Characteristics of individual subcultures. Youth subcultures

Abstract on social psychology on the topic: “Youth subcultures”

Performed:

1st year student

Velikhova Yulia

Saint Petersburg

1. Introduction

2.The concept of youth subculture

.Aesthetics youth subculture

.Classification of youth subcultures

.Socio-historical prerequisites for the emergence of a youth subculture

.The formation of a youth subculture

.The first youth subcultures. World subcultures of the twentieth century

.Development of youth subcultures in Russia

.Features of youth subcultures in modern Russia

.Prerequisites for young people to enter the subculture

.Examples of modern youth subcultures

Conclusion

.Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

For my essay, I chose the topic “Youth subculture” because I believe that it is relevant for our time, since young people need to go through the youth subculture, since its essence is the search for social status. Through it, the young man “practices” in playing roles that will later be useful for entering adulthood. As he enters adolescence, a young man becomes separated from his family and seeks those social connections that should protect him from a still alien society. Between a lost family and a society that has not yet been found, the young man strives to join his own kind. The informal groups formed in this way provide the young person with a certain social status. The price for this is often the abandonment of individuality and complete submission to the norms, values and interests of the group.

Today there are many youth subcultures and informal organizations of various types. In our work we will consider some of them. But first, I would like to talk about the concept of youth subculture in general and how it was formed.

THE CONCEPT OF YOUTH SUBCULTURE

Subculture - (Latin sub - under and cultura - culture) a system of norms and values that distinguish a group from the majority of society. Subculture (subculture) is a concept that characterizes the culture of a group or class that differs from the dominant culture or is hostile to this culture (counterculture).

Youth subculture is an esoteric, escapist, urban culture created by young people for themselves; it is a culture aimed at the inclusion of young people in society; this is a partial cultural subsystem within the “official” system, the basic culture of society, which determines the lifestyle, value hierarchy and mentality of its bearers.

According to the findings of youth culture specialist S.I. Levikova, the youth subculture is characterized by the following features:

youth subculture is a social community, each representative of which considers himself a member of it

entry young man into one or another youth subculture means their acceptance and sharing of its norms, values, worldview, manners, lifestyle, as well as the external attributes of belonging to this subculture (hairstyle, clothes, jewelry, jargon);

As a rule, youth subcultures arise on the basis of certain preferences for musical styles, lifestyles, and attitudes towards certain social phenomena;

ideas and values that are significant for a particular youth subculture receive external expression in the symbols and attributes of the group that are obligatory for its members.

Youth subcultures develop a common clothing style (image), language (jargon, slang), attributes (symbolism), as well as a common worldview for their members. Image for a representative of a subculture is not only clothing, it is a demonstration by one’s appearance of the beliefs and values that the subculture promotes. Representatives of subcultures develop their own language over time. It is partly inherited from the progenitor’s subculture, and partly produced independently. Many elements of slang are neologisms.

AESTHETICS OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURE

Youth subcultures are almost always distinguished by their desire to consolidate the worldview meanings that are most important to them in a vivid expressive form, perhaps incomprehensible to the majority of people in society, but arousing interest.

The pronounced aesthetic principle in the youth subculture is embodied in its playful nature. Aesthetic play among youth becomes a way of self-expression for members of youth subcultural groups.

In the rites and rituals that youth cultures quite often resort to in their public life, theatricalization is widely manifested.

The creation and functioning of their own language, signs and symbols of individual youth subcultures is characterized by a playful aspect. It is also characteristic of youth subcultures in various public forms of communication with their like-minded people, which are implemented in the form of theatrical events, shows, performances, happenings, demonstrations, and festivals.

In a demonstrative and shocking manner of behavior, in a special style as a form aesthetic game Artization finds its actualization in the life activity of various youth subcultures.

The youth subculture practically knows no national borders and easily and quickly spreads across countries, regions and continents.

The youth subculture is mosaic and short-lived; it often transforms and changes with the arrival of a new generation.

CLASSIFICATION OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURES

There are several classifications or typologies of youth subcultures.

On the basis of social and legal characteristics there are:

) prosocial, or socially active, with a positive focus on activities (environmental protection groups, monument protection, environment).

) socially passive, whose activities are neutral in relation to social processes (music and sports fans).

) asocial - they stand apart from social problems, but do not pose a threat to society (hippies, punks)

According to the direction of interests, sociologist M. Topalov classifies youth associations and groups as follows:

) passion for modern youth music;

) aspiration for law and order activities;

) actively involved in certain sports;

) near-sports (various fans);

) philosophical and mystical;

) environmentalists.

Professor S.A. Sergeev offers the following typology of youth subcultures:

) romantic-escapist subcultures (hippies, Indianists, bikers).

) hedonistic-entertaining (majors, ravers, rappers, etc.),

) criminal (“Gopniks”, “Lubers”)

) anarcho-nihilistic (punks, extremist subcultures of the “left” and “right”), which can also be called radical destructive.

Sociologist Z.V. Sikevich gives a slightly different description of the subcultural movement of young people, taking into account the fact that involvement in a particular group may be connected:

) with the way they spend time (music and sports fans, metalheads, lubers);

) with social position;

) with lifestyle;

) with alternative creativity (officially not recognized painters, sculptors, musicians, actors, writers and others).

Youth movements can also be divided into the following groups:

) Related to music (rockers, metalheads, punks, goths, rappers, trance culture).

) Distinguished by a certain worldview and way of life (goths, hippies, Indianists, punks, Rastafarians).

) Related to sports (sports fans, roller skaters, skaters, street bikers, bikers).

) Associated with games, escape into another reality (role-players, Tolkienists, gamers).

) Related to computer technology (hackers).

) Hostile or antisocial groups (punks, skinheads, RNE, Gopniks, Lubers, Nazis).

) Religious associations (Satanists, sects, Hare Krishnas, Indianists).

) Groups contemporary art(graffiti artists, break dancers, contemporary artists, sculptors, musical groups).

) Elite (majors, ravers).

) Antique subcultures (beatniks).

) Subculture of the masses or counterculture (Gopniks).

) Socially active (societies for the protection of history and the environment, pacifists).

And finally, the typology of youth subcultures developed by S.I. Levikova and V.A. Babajo in 1996:

) groups that unite adherents musical tastes and styles (metalheads, Rolling Stones, Breakers, Beatlemaniacs);

) groups whose value orientations have some political and ideological connotation (nostalgists, anarchists, pacifists, deviationists, “greens”);

) groups of apolitical, escapist nature (hippies, punks, people of the “system”);

) aesthetic groups (“Mitki”);

) groups professing the “cult of muscles” (“jocks”);

) criminogenic groups united on the basis of aggressiveness, rigid organization and illegal activities (“telyagi”, gopniks, lyubers).

In practice, there are no strict distinctions between youth subcultures. A young person’s belonging to one youth subculture does not exclude his membership in others.

SOCIO-HISTORICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE APPEARANCE OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURE

Rapid, continuous acceleration and renewal have become the leading characteristics of modern life. industrial societies. The scientific and technological revolution unfolded, the natural sphere was put to an end, and the artificial-technological era began. With the advent of the possibility of fabrication, uniqueness and individuality became a thing of the past: first in objects, and then in people. Their place was taken by stereotypes, mass character, and universality.

The formation of mass society took place in the 50s of the 20th century. At the same time, the formation of a youth subculture began.

From the very beginning, the youth subculture was distinguished by its inability to fit in, its lack of involvement in the basic culture of society, which is Mass culture..

The emergence of the youth subculture practically coincides in time with the beginning of the era of post-industrialism and with the emergence of postmodern trends in the sociocultural development of society. The main features of postmodernism are pluralism, plurality, uncertainty, fragmentation, variability, eclecticism. These same features are also characteristic of the youth subculture. She too:

) is pluralistic because it includes punks, hippies, goths, and many others;

) is multiple, since the youth subculture does not have a core unity;

) is uncertain, since it is impossible to say with complete certainty what the youth subculture actually is;

) is fragmented, that is, each youth subculture retains its own characteristics and originality;

) is changeable, since periodically the youth subculture is updated and reborn;

) is eclectic, as it incorporates absolutely incompatible elements that peacefully coexist and even complement each other.

FORMATION OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURE

Quite often, researchers associate the emergence of the phenomenon of youth subculture with a generational conflict. However, as sociological research shows, this idea is only partly true. A certain discrepancy in the views, tastes, preferences, and values of generations has always existed in one form or another, but it does not necessarily result in the emergence of a youth subculture.

The reasons that the youth subculture is a structural element of industrialized social systems, lie in the lengthening of the training period, caused by the fact that new technologies and equipment require not just educated, but specially trained workers. As a result, independence comes to the young man much later. The idea of endless childhood is found in most youth subcultures. The need for self-expression and the uncertainty of the social role of young people lead them to the spontaneous creation of a partial culture, which is the youth subculture.

THE FIRST YOUTH SUB-CULTURES. WORLD SUBCULTURES OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Sociological studies of Western scientists from the 1930s to the 50s paid close attention to the study of the cultural boom in society. The first subcultures, which are now a thing of the past, were distinguished by significant radicalism in their judgments and a wide range of interests.

The manifestation of individuality and contrast, as opposed to existing standards, was first recorded in the USA and Europe, and affected almost all spheres of life in the social structure of that time - literature, music and cinema. A clear example The first and most widespread youth movement that arose in the 50s of the twentieth century can be called the American beatniks, the main impetus for the emergence of which was a protest against existing cultural and social dogmas, an irresistible thirst for freedom everywhere and in everything.

Around the sixties, hippies began to appear. Also, the sixties are marked by an increase in the number of computers in Western countries, hence the growth of interest in them and the formation of a culture of hackers.

The seventies were the heyday of rock, especially punk rock. At these times, such a trend as glam rock appears. In 1979, all media recognized such a subculture as gothic.

In the eighties, neo-romantics and electro-pop emerged. The eighties also brought rap: specific poetry, sometimes simply devoid of meaning, and breakdancing. By the middle of this period, free parties appear where rave, techno and other electronic music are played. The nineties are a colorful mixture of different subcultures. The World Wide Web is being invented, and with it comes the opportunity to play online or participate in discussions on forums.

At the end of the twentieth century, subcultures such as anime, emo, bastards, glamor, and with it anti-glamor gradually appeared.

DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURES IN RUSSIA

The history of the development of youth subcultures in our country can be divided into three unique “waves”. It all started with the appearance in the 1950s of the “hipsters” - a shocking and countercultural group of urban youth, which became a kind of symbol of the “first wave”. They dressed and danced “stylishly”, for which they received the contemptuous nickname “hipsters”. The main accusation that was brought against them was “worship before the West.” The musical preferences of the “hipsters” are jazz, and then rock and roll. The “first wave” of the informal youth movement is also associated with the emergence of KSP (amateur song clubs) in the late 1950s. KSP are clubs that unite people who love guitar songs and poetry. The “second wave” was determined by both internal and external conditions - from the mid-60s, the youth movement acquired an important component - rock music. Drugs gradually penetrated the youth environment. The movement of the seventies was deeper, broader and longer lasting. It was in the 1970s that the so-called “System” emerged - the Soviet hippie subculture, which was a whole conglomerate of groups. The “system,” being updated every two or three years, absorbed punks, metalheads, and even criminogenic lubers.

The year 1986 can be considered the beginning of the “third wave” of youth movements: the existence of subcultures was officially recognized. Spontaneously emerging youth groups were sometimes called informal, sometimes amateur, or amateur. Russian “informals” sought to copy the character of the trends of Western youth subculture.

FEATURES OF YOUTH SUB-CULTURES IN MODERN RUSSIA

According to Lupandin V.N., the formation and development of a youth subculture is characterized by the borrowing of elements of a foreign culture, which, under the influence of the sociocultural characteristics of a particular society, acquire specific national traits. The peculiarity of domestic youth subcultures is that most of them are focused either on leisure time or on the transmission and dissemination of information.

According to Kofarin N.V., the subcultural activity of young people depends on a number of factors:

· on the level of education. For people with a lower level of education, for example, vocational school students, it is significantly higher than for university students;

· from age. The peak of activity is 16-17 years old, by the age of 21-22 it drops noticeably;

· from place of residence. Movements of informal people are more typical for the city than for the village, since it is the city with its abundance of social connections that provides a real opportunity to choose values and forms of behavior.

The Russian Federation, as a state with a large territorial space and a multinational population, is characterized by significant regional and national differences, predetermining the regional specifics of the Russian youth subculture.

The youth subculture of Russia must be considered as the result of the socio-cultural activities of young people, who, in order to realize their creative potential or expressions of protest against the existing social order forms special social - formal or informal structures. Despite the difference in origin, young people from different social groups face the same problem of transition from one age group to another.

PREREQUISITES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE'S ENTRY INTO A SUB-CULTURE

Most young people choose the traditional path of socialization. Depending on the historical and sociocultural situation in a particular society, no more than 30% of youth fall into the category of subcultural youth. The following prerequisites for the entry of young people into a particular subculture can be identified:

in the family (excessive parental control or giving the teenager extreme freedom);

in a formal group: poor relationships with classmates and teachers;

as a result of participation in local wars, when a young man acquires an experience unusual for peaceful life (pain, murder, destruction, loss of comrades, fear) and can no longer fit into that peaceful life, to which it returns;

among the unemployed, temporarily (partially) employed young people (the presence of free time with the simultaneous lack of opportunity for self-realization);

when the real social status does not correspond to the desired (imaginary) one.

There are other opportunities for young people to get into informal youth associations (lack of accessible forms of leisure, coming “for company,” excess free time). However, the basic reasons for the first step taken towards the youth subculture are considered to be the above prerequisites.

However, the youth subculture performs a number of positive functions: adapting young people to society, providing an opportunity for a young person to develop a primary status, helping young people free themselves from parental dependence and guardianship, and conveying value ideas specific to a certain social stratum. As a rule, many young people, after leaving the movement, no longer suffer from teenage complexes and do not turn life into an endless search for adventure.

EXAMPLES OF MODERN YOUTH SUB-CULTURES

Hipsters

Hipster, hipsters (indie kids) is a term that appeared in the United States in the 1940s, derived from the slang “to be hip,” which roughly translates as “to be in the know” (hence the “hippie”). This word originally meant a representative of a special subculture formed among fans jazz music; in our time it is usually used in the sense of “wealthy urban youth interested in elite foreign culture and art, fashion, alternative music and indie rock, arthouse cinema, modern literature and so on".

Ideology:

Some call hipsters “anti-capitalists,” liberals with a socialist philosophy. The representatives of this subculture themselves do not openly promote anything; they are in every possible way for the external and internal freedom of a person, and therefore support movements for women’s and gay rights. Hipsters, as a rule, do not belong to any religious denomination - most often they are agnostics or atheists.

Origin:

Hipsters are the most controversial subculture in terminology. There is still fierce debate about its appearance. It is usually dated to the late forties. Judging by the composition of the people drawn into this subculture, we can say with confidence: there were neither racial boundaries nor social restrictions for hipsterism.

Burroughs wrote in “Junkie”: “The hipster is the one who understands and speaks jive, who knows the trick, who has it and who has it.”

It is now known for certain that this subculture originated in New York. Moreover, just like the original concept, it is also modern.

A hipster listens only to trendy music. In the 40s he was drawn to jazz, in the 60s - to psychedelic rock. Hipsters of the 90s were the first to know what trip-hop was. The modern hipster listens to Americans Clap Hands Say Yeah and Arcade Fire, etc. Some people are seriously interested in collecting records and CDs of certain styles: jazz, noise or indie rock.

Attributes:

Skinny jeans.

T-shirt with print. The T-shirt usually features funny phrases, animals, sneakers, cars, chairs, moleskins, lomographs and London.

Glasses with thick plastic frames. They often have glasses without diopters.

Lomograph.

iPod/iPhone/MacBook.

Blog on the Internet.

Football hooligans

Football hooligans are representatives of one of the youth subcultures, characterized by the fact that they consider belonging to a category as a symbol of their association into certain groups within the subculture football fans a specific team (club). Like any other subculture, football fanaticism has certain features that characterize it: “professional” slang, certain fashions in clothing, behavioral stereotypes, hierarchical societies, opposing oneself to “opponents,” etc.

Origin:

Football hooliganism in the form in which it exists on currently, began to emerge in Great Britain in the late 1950s.

In Russia, the process of the emergence of a new subculture is directly related to the beginning of the away activities of a certain part of fans of Soviet clubs. Fans of Spartak were the first to attend away games of their club in the early 1970s; they were soon joined by fans of other Moscow teams, as well as fans of Dynamo Kyiv and Zenit Leningrad.

Currently:

Currently, Russian “near-football” can be called an established social phenomenon with pronounced features of the English style of supporting the club both at home and away matches. Almost all the clubs of the Russian national football championship, right down to the teams of the second league, have their own gangs (in slang - “firms”). Among Russian hooligans, the ideas of Russian nationalism are very strong.

It is worth distinguishing between football hooligans and an organization such as ultras. Ultras are highly organized fans of a particular club. The Ultras group is, as a rule, an officially registered structure that unites from ten to several thousand of the most active fans engaged in all kinds of information promotion and support for their team - promotional attributes, popularization of their movement, distribution and sale of tickets, organization of special shows in the stands , organizing trips to away matches of your favorite team.

Signs:

· Lack of paraphernalia typical for ordinary fans (T-shirts, club-colored scarves and pipes).

· Jackets, T-shirts, polos, sweaters from Lonsdale, Stone Island, Burberry, Fred Perry, Lacoste, Ben Sherman and more.

· White sneakers with Velcro and straight soles.

· Rectangular shoulder bags pulled higher towards the back or kangaroo handbags worn over the shoulder and pulled closer to the neck.

Football hooligans have their own style and their own brands, their own pubs, their own music bands, their own art films.

Some hooligan slang words:

A ?action - an operation carried out by a group of fans against another

Argume ?nt - stone, bottle, stick, iron buckle, etc.

Ba ?nner - a banner (usually with the emblem of a club or fan group) placed by fans in the stands during a match. - As a rule, contains a concise, relevant statement that is directly related to the topic of the match

You ?travel - a trip of fans to another city/region/country for a match of their team

Take it out ?ty - to win a fight with fans of another team

Gluma ? - active support of the team in the stands

De ?RBI (English Derby) - 1. a meeting of two teams from the same city; 2. a meeting between two teams at the top of the standings

Dawn? d - chant

Le ?high - fans who are not related to official fan associations

Me ?chick - football match

About ?water - an attack during the departure of one fan group to another

Ro ?for - scarf with club attributes

Ska ?ut - scout

Trophy ?th - a removed scarf, a taken yarn or a flag

Rastafarians

Rastafarians in the world are traditionally called followers of Rastafarianism.

Rastafarianism is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion that arose in Christian culture in Jamaica in the 1930s based on a mixture of Christianity, local Caribbean beliefs, the beliefs of blacks descended from slaves from West Africa and the teachings of a number of religious and social preachers (primarily Marcus Garvey), which led to the formation musical style reggae in the 1960s.

The emergence of Rastafarianism in Russia:

In Russia, this youth subculture was formed in the post-Soviet space in the early 1990s. Moreover, its representatives are not true adherents of the original religious and political doctrine of African superiority, but consider themselves to be part of this group primarily based on the use of marijuana and hashish. Many people listen to Bob Marley and reggae music in general, use the green-yellow-red color combination for identification (for example, in clothing), and some wear dreadlocks.

One of the first representatives of the Rastafarian movement in Russia is a reggae artist musical group"Jah Division", which appeared in 1989.

Now in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities there are quite large Rastafarian communities that conduct cultural events(usually concerts or festivals), support websites, publish media materials. Almost all Russian reggae groups consider themselves Rastafarian - at least they use characteristic symbols and revere Bob Marley.

Ideology:

Usually Rastafarians advocate the legalization of marijuana, which is reflected in songs and paraphernalia.

Rastafarians have a positive attitude towards Jah and a negative attitude towards the so-called “Babylon” as a pragmatic socio-political system based on Western material culture.

Many Rastafarians also have a negative attitude towards taking opiates, amphetamines and alcohol, as well as a negative attitude towards taking psychedelics, which does not at all make them related to the hippie subculture, as is commonly believed, but on the contrary, repels them.

o Ultra-right. NS skinheads

Ultra-right, extreme right, radical right - a term to designate carriers of extreme right-wing political views. IN modern world used primarily to refer to racial supremacists, neo-fascists, neo-Nazis and ultranationalists.

NS-skinhe ?dy (Nazi skinheads or National Socialist skinheads) is a youth ultra-right subculture, whose representatives adhere to National Socialist ideology, one of the directions of the skinhead subculture. The activities of NS skinheads are usually extremist in nature.

Origin:

Initially, the skinhead subculture arose in Great Britain in the late 60s of the 20th century. It was apolitical in nature and was closely associated with the English subculture of this period - the mods, as well as with black Jamaican emigrant youth and the popular music of that time among them - reggae and, to a lesser extent, ska.

NS skinheads appeared towards the end of 1982, as a result of political agitation by the leader of the rock band Skrewdriver (which later became a cult for NS skinheads). Then for the first time the Celtic cross was borrowed as a symbol of their movement, and the image of the NS skinheads (in the image of the crusaders) was formed - soldiers of the Holy Racial War who fights against - all non-Aryans, mainly numerous immigrants from third world countries, as well as homosexuals , drug addicts and left-wing youth.

At the turn of the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, the NS skinhead subculture penetrated into Russia.

Ideology

NS skinheads position themselves as a national liberation movement and fight for the ideas of white supremacy, Aryan race, while striving for racial separatism.

NS skinheads are extreme racists, anti-Semites and xenophobes, opponents of illegal immigration, mixed marriages and sexual deviations, especially homosexuality.

NS skinheads consider themselves defenders of the interests of the working class, in some cases citing the fact that newcomers take jobs

A special cult among NS skinheads exists around the personality of Hitler and some other leaders of the Nazi movement.

Many NS skinheads are agnostics or even atheists. In Russia, there are groups of NS skinheads who profess Orthodoxy, while the rest are extreme opponents of Christianity and Orthodoxy in particular, since Jesus Christ is a Jew, and Christianity arose in the context of the messianic movements of Judaism.

As participants in right-wing radical movements, NS skinheads are supporters of extreme measures using violence, which is usually interpreted as extremism. Many of them are close to the idea of revolution, that is, a coup d'etat with the aim of establishing a national socialist regime.

Appearance:

o Shaved head or very short haircut

o Lonsdale and Thor Steinar brand clothing

o Heavy high boots (Dr. Martens, Grinders, Steels, Camelot)

o Light blue jeans (Levi s, Wrangler) or boiled jeans

o White T-shirts, black or brown shirts, polos and T-shirts (Fred Perry, Ben Sherman)

o Short, black and dark green jackets with a zipper without a collar - “bombers”, or with a collar - “navigators”

o Nazi symbols

oTattoos

·Hip-hop. Rappers

Hip-hop (English: hip hop) is a cultural movement that originated among the working class of New York. November 12, 1974. DJ Afrika Bambaataa was the first to define the five pillars of hip-hop culture: emming, DJing, breaking, graffiti, and knowledge (a certain philosophy). Other elements include beatboxing, hip-hop fashion and slang.

Origin:

Originating in the South Bronx, hip-hop became part of the youth culture in many countries of the world. Since the late 1990s, from a street underground with a strong social orientation, hip-hop has gradually turned into part of the music industry, and by the middle of the first decade of this century, the subculture had become “fashionable” and “mainstream”. However, despite this, many figures within hip-hop still continue its “main line” - protest against inequality and injustice, opposition to those in power.

Subculture aesthetics:

Despite the hip-hop fashion changing every year, in general it has a number of characteristic features. Clothes are usually loose, sporty: sneakers and baseball caps (usually with straight peaks) from well-known brands (e.g. KIX, New Era, Joker, Tribal, Reebok, Roca Wear, FUBU, Wu-Wear, Sean John, AKADEMIKS , ECKO, Nike, Adidas) T-shirts and basketball jerseys, jackets and hoodies, sock-like hats pulled down over the eyes, baggy pants. Hairstyles are short, although short dreadlocks are also popular. Massive jewelry (chains, medallions, keychains) is popular among rappers themselves, but wearing jewelry is more common among African Americans.

As examples, I looked at the most popular, in my opinion, youth subcultures in Russia today. But along with them, there are many other diverse youth subcultures and movements.

CONCLUSION

youth subculture symbol phenomenon

After analyzing the sources, I came to the conclusion that the primary reason for a teenager to leave for the youth subculture is the need for friends, conflicts at home and at school, and a protest against the formalism of adults. It is important to understand that, on the one hand, youth subcultures cultivate protest against adult society, its values and authorities, but, on the other hand, they are called upon to facilitate the adaptation of young people to the same society. Problems can arise if a still fragile personality falls into subcultures that are dangerous even for adults. At this stage, parents and social services are required to refer the young person

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. A. A. Gritsanov, V. L. Abushenko, G. M. Evelkin, G. N. Sokolova, O. V. Tereshchenko Encyclopedia of Sociology // Book House, 2003. - 1312 p.

Daria Sakinsyan “Subcultures-fresh: Hipsters” // Private correspondent

Levikova S.I. Youth subculture: Tutorial. M.: FAIR-PRESS.2004

Lukov V.A. Features of youth subcultures in Russia // Sociol. research. 2002.

M.I. Enikeev. General and social psychology // Norma - Infra 1999.

Omelchenko E. Youth cultures and subcultures //Institute of Sociology RAS, Ulyan. state univ. N.-I. Region Center. - M.: Institute of Sociology RAS, 2000. - 262 p.

Svechnikov S.K. Toolkit"Youth and rock culture". Yoshkar-Ola: State Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education (PK) With “Mari Institute of Education”, 2007

Tatyana Prudinnik “Form without content: who are hipsters?” //www.interfax.by

Http://traditio-ru.org/wiki/TSDNE:Football_hooligans

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· Hipsters

Hipsters, hipsters (indie kids) is a term that appeared in the United States in the 1940s, derived from the slang “to be hip,” which roughly translates as “to be in the know” (hence the “hippie”). This word originally meant a representative of a special subculture formed among fans of jazz music; in our time it is usually used in the sense of “wealthy urban youth interested in elite foreign culture and art, fashion, alternative music and indie rock, arthouse cinema, modern literature, etc.”

Ideology:

Origin:

Burroughs wrote in “Junkie”: “The hipster is the one who understands and speaks jive, who knows the trick, who has it and who has it.”

It is now known for certain that this subculture originated in New York. Moreover, just like the original concept, it is also modern.

Attributes:

Skinny jeans.

T-shirt with print. The T-shirt usually features funny phrases, animals, sneakers, cars, chairs, Moleskins, Lomographs and London.

Glasses with thick plastic frames. They often have glasses without diopters.

Lomograph.

iPod/iPhone/MacBook.

Blog on the Internet.

Football hooligans

Football hooligans are representatives of one of the youth subcultures, characterized by the fact that they consider belonging to the category of football fans of a certain team (club) as a symbol of their association into certain groups within the subculture. Like any other subculture, football fanaticism has certain features that characterize it: “professional” slang, certain fashions in clothing, behavioral stereotypes, hierarchical societies, opposing oneself to “opponents,” etc.

Origin:

Football hooliganism as it exists today began to emerge in Great Britain in the late 1950s.

Currently:

Currently, Russian “near-football” can be called an established social phenomenon with pronounced features of the English style of supporting the club both at home and away matches. Almost all clubs of the Russian national football championship, right down to the teams of the second league, have their own gangs (in slang - “firms”). Among Russian hooligans, the ideas of Russian nationalism are very strong.

It is worth distinguishing between football hooligans and an organization such as ultras. Ultras are highly organized fans of a particular club. The Ultras group is, as a rule, an officially registered structure that unites from ten to several thousand of the most active fans engaged in all kinds of information promotion and support for their team - promotional attributes, popularization of their movement, distribution and sale of tickets, organization of special shows in the stands, organizing trips to away matches of your favorite team.

Signs:

· Lack of paraphernalia typical for ordinary fans (T-shirts, club-colored scarves and pipes).

· Jackets, T-shirts, polos, sweaters from Lonsdale, Stone Island, Burberry, Fred Perry, Lacoste, Ben Sherman and more.

· White sneakers with Velcro and straight soles.

· Rectangular shoulder bags pulled higher towards the back or kangaroo-type handbags worn over the shoulder and pulled closer to the neck.

Football hooligans have their own style and their own brands, their own pubs, their own music bands, their own feature films.

Some hooligan slang words:

Action is an operation carried out by a group of fans against another

Argument - stone, bottle, stick, iron buckle, etc.

Bamner is a banner (usually with the emblem of a club or fan group) placed by fans in the stands during a match. - As a rule, contains a concise, relevant statement that is directly related to the topic of the match

Departure - a trip of fans to another city/region/country for a match of their team

To endure - to win a fight with fans of another team

Glumam - active support of the team in the stands

Demrby (English Derby) -- 1. a meeting of two teams from the same city; 2. a meeting between two teams at the top of the standings

Zaryamd - chant

Lefty - fans who are not related to official fan associations

Myamchik - football match

Promvody - attack during departure of one fan group to another

Romza - scarf with club attributes

Scamut - scout

Trophy - a removed scarf, a taken away yarn or flag

Rastafarians

Rastafarians in the world are traditionally called followers of Rastafarianism.

Rastafarianism is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion that arose in Christian culture in Jamaica in the 1930s based on a mixture of Christianity, local Caribbean beliefs, the beliefs of blacks - descendants of slaves from West Africa and the teachings of a number of religious and social preachers (primarily Marcus Garvey ), which led to the formation of the reggae music style in the 1960s.

The emergence of Rastafarianism in Russia:

One of the first representatives of the Rastafarian movement in Russia is the reggae music group “Jah Division”, which appeared in 1989.

Now in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities there are quite large Rastafarian communities that hold cultural events (usually concerts or festivals), maintain websites, and publish media materials. Almost all Russian reggae groups consider themselves Rastafarian - at least they use characteristic symbols and revere Bob Marley.

Ideology:

Usually Rastafarians advocate the legalization of marijuana, which is reflected in songs and paraphernalia.

Rastafarians have a positive attitude towards Jah and a negative attitude towards the so-called “Babylon” as a pragmatic socio-political system based on Western material culture.

o Ultra-right. NS skinheads

Ultra-right, extreme right, radical right is a term for those with extreme right-wing political views. In the modern world it is used mainly to refer to racial supremacists, neo-fascists, neo-Nazis and ultranationalists.

NS skinheads (Nazi skinheads or National Socialist skinheads) are a youth far-right subculture, whose representatives adhere to National Socialist ideology, one of the directions of the skinhead subculture. The activities of NS skinheads are usually extremist in nature.

Origin:

Initially, the skinhead subculture arose in Great Britain in the late 60s of the 20th century. It was apolitical in nature and was closely associated with the English subculture of this period - mods, as well as with black Jamaican emigrant youth and the popular music of that time among them - reggae and, to a lesser extent, ska.

NS skinheads appeared towards the end of 1982, as a result of political agitation by the leader of the rock band Skrewdriver (which later became a cult for NS skinheads). Then, for the first time, the Celtic cross was borrowed as a symbol of their movement, and the image of the NS skinheads (in the image of the Crusaders) was formed - soldiers of the Holy Racial War who fights against - not all Aryans, mainly numerous immigrants from third world countries, but also homosexuals, drug addicts and left-wing youth.

At the turn of the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, the NS skinhead subculture penetrated into Russia.

Ideology

NS skinheads position themselves as a national liberation movement and fight for the ideas of superiority of the white, Aryan race, while striving for racial separatism.

NS skinheads are extreme racists, anti-Semites and xenophobes, opponents of illegal immigration, mixed marriages and sexual deviations, especially homosexuality.

NS skinheads consider themselves defenders of the interests of the working class, in some cases citing the fact that newcomers take jobs

A special cult among NS skinheads exists around the personality of Hitler and some other leaders of the Nazi movement.

Appearance:

o Shaved head or very short haircut

o Lonsdale and Thor Steinar brand clothing

o Heavy high boots (Dr. Martens, Grinders, Steels, Camelot)

o Light blue jeans (Levi's, Wrangler) or boiled jeans

o White T-shirts, black or brown shirts, polos and T-shirts (Fred Perry, Ben Sherman)

o Short, black and dark green jackets with a zipper without a collar - “bombers”, or with a collar - “navigators”

o Nazi symbols

o Tattoos

· Hip-hop. Rappers

Hip hop is a cultural movement that originated among the working class of New York. November 12, 1974. DJ Afrika Bambaataa was the first to define the five pillars of hip-hop culture: emming, DJing, breaking, graffiti, and knowledge (a certain philosophy). Other elements include beatboxing, hip-hop fashion and slang.

Origin:

Originating in the South Bronx, hip-hop became part of youth culture in many countries around the world in the 1980s. Since the late 1990s, from a street underground with a strong social orientation, hip-hop has gradually turned into part of the music industry, and by the middle of the first decade of this century, the subculture had become “fashionable” and “mainstream”. However, despite this, many figures within hip-hop still continue its “main line” - protest against inequality and injustice, opposition to those in power.

Subculture aesthetics:

As examples, I looked at the most popular, in my opinion, youth subcultures in Russia today. But along with them, there are many other diverse youth subcultures and movements.

youth subculture

Youth subculture is a set of values, traditions, and customs inherent in young people, for whom leisure and recreation are the leading forms of life activity that have replaced labor as the most important need. The youth subculture is characterized by attempts to form: - its own worldview; - unique manners of behavior, styles of clothing and hairstyles, forms of leisure, etc. The subculture of youth is formed under the direct influence of the culture of “adults” and is conditioned by it even in its countercultural manifestations. She also has her own language, special fashion, art and style of behavior; becomes an informal culture, the bearers of which are informal teenage groups. The youth subculture is largely surrogate in nature - it is full of artificial substitutes for real values: extended apprenticeship as pseudo-independence, imitation of adult relationships with a system of domination and domination strong personalities, ghostly participation in the adventures of screen and literary heroes instead of realizing one’s own aspirations, and finally, escape or rejection of social reality instead of its reconstruction and improvement. One of the ways to escape from reality, as well as the desire to be like adults, is drug use.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Youth subculture” is in other dictionaries:

youth subculture- a system of values and norms of behavior, tastes, forms of communication, different from the culture of adults and characterizing the life of adolescents and youth. (Pedagogy. Textbook, edited by L.P. Krivshenko. M., 2005. P. 417) See also Informal associations of children ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

YOUTH SUBCULTURE- – a special “whole form of consciousness”, mass behavior, communication and organization younger generation within the dominant culture in society. M.s. determines the lifestyle and way of thinking of boys and girls, and its bearers are distinguished by their... ... Terminological juvenile dictionary

Cyber Goths Subculture (lat. sub under and cultura culture; subculture) concept (term) in social... Wikipedia

A special sphere of culture, a sovereign integral formation within the dominant culture, distinguished by its own. value system, customs, norms. The culture of any era has relative integrity, but in itself it is heterogeneous. Inside… … Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

SUB-CULTURE is a concept that came to philosophy and cultural studies from sociology, which studies the specifics of various population groups, and ethnography and ethnology, which studies the life and traditions of countries and regions, in their customs far removed from European... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

A system of norms and values that distinguish a group from the majority of society. S. (subculture) is a concept characterizing the culture of a group or class that differs from the dominant culture or is hostile to this culture (counterculture).... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

Y; and. 1. Subtropical crop, subtropical plant. 2. Book. Part, type of culture in general or cultural, professional community, etc. of people. S. intelligentsia. Molodezhnaya village * * * SUBCULTURE SUBCULTURE (English subculture, from ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

SUBCULTURE- (from Latin sub under and culture), a set of specific. social psychol. characteristics (norms, values, stereotypes, tastes, etc.) that influence the lifestyle and thinking of certain nominal and real groups of people and allow them to realize and... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Youth culture and subculture- - a system of VALUES, ATTITUDES and types of behavior that are common to a group of young people and different from those of other young people or society as a whole. Sociologists have studied youth subcultures in Great Britain. Features of such subcultures... ... Dictionary-reference book for social work

YOUTH CULTURE- (YOUTH CULTURE) In the last sixty or so years, "youth" has become a more defined category in most Western countries. Young people began to develop their own culture and a distinct social identity that more clearly distinguished them from... Sociological Dictionary

Books

Informal youth subculture, S. I. Levikova. The book reveals the essential content of the phenomenon of informal youth subculture, its socio-philosophical, ethical, cultural aspects. In Part I, based on extensive...

Subculture(English)sub – under andculture - culture)- a group of people united by a common system of values, behavior patterns and lifestyles that differ from dominant culture to which they belong.

Subculture- part of public culture that differs from the prevailing one. In a narrower sense, the term means social groups of people - carriers of a subculture.

From the point of view of cultural studies, a subculture is such associations of people that do not contradict the values of traditional culture, but complement it.

A subculture may differ from the dominant culture in language, behavior, attributes, clothing, etc. The basis of a subculture may be musical genres and styles, lifestyles, certain political views. Some subcultures are extreme in nature and demonstrate protest against society or certain social phenomena. Other subcultures are closed in nature and strive to isolate their representatives from society. Developed subcultures have their own periodicals, clubs, public organizations.

The youth subculture is created by young people themselves for young people, it is esoteric, its specific variants are understandable only to those in the know and initiated. Youth subculture is an elitist phenomenon, few young people go through it and, deviating from traditional culture, is actually aimed at including young people into society.

In 1950, American sociologist David Reisman, in his research, introduced the concept of a subculture as a group of people who deliberately choose the style and values preferred by a minority. A more thorough analysis of the phenomenon and concept of subculture was carried out by Dick Habdige in his book “Subculture: The Meaning of Style.” In his opinion, subcultures attract people with similar tastes who are not satisfied with generally accepted standards and values.

The Frenchman Michel Mafessoli in his writings used the concept of “urban tribes” to refer to youth subcultures. Viktor Dolnik in his book “Naughty Child of the Biosphere” used the concept of “clubs”.

In the USSR, the term “Informal youth associations” was used to designate members of youth subcultures, hence the slang word “informals.” The slang word “party” is sometimes used to refer to a subcultural community.

The history of informal organizations in our country can be divided into three distinct “waves”. It all started with the appearance in the 1950s. “hipsters” - shocking urban youth who dressed and danced “stylishly”, for which they received the contemptuous term “hipsters”. The main accusation that was brought against them was “worship before the West.” The musical preferences of the “hipsters” are jazz, and then rock and roll. The state’s tough position on dissent in those years led to the fact that after some time of semi-underground existence, the “hipsters” quickly disappeared.

The “second wave” was determined by both internal and external conditions - the youth movement acquired an important component - rock music. It was during this period (late 60s - early 80s) that most youth associations began to acquire the features of “classical informality”: apoliticality, internationalism, focus on internal problems. Drugs penetrated the youth environment. The movement of the seventies was deeper, broader and longer lasting. It was in the 1970s. The so-called “System” arises - the Soviet hippie subculture, which was a whole conglomerate of groups. The “system,” being updated every two or three years, absorbed punks, metalheads, and even criminogenic lubers.

The beginning of the “third wave” of youth movements can be considered in 1986: the existence of informal groups was officially recognized, the topic of “informality” became a sensation. These associations can also be called “alternative”.

Typology of youth subcultures:

1. Politicized subcultures: actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation;

2. Ecological and ethical subcultures: are engaged in the construction of philosophical concepts and fight for the environment;

3. Non-traditional religious subcultures: mainly a passion for Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism);

4. Radical youth subcultures: characterized by organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness (criminal youth groups, skinheads);

5. Lifestyle subcultures: groups of young people forming their own way of life (hippies, punks);

6. Subcultures based on interests: young people united by common interests - musical, sports and others;

7. Subculture of “golden youth”: typical for capital cities and focused on leisure (one of the most closed subcultures).

Internet resources:

Articles:

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Pages:

Any civilized society presupposes the existence, implementation and organization of people joint activities. The methods of its organization can be both formal and informal; they do not replace each other and proceed according to significantly different laws.

For example, in formal groups, relationships are seemingly impersonal: people act according to prescribed laws or rules. IN informal relationships, people or groups of people, communication and communication takes place through public opinion or a system of interpersonal relationships.

In other words, “formals” are members of society who adhere to the norms and laws of this society, and “informals” do not comply with these norms, “go beyond” social stereotypes and patterns.

Teenagers are informal

At the heart of any informal movement lies the idea of a free community of like-minded people, preserving emotional warmth and at the same time providing each member with a certain individual freedom.

Informals are those who break out of the formalized structures of our lives. They do not fit into the usual rules of behavior. Destroys all patterns and stereotypes not only in appearance, but also in relationships. They strive to live in accordance with their own, and not other people’s interests imposed from outside.

In the 1980s, with the first gusts of freedom, the so-called “System”, a youth association of mainly punk rockers and hippies, gained strength. It existed as a protest or rebellion against the communist system.

The informal youth subculture and its “System” movement collapsed along with the collapse of the USSR, but the new way of life of people, the desire for better life and gradual disillusionment formed a large number of other informal youth and teenage groups.

Features of the youth subculture

In the modern world, whether we notice it or not, a fairly stable youth subculture has already formed. It has its own internal and external features. Firstly, this is a common interest and one ideological program for all participants in the informal youth organization. Secondly, the informals have a desire to assert themselves, along with competition in a group of similar people.

At the same time, each informal youth group has a poorly defined internal structure and internal connections.

Modern youth subcultures

Another important feature and peculiarity of all youth movements is their external distinctive features. Each group has its own name, its own informal status and the so-called dress code. Those. a form of clothing or attribute that indicates that a teenager or young man belongs to one or another informal model of youth subculture.

Let's look at the classification of modern youth subcultures

So, to begin with, all informal associations are divided into groups, and those, in turn, into micro groups. When dividing, they are guided purely by likes and dislikes.

There are also exclusively informal teenage movements, informal youth and mixed groups. There are antisocial informals and positive ones.

General classification of informal youth organizations and types of youth subcultures

Sports-oriented informals

These are the so-called sports fans. Their movement is characterized by clear discipline and organization. Young people and teenagers who are well versed in a particular sport know its history. Promote a healthy lifestyle. Their appearance is recognizable - sports scarves, caps, T-shirts, etc.

Politically oriented youth subcultures

The most socially oriented youth subculture and informal group. They differ social activity, participation in all kinds of rallies and have a clear political position. These include: pacifists, Nazis (skinheads), punks, etc.

a youth subculture of pacifists that opposes war and endorses the struggle for peace.
the youth subculture “skinheads” (from the English Skin - skin, Head - head) is a spontaneously emerging marginal organization, which is characterized by nationalist views and a willingness to defend them. Skins are easy to distinguish from others: shaven heads, black and green jackets, nationalistic T-shirts, jeans with suspenders.
The punk youth subculture is basically an extremist informal teenage movement whose behavior is characterized by shocking behavior and an unbridled desire to attract the attention of others.

Philosophical youth subcultures

Prominent among them is such a youth subculture as hippies. Sloppy clothes, blue jeans, embroidered shirts, T-shirts with inscriptions and symbols, amulets, bracelets, chains - distinctive external signs hippie. Informal youth are in an eternal search for the meaning of life, knowledge of themselves and the world around them.

Musically oriented movement of informals

The youth subculture of rappers, rockers, breakers, parkour (street acrobatics), etc. Informals of this youth subculture are united by a strong interest in music or dancing. And this interest most often transforms into a lifestyle.

Other modern youth subcultures

Goths (they popularize the cult of death in every possible way, they look very similar to vampires);
emo (short for the word “emotions”). Their youth subculture is based on the idea that the life of a teenager is a very harsh test, and therefore emo - informal people are sad and sad. This is evidenced by the black color in the teenager’s clothes, combined with pink, which is a symbol of love and friendship.
The youth subculture of anarchists is distinguished by their demonstrative straightforwardness in their views and aggressive behavior. Black color in clothes, and a mandatory metal accessory.

Psychology of informality

Informal teenagers have their own psychological characteristics, first of all, the desire and tendency to imitate. This is understandable, because teenagers “do not yet know how” to be themselves, they are in search of the meaning of “I” and their purpose in life. Another characteristic of any informal youth subculture is the desire to stand out, the desire for autonomy and independence.

The realization of this aspiration is quite possible in a group of people like himself. But in fact, the teenager disappears into the crowd of his own kind. “The vast majority of informal groups of youth subculture are based not on conscious unity, which rarely happens among teenagers, but on the same loneliness of its members.”

One of the conditions for the existence of teenage informal groups is the presence or creation of opponents, ill-wishers, etc. Most often, enemy number one becomes the world of adults. An informal teenager expresses disagreement, dissatisfaction with the system and spreads this protest to all informals in the group.