Industrial society: problems and values. Art culture

Most sustainable in modern sociology is considered a typology based on the identification of traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

Traditional society (also called simple and agrarian) is a society with an agricultural structure, sedentary structures and a method of sociocultural regulation based on traditions (traditional society). The behavior of individuals in it is strictly controlled, regulated by customs and norms of traditional behavior, established social institutions, among which the most important will be the family and community. Attempts at any social transformations and innovations are rejected. It is characterized by low rates of development and production. Important for this type of society is well-established social solidarity, which was established by Durkheim while studying the society of the Australian aborigines.

Traditional society is characterized by the natural division and specialization of labor (mainly by gender and age), personalization of interpersonal communication (directly of individuals, and not officials or persons of status), informal regulation of interactions (norms of unwritten laws of religion and morality), connection of members by kinship relations (family type of organization community), a primitive system of community management (hereditary power, rule of elders).

Modern societies are distinguished by the following features: the role-based nature of interaction (people’s expectations and behavior are determined by social status and social functions individuals); developing deep division of labor (on a professional qualification basis related to education and work experience); a formal system for regulating relations (based on written law: laws, regulations, contracts, etc.); complex system social management(separation of the institute of management, special governing bodies: political, economic, territorial and self-government); secularization of religion (its separation from the system of government); highlighting the set social institutions(self-reproducing systems of special relations that allow for social control, inequality, protection of their members, distribution of goods, production, communication).

These include industrial and post-industrial societies.

Industrial society is a type of organization social life which combines the freedom and interests of the individual with general principles regulating them joint activities. It is characterized by flexibility of social structures, social mobility, and a developed system of communications.

In the 1960s concepts of a post-industrial (information) society appear (D. Bell, A. Touraine, J. Habermas), caused by dramatic changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. The leading role in society is recognized as the role of knowledge and information, computer and automatic devices. An individual who has received the necessary education and has access to latest information, gets an advantageous chance of moving up the social hierarchy. The main goal of a person in society becomes creative work.

The negative side of the post industrial society there is a danger of strengthening social control on the part of the state and the ruling elite through access to information and electronic means mass media and communication over people and society as a whole.

Lifeworld human society increasingly subject to the logic of efficiency and instrumentalism.

Culture, including traditional values, is being destroyed under the influence of administrative control, which tends to standardize and unify social relations and social behavior. Society is increasingly subject to logic economic life and bureaucratic thinking.

Distinctive features of post-industrial society:

• · transition from the production of goods to a service economy;
• · the rise and dominance of highly educated vocational specialists;
• · the main role theoretical knowledge as a source of discoveries and political decisions in society;
• · control over technology and the ability to assess the consequences of scientific and technical innovations;
• · decision-making based on the creation of intellectual technology, as well as using the so-called information technology.

The latter is brought to life by the needs of the information society that has begun to take shape. The emergence of such a phenomenon is by no means accidental. The basis of social dynamics in the information society is not traditional material resources, which are also largely exhausted, and informational (intellectual): knowledge, scientific, organizational factors, intellectual abilities of people, their initiative, creativity.

The concept of post-industrialism today has been developed in detail, has a lot of supporters and an ever-increasing number of opponents. Two main directions for assessing the future development of human society have emerged in the world: eco-pessimism and techno-optimism. Ecopessimism predicts total global catastrophe due to increasing pollution environment; destruction of the Earth's biosphere. Techno-optimism paints a rosier picture, suggesting that scientific and technical progress will cope with all the difficulties on the path of social development.

The result of the Industrial Revolution (mid-19th century) was the emergence of an industrial society. The ideals of such a society are labor, production, science, education, democracy. Saint-Simon dreams of a society organized like a huge factory, headed by industrialists and scientists. Factory at that time changed manufacture, leading to something never seen before productivity growth social labor. Introduction of technical innovations accompanied consolidation of enterprises, transition to the production of mass, standardized products. Mass production led to urbanization(urban growth). The United States demonstrated the prospect of accelerated development of capitalism. The process has become more comprehensive and homogeneous, there was a process of turning history into world history . The formation of culture as unity and diversity national cultures And art schools. Traditional countries, such as Japan, are also included in this process. The problem of cultural dialogue acquires a special flavor. Folds up new system values. At the core sensitivity – benefit, prosperity, comfort.Progress is identified with economic progress. Wherein the principle of utility transforms the concept of truth.The essence is what is convenient and useful. Etiquette takes on a utilitarian character. Regulation of relationships between free partners through means of purchase and sale. The seller must be polite and courteous, but the buyer is not. Attention is paid only to those who are useful. Relationships are formalized.

Core value industrial civilization becametechnical progress. According to Sorokin's calculations, The 19th century brought more discoveries than all previous centuries combined(8527). Rapid technological growth came from two premises of Western European culture. Belief in the active role of the human mind. In addition, in the 19th century, the attitude towards the function of science changed; before, cognitive and educational functions dominated. Now - applied. Europe is proud of its achievements. 1851 - London Exhibition. As a result, man's technical dominance over process and matter has grown undivided. Appeared new types of overcoming space.19th century - " railways». Everyday life includes telephone, telegraph. In December 1839, Louis Daguerre and Nicéphore announced the creation photos. Appears cinema(Lumieres). First stories up to 3 minutes. (Train arrival, children's lunch, watering and sprinkler).

Knowledge has made it possible to bring parts of the world closer to each other. The Changing Role of Religion. The process of disenchantment of the world has ended. Belief in the supernatural is gone. Ulilbrfors's debate with Huxley. 1860 in Oxford. Victory of Darwinism.Science has achieved independence from religion. Darwinism responded to the needs of society. Freud proves that the idea of ​​God is the fruit of human weakness, the dream of powerful power. A person's desire for protection and patronage.

Marx - religion - the sigh of an oppressed creature. He connected it with the interests of the class struggle. A critical study of biblical texts has refuted their God-given nature. Introduced compulsory secular education.Clergy was deprived of rights. In the 19th century there was a crisis of Christian cosmology and morality. F. Nietzsche: God is dead.We killed him.In morality is growing individualism. You don't owe me anything, I don't owe you anything. The family is changing. Decreased, appeared family units.Fewer children. Quality of life improves. Steam heating appears. Thonet's discovery was revealed in the appearance of ancient things. They made Viennese chairs. Formed Child's world. Appear in rich houses children's rooms, clothes, books, toys. The role of elite art is overestimated. Persistently claims the title spiritual reference. Art is expression moral ideals. Among coexisting regimes. Most consistent realism. Study about the evolution of species corresponded the idea of ​​art about social types .« Human Comedy» Honore Balzac. 95 works. Preface - manifesto realistic art. The quintessence in Balzac's saying is the external form - the basis.

Industrial society spread image business man .Balzac recreatesentrepreneur class.The opposite type to the Byronic hero. Obsessed with power, wealth. Interest in the average person. In 1864, the Garcu brothers' novel Germinie was published. In the preface they write: “in a democracy, we asked ourselves the question whether the lower classes really do not have the right to a novel. Should the people really remain under a literary ban? Take advantage of the author's contempt. Philistines. 1830 moves from German to other European languages. It was in student jargon. A philistine is someone who often skips lectures. In the 19th century - the average person is vulgar, hypocritical, mediocre, self-satisfied. Flaubert is a “lexicon of common truths” (a set of philistine morality with 700 postulates).

Representatives of painting: Courbet, Millet.Representativescritical realism oriented towards depicting the lives of the disadvantaged sections of society, which were contrasted with the lives of the rich. The life of a field worker is the main theme of Millet. The figures of peasants are characteristic. Milletpoeticizes work. By depicting labor, you can convey humanity. An active fighter for critical realism became Gustav Courbet. The artist depicts backbreaking labor and poverty of people(picture “Stone Crusher”, “Funeral in Ornans”). Everything in the last picture was new. Everyman's funeral small town. Petty bourgeois and wealthy peasants, whom the artist depicts without any beauty. Conveys life with all the merciless truth. Some paintings are a glorification of the ugly.

Basics realistic landscape laid down Camille Caro.

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Art.

IN art of the 19th century V. it is necessary to highlight several artistic directions related to the development of the entire culture.

Romanticism in art and literature has common characteristic features: rejection of the bourgeois, bourgeois reality of its day, contrasting the prose of the existing world with the ideal world. This opposition was carried out by the inherent methods of expressiveness inherent in different types of art. For example, the juxtaposition of a day filled with bustle led poets, musicians and painters to poeticize the night, this strange, sometimes surreal world that lives according to its own laws. The night genre is becoming a favorite in the works of romantic artists. Sometimes the lyrics of the night give way before the horror of darkness. Rejection of life and reality gives rise to the motive of departure, escape from life, which is expressed in different forms, including in the genre of travel, wandering, most often to the East. The theme of death takes on a special meaning. The favorite theme of the romantics is the rebel hero, the tragic struggle, the confusion of violent feelings. Portrait painting takes on special significance. Artists strive to depict the inner workings of thought, self-absorption, and sensual individuality. Images of turbulent nature allow us to allegorically convey our plans. The theme of heroic struggle against the elements, desperate tension, impulse are common to the romantics of European countries. The desire to learn more deeply the intricacies of the human soul gives rise to the themes of the tragedy of a broken fate, a sick soul, and despair. The most prominent representatives French school were E. Delacroix, T. Gericault.

Romanticism is also reflected in landscape painting, conveying a special mood, inspiration from contemplation native nature. This is primarily characteristic of English art, whose prominent representatives were J. Constable, J. Turner, and R. Benington.

Realism. The history of realism as a movement in art is connected with landscape painting France, with the so-called Barbizon school. Barbizon is a village where artists came to paint rural landscapes. They discovered the beauty of the nature of France, the beauty of the labor of the peasants, which was the assimilation of reality and became a novelty in art. The Barbizon school includes the works of T. Rouseau, J. Dupre, C. Daubigny and others. Close to them in theme are C. Corot, J. Millet. The head of the realistic movement was Gustave Courbet. Historical events events that took place in France from the revolution of 1830 to the Paris Commune and the Franco-Prussian War were reflected in the work of graphic artist Honore Daumier. His work gained popularity thanks to the advent of lithography, i.e. the possibility of replicating graphic works of art.

Impressionism. The name of this movement comes from the French word meaning “impression”. The history of the genre originates from the creative quests of both realists and romantics. The essence of impressionism is the desire to convey a direct impression of the surrounding world. Using pictorial means, artists sought to convey the uniqueness and illusion of light, air, water, color in all its purity, and subtle nuances of the light-air environment. Painting expanded the boundaries of space, “opened a window” into nature with all its unique and fleeting changes. The founder of the movement was Edouard Manet, but Claude Monet became its recognized leader. Outstanding impressionists were O. Renoir, E. Degas, A. Sisley, C. Pissarro, and later P. Cezanne, V. van Gogh, and the sculptor O. Rodin was very close to them in terms of the nature of his creativity. Impressionism marked the beginning of a new perception of the world around us, allowed us to feel the beauty of every moment of life and had a huge influence on the emergence of new directions in art.

In general, the culture of Western Europe in the 19th century. developed as the culture of an industrial society with all its inherent characteristics and influenced its further formation.

Characteristic features of industrial bourgeois society

Depending on the context, industrial society can be designated as “bourgeois”, “capitalist”, “technically developed”, “modern”, etc. A truly functioning industrial system combines its various principles and structures. Because of this, the term “industrial” is accepted as summarizing the diversity of socio-economic options of modern society.

The most characteristic feature of an industrial society is that production in it is based on the predominance of accumulated labor (capital) over living labor. Accumulated labor takes the form of means of production - technologies, tools, resources, etc., secured in the form of property of any type. Labor is skilled and specialized; developed production means a high degree of division of labor

The second most important characteristic of industrial society, which K. Marx, E. Durkheim, and M. Weber paid attention to, is the deep duality and contradictory principles of its social organization.

In the tension between the ever-deepening division of labor or increasing differences between different parts of society and the need to maintain interaction and unity;

* in contradictions related to the social-class stratification of society, which causes social tension and class struggle.

In the formation of bourgeois society in Europe, the principles of bourgeois ethics, developed and ordered within the framework of the religious system, played an important guiding role. Both Protestantism and Catholicism contributed to this. Over time, the scope of religious regulation shrank, giving way to secular principles and norms.

An important shift in the culture of Western Europe was the establishment of the principle of realism in ideology, art, and philosophy. The mythological and religious worldview is replaced by recognition of reality, which requires taking into account circumstances and overcoming illusions. Utilitarian thinking, closely tied to needs, was established real life. In social life, the autonomy of the church and state-political authorities was formed, and stable bourgeois relations were established in each social layer.

Throughout the XIX - XX centuries. in bourgeois society, specialized value orientations are developed and introduced into public consciousness high prestige of entrepreneurship. Ideological guidelines affirm the image of a successful person, embodying the spirit of enterprise, determination, risk-taking, combined with accurate calculation, and the combination of the spirit of entrepreneurship with the national spirit turns out to be an important means of cohesion of society. The establishment of national unity meant the smoothing out of internal differences, barriers, and borders. On state level are being implemented various programs, aimed at mitigating the consequences of social stratification, ensuring the survival and preservation of the status of low-income segments of the population.

Interstate relations of European countries strove for sociocultural pluralism, although the struggle for independence and autonomous rights led to long and bloody wars. Sometimes the rivalry extended to colonial spaces.

The level of centralization, political and spiritual monopoly gradually decreased, which ultimately contributed to the strengthening of pluralism. The interaction of various centers of influence created a pluralistic system in which the regulation of relations was developed on the basis of the mutual relationship of rights and obligations. Such a system contributed to the destruction of anarchy, authoritarianism and the formation of a mechanism for the legal regulation of relations.

The principles of democracy were implemented primarily in public life, extending to other spheres of society.

Values ​​of an industrial society

The complex mechanism of an industrialized system requires, in order to maintain, not only an appropriate social structure, divided primarily into various categories, but also the priority of values ​​inherent in a bourgeois industrial society, such as:

Achievement and success,

Private property,

Individualism,

Activity and work

Consumerism,

Universalism,

Faith in progress

Respect for science and technology. These values ​​are actively affirmed by the entire system of spiritual influence on the masses of the population.

Sociocultural characteristics of industrial society

The formation of new principles for regulating sociocultural life corresponded to the changes in Western European society that accompany it at the late stage of development, usually called modernization.

Technology and culture of industrial society.

The United States was the first to enter the modernization stage. Western Europe, Japan.

Modernization is associated with the intensive development of technology, caused by the imperative of industrial society, which has already been mentioned: the need to assert the predominance of accumulated labor over living labor. An important economic reason for technization is that without new technical means of production it is impossible to ensure a level of consumption and lifestyle corresponding to the characteristics of an industrial society. An important political reason is that in conditions of national rivalry, more technologically advanced countries and nations can protect their interests with great success and even dictate its will to less developed communities. Culturally, it is customary to single out two spiritual reasons that have given high prestige to technical society. Firstly, this is the idea of ​​man as an active transformer of nature, and secondly, this is an affirmation of the active role of the mind in comprehending reality and its ability to construct the world in its own way. The influence of technology, however, is not limited to high technology. It is also a transformation of a person’s worldview.

Mass production. In an industrial society, production dynamics are measured in physical or monetary terms, that is, according to the criteria of quantity and volume. These criteria apply to other areas as well.

Energy consumption as a criterion of living standards. Using new energy sources, modern technology allows you to implement grandiose projects. The focus on new energy sources has given rise to breakthroughs in technologies that have sometimes become very dangerous for humans.

Break with traditions. Technology is constantly facing the future. Improving the standard of living involves improving technology, which must be constantly updated. In such a situation, turning back means the end of progress, without which the very meaning of the modernization process is lost. There is an intoxication in the process of searching for something new, a desire constant update, i.e. a break with traditions.

Sense of functionality. Improvement of technology and production, the “materiality” of consciousness, the cult of technology give rise to a rational attitude towards the world as an environment of functional objects. Even man himself began to be viewed from the standpoint of rational significance.

New communications. Communication technology, as it improves, contributes to the intensification of communication processes, the destruction of political and cultural barriers, the bringing of peripheral areas closer to the centers and thereby contributes to the expansion of the modernization process.

New models of thinking. The massive spread of technology required a fundamental change in human thinking. The role of anthropomorphic images and humanitarian principles is decreasing. They are being pushed aside by the natural scientific approach to the world, nature, society, and man. Thinking becomes abstract. New principles of socio-technological organization of activity covered not only large industry, but also spread to all spheres of life, including the spiritual. As a result, spiritual culture turns into an industry of mass consciousness.

Sociocultural contradictions of bourgeois society

Social and spiritual alienation. Alienation has become one of the most important characteristics of industrial society. From the sphere of industrial relations, alienation extended to social norms.

Colonialism. The subjugation of more backward countries for the purpose of exploiting their resources was not limited to the establishment of political and economic dominance, but was accompanied by the suppression of local cultures in the name of the universalism of Western industrial civilization. This gave rise to a movement for national liberation that became large-scale.

Antagonism between man and technology. The advance of technicalism has always met with opposition from humanitarian-oriented layers of the intelligentsia. It is the antagonism of technicism and counterculture that is an important characteristic of the culture of industrial society.

Ecological limits of industrialism. Industrial society is based on “hard” technologies that implement the principle of “man is the conqueror of nature.” Nature is seen as an external object and not as a habitat. Although such a worldview contributed to high production efficiency, it also became the cause of global processes of environmental degradation. Another consequence was the excessive urbanization of the planet, which created difficult conditions for human physical existence.

The peculiarities and contradictions of the culture of bourgeois industrial society are continued in modern post-industrial society.

Scanned from a book

Cultural studies for technical universities. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2001.

Democratic principles in social structure, development of experimental science and industrialization. This was created back in the 17th century. The result of the industrial revolution was the emergence of industrial society. The ideals of which are labor, production, science, education, democracy. Saint-Simon dreams of a society organized like a huge factory headed by industrialists and scientists. The factory has changed production this time, leading to an unprecedented increase in productivity social labor. The introduction of technical innovations was accompanied by the consolidation of enterprises and the transition to the production of mass, standardized products. Mass production led to urbanization. (urban growth) The United States has demonstrated the prospect of accelerated development of capitalism. The process became all-encompassing and more homogeneous; history was being transformed into world history. The formation of culture as unity, diversity of national cultures and art schools. Traditional countries, such as Japan, are also included in this process. The problem of cultural dialogue acquires a special flavor. A new value system is emerging. Sensitivity is based on benefit, prosperity, comfort. Progress is identified with economic progress. At the same time, the principle of benefit transforms the concept of truth. The essence is what is convenient and useful. Etiquette takes on a utilitarian character. Regulation of relationships between free partners through means of purchase and sale. The seller must be polite and courteous, but the buyer is not. Attention is paid only to those who are useful. Relationships are formalized.

In the mid-19th century, the Industrial Revolution occurred, as a result of which an industrial society was formed. It was based on democracy, experimental science, and the introduction of new technologies. None of this was a 19th century invention. The ideals of this society are production work and education. Saint-Simon dreams of a society organized like a huge factory headed by industrialists and scientists. At this time, the factory replaced manufactory, which led to an unprecedented increase in the productivity of social labor. Enterprises are moving to the production of mass, standardized products. All this leads to urbanization. The growth of cities. Cities become cultural and industrial centers of industrial society. The USA is demonstrating the prospects for the accelerated development of capitalism to the whole world. The process of the formation of the world economy and market covers both hemispheres, history turns into world history, culture develops as the unity of the diversity of cultural art schools. By the end of the 19th century, Japan was emerging from traditionalism. At this time, the problem of dialogue between cultures is becoming more acute. The values ​​of an industrial society are sensitive - comfort, prosperity, development is identified with economic progress. The principle of utility transforms the concept of truth. Truth is what is convenient and useful. Utilitarian culture. Utilitarianism creeps into etiquette when politeness creeps into those who are useful. Human relationships begin to be viewed as relationships between buying and selling partners. The main value of industrial civilization was technical progress. According to Sorokin’s calculations, the 19th century brought more discoveries than all previous centuries combined. (8527). Rapid technical growth came from two premises of Western European culture. Belief in the active role of the human mind. In addition, in the 19th century the attitude towards the function of science changed; before, cognitive and educational ones dominated. Now - applied. Europe is proud of its achievements. 1851 - London Exhibition. As a result, man's technical dominance over process and matter has grown undivided. New types of overcoming space have emerged. 19th century – “railroads”. Everyday life includes telephone and telegraph. In December 1839, Louis Daguerre and Nicéphore announced the creation of photography. Lumière's cinema appears. First stories up to 3 minutes. (Train arrival, children's lunch, watering and sprinkler). The technical body of culture.

Knowledge has made it possible to bring parts of the world closer to each other. The changing role of religion. The process of disenchantment of the world has ended. Belief in the supernatural is gone. Ulilbrfors's debate with Huxley. 1860 in Oxford. Victory of Darwinism. Science has achieved independence from religion. Darwinism responded to the needs of society. Freud proves that the idea of ​​God is the fruit of human weakness, a dream of powerful power. A person's desire for protection and patronage.

Marx - the sigh of an oppressed creature - religion. He connected it with the interests of the class struggle. A critical study of biblical texts has refuted their God-given nature. Compulsory secular education was introduced. The clergy were deprived of their rights. In the 19th century there was a crisis of Christian cosmology and morality. Confirmed by F. Nietzsche: God is dead. We killed him. Individualism is growing in morality. You don't owe me anything, I don't owe you anything. The family is changing. It shrank and family units appeared. Fewer children. Quality of life improves. Steam heating appears. Thonet's discovery was revealed in the appearance of ancient things. Steamed plywood. They made Viennese chairs. The children's world is being formed. In rich houses children's rooms, clothes, books, toys appear. The role of elite art is overestimated. It persistently claims to be a spiritual reference point. Art is an expression of moral ideals. Among the coexisting modes, realism was most consistent. Realism appears 1857 collection of articles "realism". The study of the evolution of species corresponded to art's idea of ​​social types. "The Human Comedy" by Honore Balzac. 95 works. Preface – a manifesto of realistic art. The quintessence in Balzac's saying is the external form - the basis.

Industrial society spread the image of the business man. Balzac recreates the class of entrepreneurs. Opposite type Byronic hero. Obsessed with power, wealth. Interest in the average person. In 1864, the Garcu brothers' novel Germinie was published. In the preface they write: “in a democracy, we asked ourselves the question whether the lower classes really do not have the right to a novel. Should the people really remain under a literary ban? Take advantage of the author's contempt. Philistines. 1830 moves from German to other European languages. It was in student jargon. A philistine is someone who often skips lectures. In the 19th century, the average person was vulgar, hypocritical, mediocre, and self-satisfied. Flaubert is a “lexicon of common truths” (a set of philistine morality with 700 postulates).

Representatives of painting: Courbet, Millet. Representatives of critical realism, focused on depicting the life of the disadvantaged sections of society, which were contrasted with the life of the rich. The life of a field worker is the main theme of Millet. The figures of peasants are characteristic. Millet poetizes work. By depicting labor, you can convey humanity. Gustav Courbet became an active fighter for critical realism. The artist depicts the backbreaking labor and poverty of people (the painting “stone crushers”, “funeral in Ornans”). IN last picture everything was new. Funeral of a small town man. Petty bourgeois and wealthy peasants, whom the artist depicts without any beauty. Conveys life with all the merciless truth. Some paintings are a glorification of the ugly.

The foundations of realistic landscape were laid by Camille Caro.

Even at school, we all learn not only what industrialization is, but also about the features of industrial society, its character traits. We propose to find out what advantages and disadvantages it has, how it differs from post-industrial society, and whether there is a crisis in industrial society.

What is an industrial society?

An industrial society is a society formed in the process of industrialization, where machine production and the achievements of technical and scientific progress are used. It can be based on industry with very flexible dynamic structures, where the division of labor is characteristic, as well as the growth of its productivity, high competition and accelerated development of entrepreneurship, a significant level of urbanization, and an increase in the quality of life.

Signs of an industrial society

The following features of industrial society are distinguished:

1. Rapid growth of agricultural and industrial production.
2. Development of communication means.
3. The emergence of printed publications and other media.
4. Expanding educational opportunities.
5. Complete urbanization.
6. The emergence of monopolies.
7. Division of labor on an international scale.
8. Significant increase in vertical differentiation of the population.

Industrial society in philosophy

Encyclopedic dictionaries say that industrial society in philosophy is a concept introduced by A. Saint-Simon in order to define a social system where the main type economic activity stands industrial production. O. Comte and G. Spencer are considered to be the founders of the theory of industrial society. Theorists of industrial society are confident that it is possible to build a universal model of the history of society. Moreover, the prototype of such a model can be Western society.

Industrial society in sociology

Experts openly talk about what industrial society means in this area. This concept can be called a product of modern social science. Researchers in this area begin their presentations of social science with ancient Greece. Thanks to such data obtained, they pave the way from ancient philosophy to new social science. Famous thinkers Aristotle, Plato, Tacitus and Cicero dealt with such social phenomena. They often expressed opinions regarding possible and current forms of society, trying to find the laws of social development.

How does post-industrial society differ from industrial society?

To know the differences between industrial society and post-industrial society, it is important to understand their features. Thus, an industrial society has the following features:

1. Economic development by increasing the rate of exploitation of not only natural but also human resources.
2. Thanks to the increase in mechanical engineering and chemical industry enterprises, industrial development is ensured.
3. Society is oriented towards production and consumption. World masterpieces of culture and art are being replaced by low-grade mass culture.

As for post-industrial society, it has the following differences from industrial society:

1. Information, knowledge and intelligence are the basis of the wealth of society.
2. Production is focused on the needs of the consumer and the quality of the products offered to him.
3. Technological processes built on an intellectual basis are the main management tool.
4. The quality of life improves.
5. Social ones prevail over material ones.

Pros and cons of industrial society

Even a child understands the disadvantages and advantages of an industrial society. So, among the advantages of such a society:

1. Fast pace of economic development.
2. Industrial development is increasing.
3. Socio-historical progress.
4. Improving product quality.
5. The emergence of international trade
6. Honesty, integrity and hard work are the main values ​​in society.

Among the disadvantages of industrial society:

1. Exploitation of natural resources to the detriment of the environment.
2. Uneven growth and development of the economy.
3. Job loss.

Pros of an industrial society

Many historians argue that the transition to an industrial society allowed humanity to take a major step towards the technological process. Among the advantages of such a society:

1. Improving the quality of products offered to potential consumers.
2. International trade.
3. Technological and historical progress.
4. Increasing the pace of economic development.
5. Industrial development.

Disadvantages of an industrial society

Despite all the advantages, the theory of industrial society also has its disadvantages. Among the disadvantages of such a society:

1. Aggressive exploitation of natural resources. Even schoolchildren know how overexploitation of environmental resources can threaten the environment.
2. Uneven development of economic growth.
3. Job loss.

The role of science in industrial society

Science is of great importance in an industrial society. Among its main functions here are cultural, ideological, and production, social management. Thanks to these functions, it is possible to characterize it in detail and meaningfully not only as a cognitive-cognitive phenomenon, but also to reveal its sociocultural nature, to record the role and significance of science in the dynamics and functioning modern society. In general, industrial society cannot be imagined without scientific progress.

Values ​​of an industrial society

Researchers say that the core values ​​of industrial society are freedom. The industrial system itself is often referred to as the space of personal freedom of a person. Freedom is often worshiped and even sworn allegiance, and they also fight and defend for it. In her name they make restrictions and sacrifices. It promotes development, is the basis of personal initiatives, creative impulses, innovative enterprises and beginnings.