What is depicted in paintings of the everyday genre. Everyday genre

However, the theme of everyday life was ignored by ancient masters, who believed that fine art should be sublime and sophisticated, therefore there is no place in it for illustrations Everyday life.

The heyday of the everyday genre occurred during the Renaissance, when a rethinking of values ​​took place, and the main place in all types of art was given to man. Along with mythological stories many artists depict in their works ordinary people busy with everyday activities.

However household painting of this period is highly embellished and elevated to an absolute - artists, by and large, glorify the beauty human body, and the everyday surroundings serve only as an addition, which is given secondary importance. However, the founders of the everyday genre in painting, which was finally formed only in the 18th century, are considered to be such artists as Peter Rubens and Diego Velazquez, John Vermeer of Delft, Jacob Jordaens and Adrian Van Ostade.

By the end of the 17th century in the everyday genre visual arts Two main directions have emerged. The cult of Rococo dominated in Europe, so it is not surprising that artists tried to edit everyday scenes, make them elegant and sophisticated. This is how “gallant painting” appeared, in which such masters as Carel Fabricius, Gerard Terborch, Antoine Watteau, Jean Baptiste Greuze, Jean Honore Fragonard, Francois Boucher and Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin were very successful. Their paintings usually depicted the life of the upper class, and were distinguished by photographic precision of detail.

At the same time, a parallel social-critical movement of everyday painting developed, where reality was practically not embellished. The heroes of the works of William Hogarth and Kim Hondo, Gustave Courbet and Giovanni Fattori were ordinary peasants, and everyday scenes involving the aristocracy were often humorous in nature.

In the second half of the 19th century, when Europe was swept by a wave of impressionism, a new trend appeared in everyday painting associated with the depiction of random scenes from people's lives. Fleeting sketches on the street turned into luxurious paintings, full of life and movement. To this day, the works of such painters as Edouard Manet, Auguste Renoir, Max Liebermann, Edgar Degas, Thomas Akins and Anders Zorn are the standard of the everyday genre in fine art.

Throughout the 20th century, everyday painting was an integral part of various movements and directions. The brightest representatives of avant-garde art and supporters of realism paid attention to it. However, this genre acquired an acute social orientation only in Russia thanks to Alexander Laktionov, Fyodor Reshetnikov, Arkady Plastov, Boris Kustodiev, Gleb Savinov, Yuri Pimenov, Tatyana Yablonskaya and Ivan Vladimirov.

Everyday genre in painting, perhaps, in the most to a greater extent associated with prejudice and vicissitudes of interpretation. In it, as in literature, you can easily see the beginning of the plot, and sometimes against this background you can build a whole story. Paintings in this genre depict scenes from private and public life person. Unlike portrait and historical painting they are not addressing famous personalities or important historical events. They reflect the typical flow of time. The people depicted in the paintings of the everyday genre are not known to history, and the events are not of a global nature. To a greater extent, everyday painting gives detailed description established traditions.

Naturally, the everyday genre in painting is inextricably linked with other common genres. It is difficult to imagine it without detailed descriptions: home table setting, display of familiar dishes or the furnishings in the room closely border the genre of still life. The presence of images of people in everyday painting has much in common with. And scenes from life in the lap of nature, by conveying colors and the smallest details, connect this genre with. However, the presence of a clear storyline in such paintings, the ability to understand and penetrate into the ongoing events depicted on the canvas, as well as special realism, distinguish this genre into a separate direction of painting.

The everyday genre of painting can rightfully be considered one of the oldest areas of fine art. Primitive drawings, depicting rituals, processions and hunting are the origins of the modern everyday genre. IN medieval times Genre scenes have become popular in art, reflecting the artist’s specific views on everyday life. Since the Renaissance religious paintings begin to become saturated with bright household details. This can be seen in the art of Hertgen, Sint Jans, Lorenzetti, Giotto. First famous images the life of the working people belongs to Schopenhauer and the Limburg brothers. In the 17th century, works in the everyday style were created by the brush of Rembrandt, Steen, and Brouwer.

The basis of this direction is the departure from mythology and the manifestation of the first interest in real life. The center of the work of the everyday genre is still the person. However, he is no longer surrounded by the luxury of palaces, but by simple furnishings, everyday street buildings and simple household items. For the most part, people are depicted doing their daily activities. Here a quiet home environment, permeated with extraordinary cordiality and warmth, or the backbreaking labor of the peasants, placed on their shoulders by this historical era. Here you can see both working everyday life and casual life events. The main features of the genre are everyday life, simplicity and realism. Often such paintings are small in size.

I especially liked the everyday genre Russian painting. Famous painting Repin’s “We Didn’t Expect” combines certain features of everyday life and historical genres. A simple family of intellectuals is shown in their everyday surroundings, into which vague confusion bursts in with the unexpected return of a revolutionary. The logical design of the painting, the display of details of the situation and the naturalness of the positions are signs of the artist’s everyday genre. Another well-known picture in the everyday genre is “ Fresh gentleman» P.A. Fedotova. An ordinary everyday situation from the life of an official is imbued with light humor - the mood of the progressive intelligentsia of that time is reflected here. The film reveals a fierce struggle against the idealization of old times about morals and man. Art is closely connected with reality. Thanks to these features, it was highly appreciated among critics and the artist’s contemporaries. In terms of its content, “Fresh Cavalier” can easily be compared to outstanding works literary classics that era.

Paintings of the genre "Household"

There has always been attention to everyday life in art.
Each era in art seemed to be somehow separate, general images, exciting the minds of artists, poets and musicians. But the everyday genre cannot be described so easily with the help of images, since each artist saw everyday life in his own way.
It is interesting that since the Middle Ages people have been interested in everyday motives, but then it was not so obvious and telling, since the humanism that flourished in those times set a new framework. For this reason, the everyday genre in art acquired a humanistic overtones. So when did this trend begin?
Even in primitive rock paintings, everyday moments were depicted, for example, hunting for bison, and in ancient Eastern painting in reliefs and stucco moldings they were shown with completely ordinary human side kings, nobles and other court officials. But everyday scenes took official shape during the formation of bourgeois society, that is, again, the trends of that time themselves set new genre in art. The genre of everyday life flourished in connection with the need of artists for realism, depiction social issues standing at that time.
These questions could be narrow, reflecting only one side of life, for example, housework, the activities of cooks, conversation, trying on outfits, etc. (Velasquez), but could be filled with hidden, deliberately laid meaning. Here, Caravaggio, painted unpleasant figures that any of us necessarily strives to avoid: fortune tellers, cheaters, deceivers and gamblers, but he depicted them, most often, in detail, conveying the meaning to the viewer with their help. Each of them could be interpreted differently, some would see the problem of poverty, some would see lies, and others, perhaps, would see the desire to somehow earn a living in dishonest card players.
Each work of the author, executed in the everyday genre, reflects his understanding of the word “life” itself; for example, for Caravaggio (Italy) life is living by deception, in China – nobility and the idea of ​​​​an honest husband, which is mainly associated with Confucianism, which presupposed these questions; in Japan and Korea, everyday life is the humor with which people approach life. But this is only at the very beginning of the development of this genre in art.
In the heyday of the Renaissance, scenes of everyday life begin to really resemble everyday life, even if the artist depicts something sublime, for example, the Madonna, the interior and surroundings are saturated with everyday objects. The Dutch brothers Jan and Hubert Van Eyck, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, and Hertgen tot Sint-Jans wrote on religious and everyday topics between the 14th and 15th centuries. These authors gave impetus to the development of a new everyday genre that seemed more familiar to modern humanity. Their work was continued in France and Germany, and mainly in Venice, where from under the brush of Giorgione and Carpaccio came ordinary, rich, measured human life, works.
It is worth paying attention to the unadorned paintings of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, among them the seemingly mythical, but so vital plot of “The Fall of Icarus.” This is not an ordinary depiction of the myth of Icarus, redrawn many times, it is truly filled deep meaning work, life goes on and no one notices any individual events that do not concern themselves. That is why Icarus himself is depicted as a small, almost imperceptible dot. What can we say about Bruegel’s “ Flemish proverbs"? Every centimeter of the canvas tells the viewer some a separate story: here, someone throws pancakes on the roof of the house, someone hits their head against the wall, others bury a pig with all seriousness, and what’s most interesting is that each of the heroes treats their senseless, ridiculous actions without any sense of humor.
Having overcome many changes along the way of its formation, the everyday genre in art was finally finally formed in the 17th century. The authors deliberately belittled the structure of everyday life familiar to everyone and showed the life of the lower social classes. Then the artists “got over” this period and combined reality and fiction, specifics and poetic perception in their works.
As for Russia, the genre of everyday life began to emerge here later, its heyday occurred in the 18th century. Artists paid special attention to the ordinary peasant; Russian artists contrasted the romantic idyll of foreign paintings with the terrible reality peasant life, here there is poverty, and truthfulness, and dullness, and fatigue (Eremenev and Shibanov).
The issues of the peasantry did not remain in the 18th century, they smoothly flowed into the 19th, but the artists no longer wanted to expose anyone, so in the first half of this century they painted pictures of peasant painting embellished with humor, its cloudless times. In Russia at that time Ventsianov was working, in the USA Bingham and Mount, Kersting and Spitzberg in Germany. Only the French did not follow the layered canons; they introduced a spirit of protest into art, which survived until the 50-60s, when the theme of peasants tired of eternal meaningless labor became key.
The twentieth century completely changed the worldview of the people, and, accordingly, their way of life. The development of new technologies, war, industry - all this is reflected in the everyday genre. In art, sharpness, impulsiveness, and a focus on exploring all corners of the human “I” began to reign (Steilen, Riviera, Derkovich and Bolkanski). The authors sought to express through art the suffering of a particular segment of the population and its resilience, readiness to fight against power, foundations, and innovations.
The everyday orientation in art sought to show the life of the people, as a genre it was created to capture individuals who have no historical value, events. Naturally, what kind of large-scale value can we talk about if at all times the lives of ordinary people did not have of great importance. The artists who depicted everyday, everyday, village moments wanted to fix them in history.

Household painting household painting

(genre painting, genre), a genre of painting dedicated to depicting the everyday life of a person, private and public. The term began to be used in Russia in the second half. 19th century, when St. Petersburg Academy of Arts officially recognized everyday painting, and to designate it they borrowed the French word “genre” (genre), adopted in Western European academies. Painters who created paintings based on everyday subjects began to be called genre painters. In ancient times in Rus', works depicting events of everyday life were called “everyday letters.” Item historical painting– exceptional events important for an entire nation or for all of humanity; Everyday painting depicts what is repeated in the lives of generations of people from year to year, from century to century: work and rest (“On the arable land. Spring” by A.G. Venetsianova, 1820s; “Maslenitsa” by B. M. Kustodieva, 1916), weddings and funerals (“Peasant Wedding” by P. Bruegel Elder, 1568; "Funeral in Ornans" G. Courbet, 1850), quiet dates and crowded festive processions (“Explanation” by V. E. Makovsky, 1889-91; “Religious procession in the Kursk province” I. E. Repina, 1880-83). The best genre works do not present everyday life in its boring monotony, but everyday life, inspired by the greatness of existence. The characters of genre artists are, as a rule, nameless; they are “people from the crowd”, typical representatives of their era, nation, class, profession (“The Lacemaker” by Ya. Wermeer of Delft, 1660s; “The Meal of the Peasants” by L. Lenin, 1642; “Hunters at Rest” by V. G. Perova, 1871; “Merchant's Wife at Tea” by B. M. Kustodiev, 1918). In days of wars and revolutions, history powerfully invades a person’s life, disrupting its usual course. Works dedicated to the harsh life of critical eras lie on the verge of historical and everyday genres(“They didn’t expect” by I. E. Repin, 1884, - the return of a participant in the Narodnaya Volya movement from exile home; “1919. Anxiety” by K. S. Petrova-Vodkina, 1934, recreating the atmosphere of the Civil War).

Everyday scenes (hunting, ritual processions) are already found in primitive rock paintings. The frescoes on the walls of ancient Egyptian and Etruscan tombs depicted scenes of plowing and harvesting, hunting and fishing, dancing and feasting (frescoes of the tomb at Beni Hasan, Egypt, c. 1950 BC; tombs of “Hunting and Fishing” at Tarquinia, Etruria, 520-10 BC). These images had magical meaning: were supposed to provide the deceased with a rich and luxurious life in the afterlife. Everyday stories are not uncommon in ancient Greek vase paintings(crater depicting a potter’s workshop, “Pelika with a swallow” by Euphronius, both – 5th century BC). Household painting originated in the era Renaissance within the historical: legendary events were often “transferred” to modern times and saturated with many everyday details (F. del Cossa. Paintings of the Palazzo Schifanoi in Ferrara, Italy, 1469-70; “The Nativity of John the Baptist” by D. Ghirlandaio, 1485-90). Genuine genre works created Caravaggio, who first began to paint people from the lower classes (“Card Players,” 1594-95; “The Lute Player,” c. 1595) and masters Northern Renaissance(“The Magician” H. Bosch, 1475-80; "The Money Changers" by M. van Reimerswaele, ser. 16th century; “Peasant Dance” by P. Bruegel the Elder, 1568).

Household painting emerged as an independent genre in the 17th century. in Holland, which recently won independence and founded the first bourgeois republic; It was then that she experienced her first flowering in painting "little Dutch". After for long years under Spanish rule, artists especially keenly felt the charm of a quiet, peaceful life; therefore, the simplest activities - taking care of children, cleaning the room, reading a letter - are covered in Dutch painting 17th century high poetry(“Morning of a Young Lady” by F. van Mieris the Elder, c. 1660; “Woman Peeling an Apple” by G. Terborch, c. 1660; “Girl with a Letter” by J. Wermeer of Delft, c. 1657) . The people from the lower classes in the paintings of the Spaniard D. are full of genuine nobility and greatness. Velazquez(“The Water Carrier of Seville,” c. 1621) and the Frenchman L. Lenain (“The Family of the Thrush,” 1640s). In the 18th century English painter and graphic artist W. Hogarth laid the foundation for the satirical trend in the everyday genre (series of paintings “Fashionable Marriage”, 1743-45). In France J.B.S. Chardin wrote home scenes from the life of the third estate, warmed by warmth and comfort (“Prayer before dinner,” ca. 1740). Realists of the 19th century strived for an accurate, objective reflection of reality and at the same time exalted the work of man on earth (“The Stone Crusher” by G. Courbet, 1849; “The Ear Pickers” by F. Millet, 1857). Impressionists wrote happy moments snatched from the stream everyday life(“Swing” O. Renoir, 1876).

In Russian painting, the everyday genre was formed later than others. Only 18th century. gives isolated examples (I. I. Firsov. “ Young painter", 1760s; M. Shibanov. " Peasant lunch", 1774, and "Celebration of the Wedding Contract", 1777). Genre motifs appear in the works of masters of the first half. 19th century K.P. Bryullov(“Italian Afternoon”, “A Girl Picking Grapes in the Vicinity of Naples”, both – 1827) and V. A. Tropinina (“The Lacemaker”, 1823). The founder of Russian everyday painting was A.G. Venetsianov. The labors and days of peasants appear in his canvases as an eternal celebration of unity with nature; the beauty of women is covered in spirit high classics: in their images there is the same clarity and harmony as in greek statues or Madonnas of the Early Renaissance (“The Reapers,” ca. 1825; “At the Harvest. Summer,” 1820s; “Morning of the Landowner,” 1823). In the paintings of P.A. Fedotova (« The picky bride", 1847; "The Major's Matchmaking", 1848; “An Aristocrat’s Breakfast”, 1849) social satire is happily fused with poetry, with admiration for the beauty of the surrounding world. His late paintings(“Anchor, more anchor!”, “Players”, both – 1851-52) are imbued with genuine tragedy.

Everyday genre becomes leading in painting Itinerants, which sharpened the critical focus of Fedotov’s work. Finding acutely social, topical subjects in modern reality, they paint their pictures with ardent compassion for the “little people”, powerfully appeal to public conscience, protesting against injustice (V. G. Perov. “Seeing off the Dead Man,” 1865; “Troika,” 1866 ; THEM. Pryanishnikov. "Jokers", 1865; N.V. Nevrev. "Bargain. From the recent past", 1866; V. E. Makovsky. "Date", 1883). In the 1870-80s. “choral pictures” appear (V.V.’s term). Stasova), in which large masses of people act (“Barge Haulers on the Volga” by I. E. Repin, 1870-73; “The Capture of a Snow Town” by V. I. Surikov, 1891). The traditions of the everyday genre of the Itinerants continued in the 1920s. painters who were part of Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia. Masters from the Society of Easel Painters (A.A. Deineka, Yu. I. Pimenov and others) wrote about the heroic everyday life of building a new life. In the second half. 20 – beginning 21st century genre painting remains popular in the works of masters committed to different directions(F.P. Reshetnikov, T. N. Yablonskaya, S. A. Chuikov, A. A. Plastov, V.E. Popkov, N. I. Andronov, P. F. Nikonov, T. G. Nazarenko, N.I. Nesterova and many others).

(Source: “Art. Modern illustrated encyclopedia.” Edited by Prof. Gorkin A.P.; M.: Rosman; 2007.)

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Jan Vermeer of Delft MAID WITH A JUG OF MILK Approx. 1658 Amsterdam (Netherlands), Rijksmuseum

The predecessors of works of the everyday genre can be considered cave drawings, completed primitive people, which depict hunting scenes, ritual dances and processions. Some paintings of Egyptian and Etruscan tombs also had a genre character: cultivating the land, collecting fruits and vegetables, hunting, fishing and feasts. It was believed that these images provided the deceased with a rich and well-fed life in the afterlife. Ancient Greek vases were also decorated with everyday scenes.

During the Renaissance, many historical works acquired a pronounced genre character: legendary events were often “transferred” to modern times and were saturated with many everyday details. And in Rus' the genre first appeared in book miniature and received the name “Bytean letters”.

THE FIRST GENRE ARTISTS IN EUROPE

Jan Vermeer of Delft GIRL WITH A LETTER AT AN OPEN WINDOW 1650s. Dresden, Old Masters Gallery

The founders of the everyday genre in European art are considered Hieronymus Bosch- a great Dutch painter who lived at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries, and Italian artist XVI century Caravaggio ( full name- Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio). But everyday painting emerged as an independent genre only in the 17th century. in Holland, which had recently won independence and founded the first bourgeois republic. After many years of Spanish rule, artists especially keenly felt the charm of a quiet, peaceful life and began to glorify the simplest activities - caring for children, cleaning the room, reading letters.

One of the most famous masters- Jan Vermeer. The master’s favorite character is a woman immersed in household chores, such as the heroine in the famous painting “The Maid with a Jug of Milk.”

EVERYDAY GENRE IN RUSSIA

P.A. Fedotov MATCHING OF A MAJOR 1848 Moscow, State Tretyakov Gallery

In Russia, K. P. Bryullov (his “Italian series”) and A. G. Venetsianov, who devoted all his work to the life of Russian peasants, were among the first to turn to the everyday genre.

Satirical note in genre painting contributed by P. A. Fedotov. His painting “Major's Matchmaking” is funny story about a bankrupt officer who, wanting to improve his well-being, is going to marry a merchant’s daughter.