What is the tragic mistake of Raskolnikov? Raskolnikov's crime, its causes and meaning.
According to many critics, Dostoevsky is a master of describing "sick souls". One of the most interesting heroes writer - Rodion Raskolnikov. "Crime and Punishment" - a novel, of which he became a character, is full of conflicting feelings, human torment and the eternal search for oneself.
Philosophy of the hero of the work of Dostoevsky
What crime did Raskolnikov commit? As the story progresses main character becomes increasingly embittered because of his powerlessness to help those close to him. Depressed by his poverty, he decides to kill an old pawnbroker who profited from the people's misfortune. The reasons that prompted Raskolnikov to commit a crime lie not only in his poverty and helplessness. The protagonist longs for revenge for all the destitute and abused, for the suffering and humiliation of Marmeladova, for every person who has been brought to the brink of moral torment and poverty. Passionately believing in his theory, Rodion is outraged by the philosophy of the successful entrepreneur Luzhin, who sought to marry Raskolnikov's sister. Luzhin is on the side of "reasonable egoism." Petr Petrovich believes that, first of all, everyone needs to take care of themselves and their own well-being. And the more rich people there are in society, the richer society as a whole will become. According to Luzhin's philosophy, you need to take care of yourself only, not thinking about your neighbors. Speaking about why Raskolnikov committed the crime, it should be said precisely that Rodion, unlike Peter, "took care" of all people, striving for the good of the world. And in this case considered the murder he committed as a way to confirm his theory.
The meaning of killing the usurer
Analyzing why Raskolnikov committed the crime, it should be said that he is not an ordinary criminal. He commits the murder of a pawnbroker under the influence of a philosophy he created. That is, hunger and poverty are not the main reasons for Raskolnikov's crime. After committing the murder, he himself confirms this conclusion in his own words, saying that if he had killed him only because of a feeling of hunger, then he would have been happy from this. However, the protagonist reflects on the causes of the existing injustice and inequality. He comes to the conclusion that there is a rather sharp difference between the two categories of people. And while some humbly and silently obey everything that life presents them, others - a few - "extraordinary" - are a true engine human history. At the same time, the latter quite boldly and freely can violate moral principles, generally accepted norms, without stopping before the law in order to show humanity another way. Contemporaries hate such people, but descendants take them for heroes. Raskolnikov considered this whole idea very carefully and even stated his idea a year before the murder in a newspaper article.
Crime as a challenge to society
Speaking about why Raskolnikov committed the crime, one should note his constant desire to oppose himself to "ordinary" people, whom, in his opinion, are the majority in society. With his actions, Rodion challenges the conditions in which suppression occurs. human personality and is clearly felt. But at the same time, after committing the atrocity, the hero realizes that his philosophy only contributes to the strengthening of inhumanity. His protest is contradictory - speaking out against inequality and subordination, Raskolnikov in his idea assumes, again, the right of some people to dictate their will to others. And here again it turns out that the majority becomes a "passive object". It is this contradiction that constitutes the tragic error that underlies the hero's behavior. In the course of events, the character is convinced of his own experience that his rebellion, directed against inhumanity, is itself inhuman in nature, leading to the moral death of the individual.
The attitude of the hero to life after the atrocity
Raskolnikov manages to commit a crime. But the murder leads to a different result from what he expected. When discussing why Raskolnikov committed a crime, it should be remembered that he was primarily driven by the desire to realize his idea. But the morality of "unusual" people for Rodion turned out to be incomprehensible. And after the murder of the pawnbroker, the main character begins to see true morality and beauty not in those who are higher, but in people like Sonechka Marmeladova, who are able to maintain morality in unbearable conditions. Such people, enduring humiliation and hunger, still retain faith in life and love.
Causes of Raskolnikov's crime
At first, Rodion is calm about his successful murder. He believed that he was doing the only right way. The hero is confident in his exclusivity and originality. He believes that there is nothing "such" in the murder of a pawnbroker. After all, in his opinion, he managed to destroy only one "louse of all, the most useless." But gradually, analyzing his actions, he gives various explanations. So, for example, he says that he "wanted to become Napoleon", was embittered, insane, sought to help his mother, longed to assert his own personality, rebelled against everything and everyone. As a result, the hero is tormented by remorse. He understands that he has violated the moral law. Raskolnikov sees the cause of evil in the human nature. At the same time, the law allowing strong of the world"to commit inhuman acts, considers it eternal.
Conclusion
Dostoevsky himself opposed violence. With his work, the author argues with revolutionaries who are set on the only way to achieve happiness for a Russian person - a violation of moral principles. It seems to the main character that he is responsible for his actions only to himself, and the court of others is indifferent to him. In the course of the story, the author brings the character to an understanding of the most important truths. They lie in the fact that pride is evil, the laws of life should not obey the idea of one person, and people should not be judged, and even more so, their life should not be taken away.
The tragic mistake of Raskolnikov lies in the contradiction between the subjective-humanistic motives of the hero and the objectively anti-humanistic form of their manifestation.
11. What is the peculiarity of F.M. Dostoevsky in the novel "Crime and Punishment"?
Psychologism F.M. Dostoevsky differs from the psychologism of I.S. Turgenev or L.N. Tolstoy. revealing inner world heroes, F.M. Dostoevsky shows the clash of contradictory impulses, the struggle between consciousness and subconsciousness, desire and its realization. His heroes do not just think, they suffer painfully, analyze their actions, reflect.
F. M. Dostoevsky
Crime and Punishment
Poor district of St. Petersburg in the 60s. XIX century, adjacent to Sennaya Square and the Catherine Canal. Summer evening. Former student Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov leaves his closet in the attic and pledges the last valuable thing to the old pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna, whom he is preparing to kill. On the way back, he goes into one of the cheap taverns, where he accidentally meets the drunken official Marmeladov who has lost his job. He tells how consumption, poverty and drunkenness of her husband pushed his wife, Katerina Ivanovna, to a cruel act - to send his daughter from his first marriage Sonya to earn money on the panel.
The next morning, Raskolnikov receives a letter from his mother from the provinces, describing the misfortunes he suffered. younger sister Dunya in the house of the depraved landowner Svidrigailov. He learns about the imminent arrival of his mother and sister in St. Petersburg in connection with the upcoming marriage of Dunya. The groom is a prudent businessman Luzhin, who wants to build a marriage not on love, but on poverty and the dependence of the bride. The mother hopes that Luzhin will financially help her son finish his course at the university. Reflecting on the sacrifices that Sonya and Dunya make for the sake of their loved ones, Raskolnikov becomes stronger in his intention to kill the pawnbroker - a useless evil "louse". Indeed, thanks to her money, “hundreds, thousands” of girls and boys will be spared from undeserved suffering. However, disgust for the bloody violence rises again in the hero's soul after he saw a dream-memories of childhood: the boy's heart is torn from pity for the nag being beaten to death.
And yet, Raskolnikov kills with an ax not only the “ugly old woman”, but also her kind, meek sister Lizaveta, who unexpectedly returned to the apartment. Having miraculously left unnoticed, he hides the stolen goods in a random place, without even estimating its value.
Soon Raskolnikov is horrified to discover alienation between himself and other people. Sick from the experience, he, however, is not able to reject the burdensome worries of his comrade at the university, Razumikhin. From the conversation of the latter with the doctor, Raskolnikov learns that the painter Mikolka, a simple village boy, was arrested on suspicion of the murder of an old woman. Painfully reacting to talk about a crime, he himself also arouses suspicion among others.
Luzhin, who came on a visit, is shocked by the squalor of the hero's closet; their conversation turns into a quarrel and ends in a breakup. Raskolnikov is especially offended by the closeness of practical conclusions from Luzhin’s “reasonable egoism” (which seems vulgar to him) and his own “theory”: “people can be cut ...”
Wandering around St. Petersburg, the sick young man suffers from his alienation from the world and is already ready to confess his crime to the authorities, as he sees a man crushed by a carriage. This is Marmeladov. Out of compassion, Raskolnikov spends the last money on the dying man: he is transferred to the house, the doctor is called. Rodion meets Katerina Ivanovna and Sonya, who is saying goodbye to her father in an inappropriately bright prostitute outfit. Thanks to good deed the hero briefly felt a community with people. However, having met his mother and sister who arrived at his apartment, he suddenly realizes that he is “dead” for their love and rudely drives them away. He is alone again, but he has a hope of getting closer to Sonya, who, like him, “stepped over”, the absolute commandment.
Raskolnikov's relatives are taken care of by Razumikhin, who almost at first sight fell in love with the beautiful Dunya. Meanwhile, the offended Luzhin puts the bride before a choice: either he or his brother.
In order to find out about the fate of the things pledged by the murdered woman, and in fact, to dispel the suspicions of some acquaintances, Rodion himself asks for a meeting with Porfiry Petrovich, the investigator in the case of the murder of the old pawnbroker. The latter recalls Raskolnikov's recently published article "On Crime", inviting the author to explain his "theory" about "two categories of people." It turns out that the "ordinary" ("lower") majority is just material for the reproduction of their own kind, it is they who need a strict moral law and must be obedient. These are "trembling creatures". “In fact, people” (“higher”) have a different nature, possessing the gift of a “new word”, they destroy the present in the name of the best, even if it is necessary to “step over” the moral norms previously established for the “lower” majority, for example, shed someone else's blood. These "criminals" then become the "new legislators". Thus, not recognizing the biblical commandments (“thou shalt not kill”, “do not steal”, etc.), Raskolnikov “allows” “those who have the right” - “blood according to conscience”. Clever and insightful Porfiry unravels in the hero an ideological killer who claims to be the new Napoleon. However, the investigator has no evidence against Rodion - and he releases the young man in the hope that a good nature will defeat the delusions of the mind in him and will herself lead him to a confession of what he has done.
Indeed, the hero becomes more and more convinced that he made a mistake in himself: “the real ruler […] smashes Toulon, massacres Paris, forgets the army in Egypt, spends half a million people on the Moscow campaign”, and he, Raskolnikov, suffers because of “vulgarity and the "meanness" of a single murder. Clearly, he is a “trembling creature”: even having killed, he “did not cross” the moral law. The very motives of the crime are twofold in the mind of the hero: this is both a test of oneself for the “highest category”, and an act of “justice”, according to revolutionary socialist teachings, transferring the property of the “predators” to their victims.
Svidrigailov, who arrived after Dunya in St. Petersburg, apparently guilty of the recent death of his wife, meets Raskolnikov and notices that they are “of the same field”, although the latter did not completely defeat Schiller in himself. With all the disgust towards the offender, Rodion's sister is attracted by his seeming ability to enjoy life, despite the crimes committed.
During dinner in cheap rooms, where Luzhin settled Dunya and his mother out of economy, a decisive explanation takes place. Luzhin is convicted of slandering Raskolnikov and Sonya, to whom he allegedly gave money for base services selflessly collected by a poor mother for his studies. Relatives are convinced of the purity and nobility of the young man and sympathize with Sonya's fate. Exiled in disgrace, Luzhin is looking for a way to discredit Raskolnikov in the eyes of his sister and mother.
The latter, meanwhile, again feeling the painful alienation from loved ones, comes to Sonya. She, who "crossed over" the commandment "do not commit adultery", he seeks salvation from unbearable loneliness. But Sonya is not alone. She sacrificed herself for the sake of others (hungry brothers and sisters), and not others for herself, as her interlocutor. Love and compassion for loved ones, faith in the mercy of God never left her. She reads to Rodion the gospel lines about the resurrection of Lazarus by Christ, hoping for a miracle in her life. The hero fails to captivate the girl with the "Napoleonic" plan of power over "the whole anthill."
Tortured at the same time by fear and a desire to be exposed, Raskolnikov again comes to Porfiry, as if worrying about his mortgage. It seems that an abstract conversation about the psychology of criminals eventually brings the young man to nervous breakdown, and he almost impersonates the interrogator. He is saved by an unexpected confession to everyone in the murder of the pawnbroker painter Mikolka.
In the passage room of the Marmeladovs, a wake was arranged for her husband and father, during which Katerina Ivanovna, in a fit of morbid pride, insults the landlady of the apartment. She tells her and her children to leave immediately. Suddenly, Luzhin, who lives in the same house, enters and accuses Sonya of stealing a hundred-ruble banknote. The “guilt” of the girl is proven: the money is found in the pocket of her apron. Now, in the eyes of those around her, she is also a thief. But unexpectedly there is a witness that Luzhin himself imperceptibly slipped Sonya a piece of paper. The slanderer is put to shame, and Raskolnikov explains to those present the reasons for his act: having humiliated his brother and Sonya in the eyes of Dunya, he hoped to return the favor of the bride.
Rodion and Sonya go to her apartment, where the hero confesses to the girl in the murder of the old woman and Lizaveta. She pities him for the moral torments to which he condemned himself, and offers to atone for his guilt by voluntary confession and hard labor. Raskolnikov, on the other hand, laments only that he turned out to be a “trembling creature”, with a conscience and a need for human love. “I will still fight,” he disagrees with Sonya.
Meanwhile, Katerina Ivanovna with the children finds herself on the street. She begins to bleed from the throat and dies after refusing the services of a priest. Svidrigailov, who is present here, undertakes to pay for the funeral and provide for the children and Sonya.
At home, Raskolnikov finds Porfiry, who convinces the young man to turn himself in: the “theory”, which denies the absoluteness of the moral law, rejects from the only source of life - God, the creator of mankind, one in nature, - and thereby dooms his prisoner to death. “Now you […] need air, air, air!” Porfiry does not believe in the guilt of Mikolka, who "accepted suffering" for the primordial people's need: to atone for the sin of inconsistency with the ideal - Christ.
But Raskolnikov still hopes to "transcend" morality as well. Before him is the example of Svidrigailov. Their meeting in a tavern reveals to the hero a sad truth: the life of this “insignificant villain” is empty and painful for him.
The reciprocity of Dunya is the only hope for Svidrigailov to return to the source of being. Convinced of her irrevocable dislike of himself during a heated conversation in his apartment, he shoots himself a few hours later.
Meanwhile, Raskolnikov, driven by the lack of "air", says goodbye to his family and Sonya before confessing. He is still convinced of the correctness of the "theory" and full of contempt for himself. However, at the insistence of Sonya, before the eyes of the people, he repentantly kisses the ground, before which he "sinned." In the police office, he learns about Svidrigailov's suicide and makes an official confession.
Raskolnikov ends up in Siberia, in a prison camp. Mother died of grief, Dunya married Razumikhin. Sonya settled near Raskolnikov and visits the hero, patiently enduring his gloom and indifference. The nightmare of alienation continues here too: the convicts from the common people hate him as a "godless". On the contrary, Sonya is treated with tenderness and love. Once in the prison hospital, Rodion sees a dream reminiscent of pictures from the Apocalypse: the mysterious "trichins", moving into people, give rise in everyone to a fanatical conviction of their own rightness and intolerance to the "truths" of others. “People killed each other in […] senseless malice” until the entire human race was exterminated, except for a few “pure and chosen ones.” Finally, it is revealed to him that pride of mind leads to discord and destruction, while humility of the heart leads to unity in love and to the fullness of life. It awakens "endless love" for Sonya. On the threshold of "resurrection in new life» Raskolnikov takes the Gospel in his hands.
Final essay
in the direction of "Victory and defeat"
Man can't get through life path no mistakes. In the piggy bank folk wisdom There are many sayings, proverbs and sayings that reflect the problem of experience and mistakes in our lives. Everyone knows the existing phrase: "Only the one who does nothing is not mistaken." A person, trying to achieve certain successes, makes many mistakes along the way. And these mistakes are very different. Some mistakes cause a person to become depressed. Others make you start all over again. And in the third situation, a person sets new goals for himself, taking into account the bitter previous experience, and moves on. Life path is eternal search your place in life. Any difficulties and failures are our own blunders. Every person has the right to make mistakes.
World literature, including Russian, has always been interested in this topic. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", the author's favorite characters go through a difficult life path. And each of them has their own way of spiritual quest. But all of them are united by the desire for happiness. On the way to happiness, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova make many mistakes. Fascinated by Lisa, Prince Andrei did not marry for love. Pierre, without seriously understanding life situation, married Helen Kuragina, a soulless and cold beauty. Soon after marriage, he realized that he had been deceived. And Natasha Rostova, becoming a bride and future wife Prince Andrei, in his absence was carried away by the frivolous Anatole Kuragin. Kuragin's sensual gaze overshadowed the restraint and chastity of Prince Andrei. The heroine behaves completely differently when communicating with Kuragin: Natasha's shyness, bashfulness and timidity are gone. She thought that this was love. Natasha, young and inexperienced in matters of the heart, nevertheless realized that she had betrayed her loved one. She was very upset by her irreparable mistake. Surrounded by the attention of relatives and friends, the girl managed to get out of this spiritual crisis. Happiness is a great sensual and moral force. And L. N. Tolstoy shows that Natasha became truly happy when she married Pierre.
The hero of the novel by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov, having committed a bloody crime and confessing to his deed, does not fully realize the whole tragedy of what he committed. He did not acknowledge the fallacy of his theory. Raskolnikov regrets that he could not transgress, that he could not consider himself among the elect. The hero is suffering, tormented, tormented. And only in Siberia, in hard labor, Raskolnikov, tormented and exhausted, does not just repent of his deed, but takes the most difficult path, the path of repentance. And, reading the pages of the novel, we understand that the writer draws our attention to the fact that a person who has admitted his mistakes is able to change. Such a person needs help and compassion. Sonya Marmeladova is precisely F. M. Dostoevsky's person who is able to support Raskolnikov and help him.
To what conclusion did my reasoning on this problem lead me? I would like to note that personal experience teaches each of us life. Sad or virtuous, this experience is one's own, experienced. And the lessons that life has taught us are real school It is she who shapes the character and educates the personality.
Raskolnikov's crime, its causes and meaning
The protagonist of the novel, Rodion Raskolnikov, is an unusual criminal. He commits his crime - the murder of the usurer Alena Ivanovna - under the influence of the philosophy he created. This philosophy was gained through suffering by Raskolnikov, and by his crime he wanted to confirm its correctness in his own eyes and in the eyes of other people. Therefore, the psychological analysis of the state of the criminal before and after the commission of the crime in the novel is closely connected with the analysis of Raskolnikov's theory, which appears to Dostoevsky as a "sign of the times."
Rodion Raskolnikov is a student forced to leave his studies due to lack of funds. His mother tries her best to help him, but she lives very poorly herself. Raskolnikov's sister, Dunya, gets a job as a governess in a family of wealthy landowners who humiliate her in every possible way. Raskolnikov suffers deeply from hunger and poverty. He realizes that not only he himself, but also thousands of other people are doomed to poverty, lack of rights and early death. This understanding generates in him a constant and intense work of thought, aimed at finding a way out of the current unfair state of affairs.
However main reason his crimes became not sorrow and misery. “If only I had slaughtered from the fact that I was hungry ... then I would now ... be happy,” he says after the execution of his terrible plan. The main reason was the theory he created. Reflecting on the reasons for the existing inequality and injustice, Raskolnikov comes to the conclusion that there is a sharp difference between the two categories of people. While great amount people silently and obediently obey everything that life presents them, a few - "extraordinary" people - are the true engines of human history. At the same time, they impudently violate generally recognized norms of morality and do not stop before a crime in order to impose their will on humanity. Contemporaries curse these people, but their descendants recognize them as heroes. Raskolnikov not only considered this idea, but even outlined it in a newspaper article a year before the murder. Questions arise that Raskolnikov formulates as follows: “Am I a louse, like everyone else, or a man?”, “Am I a trembling creature or do I have a right?”
He seeks to oppose himself to "ordinary", ordinary people. Raskolnikov does not want, like most people, to silently obey and endure. But from here, in his opinion, only one conclusion is possible - he must prove to himself and others that he is not a “trembling creature”, but a born “master of fate”, who has the right to transgress moral laws. This conclusion leads Raskolnikov to his crime, which he considers as a test necessary to determine whether he belongs to the breed of "extraordinary" people or whether he is left to obey and endure, like the rest, weak natures.
With his crime, Raskolnikov challenges the world of social inequality and the suppression of the human personality. However, he does not realize that his "idea" only reinforces the inhumanity of the existing order of things. His protest contradicts itself, since it assumes the right of some people to dictate their will to others. The latter are forced to be passive objects of their actions. This contradiction constitutes the tragic mistake underlying Raskolnikov's philosophy. In the course of events, he personal experience he becomes convinced that his rebellion against the existing inhumanity is itself inhuman in nature, leading to the moral death of the individual. Raskolnikov manages to commit a planned murder. But this act leads to a different result than the one he expected. He is convinced that the morality of "extraordinary" people, which attracted him so much before committing a crime, was not up to him. true beauty and Raskolnikov now sees morality not in those people who put themselves above the ordinary, ordinary people but in those who, like Sonya Marmeladova, in the midst of hunger and humiliation, retain in their souls faith in life and a deep aversion to evil and violence.
Thus, Dostoevsky leads his hero to an understanding of very important truths, which are that pride is sinful, that the laws of life do not obey the laws of arithmetic, and that people should not be judged, but loved, accepting them as God created them.
Final essay on the topic "Experience and mistakes".
Works used in the argument: "War and Peace", "Crime and Punishment"
Introduction: Life develops in such a way that everything is intertwined in it: love and hate, ups and downs, experience and mistakes ... One is impossible without the other and it seems that every person once stumbled, understood the wrongness of his actions and learned important lessons for himself .
The expression has been known since ancient times: clever man learns from the mistakes of others, but a fool learns from his own. Most likely, this is true, because it was not in vain that many generations of ancestors sought to pass on their conclusions to their descendants, they tried useful tips to teach children to live correctly and wrote down in books the wisdom of bygone centuries.
Huge literary heritage left by great writers and poets - a priceless treasure life experience which can prevent us from making many mistakes. Let's look at just a few examples of how works of art The authors, through the actions of their characters, warn the reader about the danger of committing wrong actions.
Arguments: In the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova, already being the bride of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, succumbs to temptation and is carried away by Andrei Kuragin. The girl is still young, naive and pure in her thoughts, her heart is ready to love, to succumb to impulses, but the lack of life experience inclines her to a fatal mistake - to run away with an immoral person, for whom all life consists of passions. An experienced seducer, who, moreover, is formally married, did not think about marriage, that he could simply disgrace the girl, Natasha's feelings were not important to him. And she was sincere in her illusory love. Only miraculously, the escape did not take place: Marya Dmitrievna prevented the girl from leaving the family. Later, realizing her mistake, Natasha repents, cries, but the past cannot be returned back. Prince Andrei will not be able to forgive his ex-bride for such a betrayal. This story teaches us a lot: first of all, it follows from it that one cannot be naive, one must be more attentive to people, not build illusions and try to be able to distinguish lies from truth.
Another example of the fact that the experience of other people is important for avoiding one's own mistakes can be the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "". The title itself hints at the moral of the whole work: there will be retribution for misconduct. And so it happens: Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, a poor student, comes up with a theory according to which people can be divided into "trembling creatures" and "having the right." People of the second category, in his opinion, in order to achieve great things, should not be afraid to step over corpses. For the sake of testing his own theory and instant enrichment, he commits a cruel crime - he kills an old pawnbroker and her pregnant sister with an ax. However, the perfect does not bring the desired: as a result of long reflections, which circumstances prompt him to, the protagonist of the novel repents and accepts a well-deserved punishment, serving him in hard labor. This story is instructive in that it warns readers against fatal mistakes that could have been avoided.
Conclusion: Thus, it is safe to say that experience and mistakes in people's lives are inextricably linked. And in order to prevent fatal false steps, it is worth relying on the wisdom of the past, including the instructive plots of literary works.
