dens, where there can be no question of maintaining any hygienic conditions, some of the workers were placed in a bathhouse adapted for housing in one of the rented houses. Over time, an overnight shelter will be set up at the House.

    In view of the urgent need for a recommendation office that would serve as an intermediary between employers and workers, it was proposed to open one in the city of Nikolaevsk, where every year, after the opening of navigation, a significant number of job seekers, and employers, taking advantage of the forced position of many exiles, exploit their labor to the extreme.

    From the foregoing it is clear that the already six-month existence of the House of Diligence in question has proven the extreme necessity of this institution on Sakhalin and that its activities should develop in a very short time to very significant proportions. The Committee of Trusteeship of Labor Homes and Workhouses did not fail to come to the aid of this young and so attractive institution of labor assistance, which at the beginning of this year allocated to it, in accordance with its journal resolution most graciously approved by Her Majesty the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, a non-refundable allowance of 10,000 rubles. for the construction of your own building and 5,000 rubles. in a loan for the formation of working capital of the house of industriousness.

    The need for a home of industriousness in Częstochowa was explained by its founders, on the one hand, by the fact that in Częstochowa, as a large factory town, a mass of working people accumulate - men and women, many of whom, not getting to local factories and plants for various reasons, remain positively without a piece of bread and are forced to earn their living by begging and other reprehensible means. The projected labor assistance institution, which will be under the jurisdiction of the Trusteeship of Labor Homes and Workhouses, is intended to provide temporary income to the aforementioned persons. On the other hand, the need for the said institution is motivated by the very important indication that the house of industry in the said city can serve to prevent all kinds of social democratic teachings that are being spread in Częstochowa, as a border city, by workers coming from Prussia and Austria. The proletariat is especially sympathetic to the extremes of the said teachings, in whose midst an element is created that is politically unreliable. A house of industry in a given locality, providing shelter and food for the poor and thereby reducing the number of those suffering from unemployment, will undoubtedly be an institution that helps to suppress the spread of the mentioned harmful teachings.

    House of industriousness in the village. Noble Tereshka, Khvalynsky district, was opened with private funds collected by subscription. It produces matting and coolers for bark. Under the guidance of two masters, in 1901, 14 teenagers from local residents aged 12 to 16 years. Due to the lack of handicraft and factory crafts among the local population that could provide any assistance in the economy, strengthening the existence of the House of Diligence in the named village is highly desirable.

    Menzelinsky, Ufa province, the house of hard work was opened by a local society for the benefit of the poor in 1900, but the first information about it was delivered by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which is in charge of the said society, only at the end of January of the reporting year. The House of Diligence in Menzelinsk is, in essence, an insignificant educational and demonstration workshop in terms of the number of boys it nurtures (only 5 in 1900). In it, in order to teach local residents useful skills in their everyday life, the weaving of sarpinka on an aircraft loom, the weaving of carpets, matting, and weaving of napkins were organized, work from white and black tin was organized, and, in addition, the Board of the company intended to introduce carpentry and metalworking skills.

    The Annunciation House of Diligence in St. Petersburg aims to provide assistance and shelter to disadvantaged women and girls by training them as scientists and nurses.

    The rules of the First House of Diligence for Women in St. Petersburg, established by the Cross Charitable Society, were approved at the end of the reporting year. The said institution has outlined for itself the general objectives pursued by the houses of industriousness.

    The charters of the remaining industrious houses proposed for opening are being developed by their founders.

    Following the example of previous years, the Committee for the Trusteeship of Houses of Industriousness and Workhouses and its bodies took a number of measures in 1901 that served to develop and strengthen the activities of houses of industriousness.

    Thus, some institutions, in accordance with the most mercifully approved journal resolutions of the Committee, were provided with benefits and loans from the funds of the Trusteeship; other institutions converted previously issued loans into non-repayable benefits, and others extended the payment of such loans in installments. From the first group of labor assistance institutions, 1,550 rubles were allocated to the Trustee Society for the House of Diligence in Yamburg for the construction of a bathhouse, laundry and disinfection chamber, to the Laishevsky Trustee Society for the House of Diligence for the needs of the weaving workshop maintained by this society, 413 rubles, to the Kiev House of Diligence for expansion of the building he occupies 10,000 rubles, Dvinsky House for the purchase of an estate 1200 rubles, House of Diligence in the village. Isaklakh to expand the activities of this institution 1000 rubles, to the house of industriousness in the city of Khvalynsk, Saratov province, for the same subject 800 rubles. and according to Nezelenova’s will, the III house of industriousness was given to the St. Petersburg Metropolitan Trustee Society for houses of industriousness - 7967 rubles. 67 V 2 kopecks, so that this amount is converted into the untouchable capital of this institution and so that annual interest from it goes to the current expenses of the house. From the second group of institutions, loans were converted into irrevocable benefits: to the Oryol House of Diligence (3,000 rubles), the Volsky Society (3,000 rubles) and the Saratov Trustee Society for the House of Diligence from the amount issued to the society in the amount of 9,000 rubles. loan credited 2500 rub. The repayment of the remaining loan of 6,500 rubles was given as a non-repayable benefit. for three years, i.e. until 1904. In addition, the payment of loans issued to the Vitebsk House of Diligence in the amount of 2,500 rubles was spread over 10 years. and the Radom Charitable Society in the amount of 5,000 rubles.

    Finally, regarding the particularly successful activities of the boards and individuals, which served for the benefit of the houses of industriousness, the Committee brought it in the journals of the meetings to the Highest information of Her Majesty the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and the August Patroness of the Trusteeship of the houses of industriousness and workhouses most graciously deigned to announce Her Majesty’s full allowance to the Council of the Rostov-on-Don house of industriousness named after ETC. Maksimov, the Board of the Kyiv House of Industriousness, the leaders of the Odessa House of Industriousness and Mrs. Gorbova, the head of the house of industriousness she established in Moscow. In addition, Her Imperial Majesty was pleased to deign to declare gratitude on behalf of Her Majesty to Mr. Konstantinovsky for his fruitful activities for the benefit of the Pskov House of Diligence.

    Orphanages of hard work

    There were only ten purely industrious orphanages. Among them, two operated in villages, two in county towns, and the rest in provincial cities and capitals.

    Among the largest institutions of this kind is the Galernaya Gavan industrious home for teenage boys in St. Petersburg. It employs 70-80 children aged 12 to 15 years, distributed between workshops: shoemaking, carpentry, bookbinding and metalworking. The latter is now closed. The most diligent and skillful boys receive a wage from 3 to 5 kopecks. per day, but the money earned is given to the children only when they finally leave the House of Diligence.

    The orphanage for industriousness in Riga is also relatively large, in which over 60 girls were cared for. The wages in this institution are assigned only from the 2nd and 3rd years of girls’ attendance at the home of diligence and, in general, are also small.

    Almost the same size is the house of industry in Kherson, maintained by a local charitable society. It consists of a school, workshops and a boarding school where up to 30 boys live.

    From the data on industrious orphanages it can be seen that their type can hardly be considered established yet. In theory, this is an open (without boarding school) institution, intended primarily to provide income to children when, instead of studying, they are forced to earn food for themselves by the labor of their own hands.

    In fact, it turned out that many orphanages of industriousness turn, on the one hand, to closed establishments, thereby approaching shelters, and on the other hand, to institutions for professional training, reminiscent of educational and demonstration workshops in its organization. By providing only a small income or not providing it at all to those in orphanages for hard work, these institutions do not achieve their intended goal in this regard and, under the influence of living conditions, develop into institutions of a completely different, in turn, very useful type. It is very likely that in the near future, orphanages for industriousness will retain only their name, but in reality they will turn into shelters and workshops.

    Nurseries, day shelters and nursery shelters

    These institutions were intended not only to provide care for children, but also to free parents from caring for them in order to gain the opportunity to freely engage exclusively in work, at a time when work reaches highest voltage(for example, in times of need in villages), and therefore, in turn, can be considered as institutions of direct labor charity.

    The nurseries under the jurisdiction of the Trustee contain, firstly, societies and circles established mainly for the maintenance of other institutions, for example, educational and demonstration workshops, orphanages, etc.; secondly, societies and circles specially organized for the establishment of nurseries; thirdly, zemstvo institutions using subsidies from the Committee for these purposes, and fourthly, individuals.

    Societies and institutions opening nurseries as auxiliary institutions provide information about them along with reports on the main institutions they contain.

    Societies and circles specially established for the maintenance of nurseries draw up reports on forms drawn up for them, which are sent to them annually by the Office of the Committee. There were 11 such societies and circles in the reporting year, of which 3 were in cities (Simferopol, Akkerman and Syzran) and 8 in towns and villages. One of the district societies (Birskoye) opened 6 nurseries in the reporting year, another (Menzelinskoye) - 5, a third (Nikolaevskoye) - 3, and the rest one each, with the exception of the Buguruslan Trusteeship of the nurseries, which in 1901 did not open any nurseries at all.

    From the zemstvos, with the assistance of the Guardianship, in 1901 the nurseries were maintained by the Malmyzh, Vyatka province, district zemstvo. For the 400 rubles allocated by the Committee. the named zemstvo opened a nursery, which operated during the summer at 6 points.

    As for the nurseries opened under the authority of the Guardianship by private individuals, there were 22 of them in the reporting year. Of these, 3 were maintained exclusively at the expense of private individuals, who donated a total of 200 rubles for the nursery. 68 kopecks The remaining 19 nurseries were supported by private individuals who donated a total of 581 rubles. 39 kopecks, and for the benefits allocated by the Trusteeship of the Homes of Industriousness and Workhouses in the amount of 1925 rubles. 2 kopecks (including 156 rubles 46 kopecks remaining after the closure of the nursery in the summer of 1900).

    Each of the 19 managers of the nurseries, who had general supervision over them, received about 13 rubles for the entire period of operation of the nursery. 50 kopecks; each of the 41 nannies received about 6 rubles during the same time. 50 kopecks And each of the 23 cooks costs about 5 rubles.

    The nursery was located in one or two rooms, allocated free of charge in zemstvo, parochial schools or schools of the Ministry of Public Education; where there were no schools, a hut was hired or a barn was built for a nursery; For renting premises in peasant huts, about 4 rubles were paid. during the duration of the nursery.

    The average cost of food for children and employees in each nursery shelter was 44 rubles. 71 kopecks, including donated products; the total cost for each nursery shelter (with donated products) was equal to 88 rubles. 70 kopecks The total cost per child per day was 10 kopecks, while food for each child was 5 kopecks.

    The required number of nannies for a known number of children cannot be established on the basis of average calculations for nurseries, because, as can be seen from the data for individual nurseries, there were cases when salaries were given to 4 nannies who had care for 11 children (s. B. Glushitsy, Nikolaevsky district, Samara province), but there were also cases when only 1 nanny was hired for 56 children (the village of Kamennaya Sarma, Nikolaevsky district, Samara province). Approximately, we can say that one nanny can cope with 20 or even 30 children, in the latter case, of course, provided that older children are involved in caring for the younger children.

    As in 1900, there were no nurseries, that is, institutions for infants, at all. There were either daytime shelters for children from 2 to 10 years old, or nursery-shelters, that is, mixed institutions for both the above-mentioned children and infants.

    Educational and correctional institutions for labor assistance

    Houses of hard work with educational and correctional character

    Among these, the most noteworthy are the Evangelical House of Diligence in St. Petersburg and the House of Diligence in Tver, then the Moscow and Mitavsky Workhouses.

    Hard workers come to the Evangelical House of Industriousness voluntarily, but the condition for entering the house (with a boarding school) is compliance with a fairly strict regime, reminiscent of the regime of a medical institution. For alcoholics, for whom this regime is not sufficient, there is a special hospital in Teriokki. I have my own house worth over 50,000 rubles and over 7,000 rubles. in Terijoki. Annual income is 15,600 rubles, expenses are approximately the same amount. There are 326 men per year and 25 in the nursing department. The annual production amount is about 10,000 rubles, for which amount the products are sold; raw materials are purchased for the amount of about 6,000 rubles. 75 people work, about 25,000 working days.

    When opening the Tver House of Diligence, the local charitable society “Dobrohotnaya Kopeika”, which ran it, had the goal of eradicating or reducing beggary in the city of Tver, as a result of which various measures were designed in agreement with the governor. It was supposed to establish a registration of persons detained for begging in the city police department, those with residence permits would be sent to their places of registration, and those who did not would be treated like vagrants; urban beggars capable of work should be transferred to the Council of the Society for placement in a house of industriousness; the local governor expressed readiness to assist in the establishment by the Tver petty bourgeois Society of an almshouse for Tver bourgeois who are unable to work and are engaged in begging; the detention of beggars was supposed to be carried out not in the center of the city and not on church porches, and this measure should not be carried out suddenly, but on its outskirts, so as not to cause any disturbances on the part of the beggars; it was planned to ask residents of Tver to stop manually distributing alms and instead contribute to the Society’s cash desk a known amount money to maintain the house of hard work. These measures were introduced too hesitantly and did not meet with the expected sympathy from the residents of Tver. Almost exclusively people who were detained by the police for begging or beggars who did not have clothes for the winter came to the house of industriousness.

    Since March 1895, the said Society, recognizing that the purpose of the House of Industriousness is not so much to eradicate beggary, but rather to prevent it, that the House of Industriousness should provide urgent, if possible short-term, assistance to the destitute, released from hospitals, released from places of imprisonment, arrived in the city of Tver and could not find a place for themselves, residents of the city of Tver who do not have income, and generally fell into poverty - by providing them with work and shelter, pending a more lasting arrangement of their fate, took measures to attract such persons to the house of industriousness . To achieve this goal, the latter was divided into two departments: in one of them, various workshops were established, master managers were invited, and persons who were not engaged in begging, or, although they were engaged in begging, were admitted to this department for a short time and expressed a desire to leave this profession ; the second department accepted professional beggars and persons whose moral stability seemed doubtful; at the same time, some from the second department, if they wanted to start working life and learn a craft and had completely moral behavior while in the second department, were transferred to the first. Particular attention was paid to persons of the second department who had not reached the age of majority, who, if desired, were transferred to workshops and learned a craft. Simultaneously with the establishment of the workshops, a special building was built for the overnight shelter. An overnight shelter for visitors was transferred to the new building, and for those living in the House of Diligence, special rooms were allocated for overnight stays in this latter building, and in them, just like during work, those in need were accommodated in groups, depending on age, moral qualities and partly by origin and previous profession.

    The House of Diligence has organized workshops: carpentry, metalsmithing and blacksmithing, shoemaking, tailoring, sewing, suitcase bookbinding, weaving baskets, carpets, straw products, pouring rubber galoshes, gluing paper bags, cardboard, plucking drapes, feathers, containers, sponges, ropes and hair, dyeing, painting and painting, sifting ash, all kinds of work for laborers; in addition, if persons familiar with some special craft enter the House of Industry, the Society finds work for them that corresponds to this craft. For all these crafts, orders are fulfilled in the House of Diligence, and if they are not available, products are made for the store in the House of Diligence. Both craftsmen and workers are sent home to carry out orders in their specialties, as well as for chopping firewood, clearing yards of snow and debris, carrying things, unloading boats, for earthworks, etc. Due to the fact that most artisans and Those studying carpentry and plumbing in the house of industriousness are placed in a carriage building plant or factories near Tver, where all machines are driven by electricity or steam power; in the house of industriousness a kerosene engine is installed, with the help of which some machines are drilling, lathe, band saw etc. - are set in motion in order to thus accustom workers to handling tools set in motion by mechanical force.

    The Mitau House of Diligence largely implements the idea of ​​​​German workers' colonies. His use consists of the “Statthof” estate allocated by the city of Mitava, half a mile away from it (on a long-term basis), which contains about 1000 acres. Of this number, only 10 dessiatines are cultivated by the beneficiaries, and the rest of the space is rented out in small plots. The general impression made by Stathoff is quite favorable: there is order, discipline in a religious and moral spirit, and at the same time a loving attitude towards people who, through no fault of their own, are often involved in an abnormal lifestyle and have deviated from the common path of work. During 1901, up to 52 people stayed in the house. In general, the type of people who visit Stathof are workers with a weakened ability to work for some reason (including alcoholics, or pure alcoholics, or a special type of psychopath, so successfully described in the article by P.I. Kovalevsky “Poor in Spirit” // Trudovaya Pomoga , September 1901), a type of vagrancy possessed by the disease.

    His income is over 9,000 rubles, including from work expected to be over 7,000 rubles. Consumption over 11,000 rubles. for the maintenance of the building and administration, including up to 3,000 rubles. and for wages over 500 rubles. 148 people live in the institution. In the workshops, work is carried out only during the time free from agricultural work and in the woodyard. If we exclude the operations of the wood yard, then the cost of production is insignificant (barely exceeds 500 rubles).

    The Moscow workhouse, the only one that fully implements the idea of ​​forced labor, was established in 1837 to engage the poor in work and to provide income to persons who voluntarily turn to it for help. Until the end of 1893, the Workhouse was administered by the Committee for the Disposition of Almsmen and was a relatively small institution, the organization of which was little consistent with its name and purpose; from the end of 1893 it was transferred to the jurisdiction of the city public administration. The latter put great care into the organization various works for those in need, allowed for a wide reception of volunteers, which was almost never practiced before, and significantly expanded the premises of the institution. Currently, the Workhouse consists of two parts, one of which occupies old premises in the central part of the city, and the other is located in Sokolniki in new premises acquired and adapted for the Workhouse by the city. In terms of the composition of those in custody, the Workhouse is a complex institution, consisting of: 1) a prefabricated department for the detention of persons brought by the police for begging, until their cases are examined by the city presence;

    • 2) departments for persons detained for begging;
    • 3) departments for volunteers. In addition, the Workhouse has departments for children and adolescents and a department for those unable to work. All those in need receive full maintenance in the Workhouse. During 1900, on average, 1,434 people were kept in the workhouse for each day of the year, including 960 people capable of working. Work organized by the Workhouse is divided into 4 categories: external work, construction work, work in workshops and work for home needs. There are two types of workshops in the Workhouse: 1) crafts, which include blacksmithing, carpentry, shoemaking, bookbinding, wallpaper, saddlery, tailoring, 2) workshops of general production that do not require professional training, such as: box, hook, button, envelope , bag and basket linen. In addition, an educational basket and furniture workshop has been set up for teenagers in the Workhouse.

    The cost of maintaining the workhouse in 1900 amounted to 171,342 rubles, not counting the cost of materials for work. Income from work extended to 564,552 rubles, including from external work 72,608 rubles, from work in workshops 73,049 rubles, from construction and asphalt work 413,442 rubles. and from work for the needs of the institution 5453 rubles. Of the total income from work, 48,717 rubles. given to those expected in the form of earnings, 70,696 rubles. remained for the benefit of the workhouse, and the remainder went to cover the cost of materials and overheads.

    These houses of industriousness and workhouses give a more or less definite expression of the idea of ​​​​corrective education underlying the institution. But besides them, there are several smaller houses in which this idea is not so clearly expressed, but which, in turn, strive to organize their lives in an educational and correctional sense.

    Artel of labor assistance

    The Yaroslavl Society, which has established so far the only artel of labor assistance in Russia, by the nature of the tasks it pursues, is, as it were, called upon to supplement the activities of industrious houses that do not pursue educational and correctional tasks in relation to that category of people for whom the assistance of these institutions cannot be exhaustive.

    As can be seen from the practice of such houses of industriousness, there is a fairly significant contingent of people who are left without a means of subsistence, not due to the conditions of the social system, i.e., the excess of the supply of labor over its demand, but due to their own moral weakness.

    These are free, walking people, known as tramps, goldenrods, zimogors, etc., who live for the moment and see the purpose of their life only in acquiring money for vodka.

    The composition of this relatively large group of people is extremely diverse. Among the tramps you can find landless peasants, workers, and, finally, quite intelligent people.

    Temporary material aid, provided to such persons, without systematic moral influence on them, does not achieve its goal, since, having taken advantage of the help provided to him, the tramp will drink everything he has and will still remain a beggar.

    The industrious houses of the prevailing type, to which the persons in question chiefly resort, are unable to lift them out of poverty, chiefly for the following reasons.

    Dealing with a large group of people, very heterogeneous in their composition and knowledge, these institutions, naturally, cannot pay special attention to the quality of the work they organize and, by necessity, focus it exclusively on providing income to the largest possible number of those seeking it, which in in turn, of course, is achievable only with the introduction of publicly available work that does not require either special knowledge and skills, or a relatively long stay in the institution. The latter, moreover, would contradict the purpose of industrious homes - to provide only temporary assistance to persons who, for random reasons, are left without income.

    The consequence of this peculiarity of the organization of industrious labor in houses, which boils down mainly to pinching bast, gluing boxes, sorting waste, and other less instructive activities, is the extreme unproductivity of this labor, both in the real and figurative sense. On the one hand, he is poorly paid, and on the other, he is completely deprived of that educational element, if present, work can have a beneficial effect on the moral side of a person. Thus, if the activities of industrious homes, which are not specifically intended for educational purposes, are necessary and useful for the numerous poor people left without work, who really need only temporary assistance, then it should be recognized as having little relevance in relation to that group of disadvantaged people who require no not only providing them with labor, but also moral support and guardianship.

    The establishment of special educational and correctional houses of hard work for them is not always achievable, first of all, due to their complexity and high cost. In view of this, in order to carry out the work of moral support and care for already fallen people, it is sometimes necessary to look for other ways.

    This is precisely the task that the Yaroslavl Labor Aid Society took upon itself.

    A feature of the activities of the Society in question is the organization of artels of people who are physically quite capable of work, due to their own weakness, lack of will and tendency to drunkenness, who have fallen out of the rut of life.

    People who are accepted into the artel are adults, able-bodied and who promise to fully obey the orders of the administration. Artel workers receive food and are obliged to go to all the jobs assigned to them. From earnings the following is withheld: 10% for the Society's expenses, the cost of food, the cost of clothing supplied to them in case of need, and money sent by some to their homeland. The remainder is handed over to the artel workers after 3 months. This 3-month mandatory period for staying in the artel is one of the features of its structure and is explained by the fact that three months of correct working life with good nutrition and the absence of drunkenness, they are more likely to reform a drunkard and a sloth than a shorter period. It should, however, be noted that every week on Saturdays, the artel workers are given 10% of their weekly earnings for tobacco and other small expenses.

    Spacious wooden barracks were built to house the artel. The team members sleep on bunks, and they are located spaciously; right there they have dinner and immediately there are educational, scientific and religious readings for them in the evenings, to which the Society pays special attention.

    There is a doctor and a home first aid kit for patients' use. People who do not go to work without a legitimate reason and generally do not obey the orders of the administration are immediately expelled from the artel, and, however, the balance of earnings due to them is given only after the expiration of the contractual three-month period.

    Each artel worker has in his hands a “contract and pay book” in which his earnings and expenses made for him are entered daily. In addition, the rules of the artel are posted in the barracks itself. The closest supervision of the artel is the headman, hired by the board of the Society from people outside the artel. In the barracks of the artel there is posted a list of food supplies for each day of the week, calculating the quantity per person. Regardless of when the artel workers work away from the barracks, they are given 10 kopecks daily for breakfast. for everyone. Particular attention is paid to good and plentiful food, since, judging by experience, good food consists the best remedy fight against alcoholism. The artisans themselves control the quantity and quality of supplies and hire a cook.

    This right of control, and especially of hiring, has an extremely beneficial effect on artel workers, raising their self-esteem.

    The work performed by the artel is different: such as, for example, unloading ships and wagons, sawing firewood, excavation work, carrying and transporting heavy loads, etc.

    There is usually no shortage of the named work, since employers willingly invite artel workers due to the fact that they do not have to recruit workers one person at a time, but immediately and quickly receive a whole batch, without being forced to treat each one separately.

    From the brief data presented about the Yaroslavl Labor Assistance Society, it is clear that, thanks to the peculiarities of the artels it organizes, the contingent of persons protected by the Society lives not on charity, but on their own earnings. This is a very important condition that elevates a disadvantaged person in his own eyes and morally elevates him. The very issuance of a work book to each artel worker, the recognition, so to speak, of his rights as a worker, has an important educational value, giving him the opportunity to look at himself not as a worthless scum of humanity, but as a worker, and, moreover, a person equal in rights with other artel workers . The majority of artel workers, imbued with the conviction that they live on the funds obtained by artel labor, are ashamed of being the backbone of their own comrades and try to work hard. And by earning money through hard work, artel workers begin to value labor money, and they gradually develop frugality and competition with their comrades to save more money - especially since work books clearly show how little by little, but carefully, each artel worker’s amount increases earnings.

    Since September 1901, over the course of several months, 109 people have been in the artel, many of whom, having dressed with the assistance of the artel, went to work for a salary, while others returned to their homeland. Most worked and were artel workers for 3-4 months. The number of artel workers, of course, fluctuates significantly depending on the time of year: in summer and spring, when there is a great demand for labor everywhere, there are fewer artel workers, but in winter and autumn the team in the artel is full.

    The wages of artel workers, depending on the time of year, start from 45 kopecks. up to 1 rub. and even more per day; On average, the usual salary of an artel worker is 60 kopecks. per day, or, minus absenteeism and unemployed days, 10-12 rubles. per month.

    Olginsky and other orphanages of hard work

    In the reporting year, there were 43 shelters of this kind under the jurisdiction of the Guardianship, and of them 5 in capitals, 6 in provincial cities, 19 in districts and 13 in villages.

    The largest of these shelters must be recognized as the St. Petersburg Olga Children's Shelter for Diligence in Tsarskaya Slavyanka, maintained at the expense of His Imperial Majesty the Sovereign Emperor.

    This shelter was the prototype of the Olga orphanages in Russia. The regulations on it were approved by the Highest on January 31, 1896. The buildings were built in 1897-1898. with funds most mercifully granted by His Imperial Majesty the Sovereign Emperor.

    52 dessiatines are allocated for shelter. 1621 sq. soot; the buildings are designed for 200 children of both sexes aged 6-15 years, left in the capital without supervision or shelter.

    The orphanage is a large complex institution with a church, general education and craft classes, an agricultural farm, a hospital, a boarding school, and a kitchen. The large number of buildings (24) was determined by the decision to place those in care according to the so-called family system, that is, several persons, headed by their teacher, in each separate house, as well as by the needs of the various departments of the shelter. The 140 boys in custody are housed in six separate houses, each of which is a comprehensive school with a public school program. A female department of 50 girls and a juvenile department with 32 students of both sexes make up two more schools. In addition to general education subjects, carpentry, plumbing, shoemaking and tailoring are taught to boys in the orphanage workshops (the tailoring workshop is expected to be closed as it has a harmful effect on the health of children). Boys are also trained in ordinary agricultural work in the field, vegetable garden, barnyard, when threshing bread, etc. Girls are trained in handicrafts: cutting, sewing, mending, simple embroidery, etc. and, in addition, in the hospital to care for the sick, work in the kitchen of the women's department, in the laundry, ironing and dairy. The shelter hospital, which is run by a woman doctor, satisfies not only the needs of the shelter, but also provides assistance to the local department; The hospital has an outpatient clinic for outsiders, who made 2,922 visits in 1900.

    The cost of buildings is estimated at 182,221 rubles. The shelter has an income of 4,745 rubles. from the farm and 2071 rub. from the works of the envied. The total amount of expenses is 58,470 rubles, of which 38,928 rubles. for building maintenance and administration. Food for one person in need per year costs 54 rubles. 90 kopecks, clothes and shoes - 17 rubles. The number of days spent was 81,252 and working days were 42,075.

    Similar to this shelter, others have arisen, although with less funds, as a result of which they cannot implement, for example, a family (in individual houses) system of charity. Nevertheless, many of these shelters deserve full attention, both for the organization of business in them and for their size.

    Of these larger shelters, Kazansky should be noted first of all.

    This orphanage was opened in 1892 under the name “School of Children’s Hard Work,” but in 1900 it was renamed the Olga Orphanage, with the approval of the corresponding charter. For the benefit of 10,000 rubles received from the Committee of Trusteeship of Houses of Diligence. purchased a house, which is currently being renovated.

    The institution was designed for 100 people; in 1900 there were 15 residents and 8-6 visitors. The company has a capital of 32,662 rubles. and has an income of 9395 rubles, including 568 rubles. from the works of the envied. The annual expense is 6,907 rubles, including 3,914 rubles for the maintenance and rental of the building and administration, and 280 rubles for materials and tools. Food per pupil costs 72 rubles per year, and clothing costs 3 rubles. 68 kopecks, not counting donations. Works include carpentry, turning, bookbinding, tailoring, wire work, shoe making, and for girls, handicrafts.

    The Eletsk orphanage for girls also deserves attention. He owns real estate worth 25,000 rubles. Annual income is 14,142 rubles, including 1,086 rubles from anticipated work, expenses are 8,673 rubles, including 1,606 rubles for the maintenance of the building and administration. and for material and tools 668 rubles. Food for children costs 22 rubles. 18 kopecks and clothes 5 rubles. 91 kopecks Permanently living children 65. Craft departments: sewing, hosiery, seamstress, ironing, blanket, lace, carpet.

    The data about the Omsk shelter is very interesting.

    At the end of 1891 and at the beginning of 1892, there was an intensified movement of peasant migrants from the internal provinces of Russia to Siberia, caused by the poor harvest of the previous two years and the almost universal harvest failure in Russia. During this difficult time, several thousand peasants appeared in the city of Omsk, who found themselves in far from favorable conditions here, since they encountered the same lack of food in Siberia and the districts of the Akmola region. Despite all the measures taken to alleviate the plight of the starving newcomers - in the form of setting up overnight shelters and free canteens - soon infectious diseases and mainly typhus spread among them, as a result of which many peasant families found themselves orphaned children, left literally without shelter, clothing and food, to the mercy of fate. The wife of the military governor of the Akmola region, E. A. Sannikova, took care of the placement and care of these orphans, and at her initiative a shelter was set up in the premises of the Red Cross soup kitchen. This shelter was initially intended to provide charity only to the orphans of migrant peasants, and only during its continued existence was it forced to open its doors to orphans of other classes, to foundlings and, finally, to those young children whose parents were serving sentences in Omsk and other prison castles ( since the stay of innocent children in a prison environment cannot be considered comfortable).

    When it opened on May 1, 1892, the shelter had absolutely no funds and at first existed on the remainder of the amounts allocated to support the starving settlers. But then donations appeared, of which 6,500 rubles were received in the first year. This year there were up to 40 people in the shelter; their maintenance cost 1,425 rubles, so more than 5,000 rubles remained free. The following year, the shelter's cash desk received 5,309 rubles. With the balance from the previous year, during the second year the shelter already had an amount of up to 10,500 rubles, which gave its administration the opportunity to take care of setting up a more convenient room, instead of a rented one. On the site where the shelter is now located, there was once a dilapidated, almost uninhabited wooden building of the clerk school of the Ministry of State Property. At the request of Governor General Stepnoy, the building was given over to the shelter and in 1893 it was completely rebuilt, which cost the shelter 7,297 rubles. In the following years, up to 4,000 rubles were spent on repairs and additions. Currently, the total cost of the shelter with all buildings and other household equipment is determined to be more than 16,000 rubles.

    In 1896, Secretary of State A. N. Kulomzin visited the shelter. Having personally become acquainted with the organization of the shelter and wanting to come to its aid, he, firstly, applied for an annual leave of 1000 rubles to run the shelter. from the auxiliary funds of the Committee of the Siberian railway and, secondly, in order to put the shelter in a stronger and more definite position, he proposed to place it under the jurisdiction of the Trusteeship of Labor Houses and Workhouses, which is under the August Patronage of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. As a result of this, a special charter of the Trustee Society was developed for the Olginsky orphanage of industriousness for orphans in Omsk, which charter has already received approval; On July 11, 1900, on the day of the celebration of St. Olga, the official opening of the Olga shelter took place, which, according to the new charter, was called upon to provide broader labor assistance on an amateur basis.

    Currently, there are 80 children in the shelter, including 26 boys and 54 girls aged 3 to 17 years. The shelter's reserve capital reaches 13,574 rubles.

    The leaders of this institution believe that the task of every orphanage is not so much charitable as educational. The result of charity, as we know, is productive only if and under the condition that the fostered child develops into a useful and honest worker, and when the pet leaving the shelter can earn its own living through independent work. Therefore, the administration of the orphanage constantly strived to ensure that, along with religious and moral education and upbringing and literacy training, children were taught some useful skill.