Bank of USE arguments. Arguments on the topic “Language” for the Unified State Examination essay

• Heartlessness manifests itself even towards very close people
• The thirst for profit often leads to heartlessness and dishonorable acts.
• A person’s spiritual callousness complicates his life in society
• The reasons for a heartless attitude towards others lie in upbringing
• The problem of heartlessness and mental callousness may be characteristic not only to an individual, but also to society as a whole
• Difficult life circumstances can make a person heartless
• Often, spiritual callousness manifests itself in relation to moral, worthy people
• A person admits that he was heartless when nothing can be changed
• Mental callousness does not make a person truly happy
• The consequences of a callous attitude towards people are often irreversible

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin “Dubrovsky”. The conflict between Andrei Dubrovsky and Kirilla Petrovich Troekurov ended tragically due to the callousness and heartlessness on the part of the latter. The words spoken by Dubrovsky, although they were offensive to Troekurov, were certainly not worth the abuse, dishonest trial and death of the hero. Kirill Petrovich did not spare his friend, although in the past they had a lot of good things in common. The landowner was driven by heartlessness and a desire for revenge, which led to the death of Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. The consequences of what happened were terrible: officials burned, people were left without their real master, Vladimir Dubrovsky became a robber. The manifestation of the spiritual callousness of just one person made the lives of many people miserable.

A.S. Pushkin “The Queen of Spades”. Hermann, the protagonist of the work, is driven to act heartlessly by the desire to get rich. To achieve his goal, he presents himself as an admirer of Lizaveta, although in fact he does not have feelings for her. He gives the girl false hopes. Penetrating into the countess's house with the help of Lizaveta, Hermann asks the old woman to tell him the secret of the three cards, and after her refusal, he takes out an unloaded pistol. Graphia, very frightened, dies. The deceased old woman comes to him a few days later and reveals the secret on the condition that Hermann will not play more than one card per day, in the future will not play at all and will marry Lizaveta. But the hero does not have a happy future: his heartless actions serve as a reason for retribution. After two wins, Hermann loses, which causes him to go crazy.

M. Gorky “At the Bottom”. Vasilisa Kostyleva does not feel any feelings for her husband except hatred and complete indifference. Wanting to inherit at least a small fortune, she very easily decides to persuade the thief Vaska Pepel to kill her husband. It's hard to imagine how heartless a person would have to be to come up with such a plan. The fact that Vasilisa was not married out of love does not in the least justify her action. A person must remain a person in any situation.

I.A. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco”. The theme of the death of human civilization is one of the main ones in this work. The manifestation of the spiritual degradation of people lies, among other things, in their spiritual callousness, heartlessness, and indifference towards each other. Sudden death The gentleman from San Francisco evokes not compassion, but disgust. During his life, he is loved for his money, and after his death, they heartlessly put him in the worst room, so as not to spoil the reputation of the establishment. They cannot even make a normal coffin for a person who dies in a foreign country. People have lost true spiritual values, which have been replaced by a thirst for material gain.

K.G. Paustovsky “Telegram”. A life full of activities and events captivates Nastya so much that she forgets about the only person truly close to her - her old mother Katerina Petrovna. The girl, receiving letters from her, is glad that her mother is alive, but does not think about anything else. Nastya doesn’t even read the telegram from Tikhon about Katerina Petrovna’s poor condition right away: at first she doesn’t understand at all who she’s talking about. we're talking about. Later, the girl realizes how heartless her attitude towards to a loved one. Nastya goes to Katerina Petrovna, but does not find her alive. She feels guilty before her mother, who loved her so much.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”. Matryona is a person you rarely meet. Without thinking about herself, she never refused to help strangers and treated everyone with kindness and sympathy. People didn't answer her in kind. After the tragic death of Matryona, Thaddeus thought only about how to win back part of the hut. Almost all relatives came to cry over the woman’s coffin only as an obligation. They did not remember Matryona during her lifetime, but after her death they began to lay claim to the inheritance. This situation shows how callous and indifferent human souls have become.

F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”. Rodion Raskolnikov's heartlessness was expressed by his desire to test his terrible theory. Having killed the old pawnbroker, he tried to find out who he belonged to: “trembling creatures” or “those with the right.” The hero failed to maintain composure, to accept what he did as right, which means that he is not characterized by absolute spiritual callousness. The spiritual resurrection of Rodion Raskolnikov confirms that a person has a chance for correction.

Y. Yakovlev “He killed my dog.” The boy, showing compassion and mercy, brings a stray dog ​​into his apartment. His father doesn’t like this: the man demands that the animal be thrown back onto the street. The hero cannot do this, because “she was already kicked out.” The father, acting completely indifferent and indifferent, calls the dog to him and shoots him in the ear. The child cannot understand why an innocent animal was killed. Together with the dog, the father kills the child’s faith in the justice of this world.

ON THE. Nekrasov “Reflections at the front entrance.” The poem depicts the harsh reality of that time. The life of ordinary men and officials who spend their lives only in pleasure are contrasted. High-ranking people are heartless because they are indifferent to problems ordinary people. And for common man An official's solution to even the most insignificant issue can be a salvation.

V. Zheleznikov “Scarecrow”. Lena Bessoltseva voluntarily took responsibility for a very bad act to which she had nothing to do. Because of this, she was forced to endure humiliation and bullying from her classmates. One of the most difficult tests for the girl was loneliness, because being an outcast is difficult at any age, and even more so in childhood. The boy who actually committed this act did not have the courage to confess. Two classmates who learned the truth also decided not to interfere in the situation. The indifference and heartlessness of those around him made the man suffer.

Here is a bank of arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. It is dedicated to military topics. Each problem corresponds literary examples, which are necessary for writing work of the highest quality. The title corresponds to the formulation of the problem, under the title there are arguments (3-5 pieces depending on complexity). You can also download these arguments in table form(link at the end of the article). We hope that they will help you in preparing for the Unified State Exam.

1. In Vasil Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” Rybak betrayed his homeland, fearing torture. When two comrades, looking for provisions for a partisan detachment, ran into the invaders, they were forced to retreat and hide in the village. However, their enemies found them in the house of a local resident and decided to interrogate them using violence. Sotnikov passed the test with honor, but his friend joined the punitive forces. He decided to become a policeman, although he intended to run away to his own people at the first opportunity. However, this act forever crossed out Rybak’s future. Having knocked out the supports from under his comrade’s feet, he became a traitor and a vile murderer who is not worthy of forgiveness.
2. In the novel by Alexander Pushkin “ Captain's daughter“Cowardice turned into a personal tragedy for the hero: he lost everything. Trying to win the favor of Marya Mironova, he decided to be cunning and disingenuous, rather than behave courageously. And so, at the decisive moment, when the Belgorod fortress was captured by the rebels, and Masha’s parents were brutally killed, Alexey did not stand up for them, did not protect the girl, but changed into a simple dress and joined the invaders, saving his life. His cowardice completely repulsed the heroine, and even being in his captivity, she proudly and adamantly resisted his caresses. In her opinion, it is better to die than to be at one with a coward and a traitor.
3. In Valentin Rasputin’s work “Live and Remember,” Andrei deserts and runs to his home, to his native village. Unlike him, his wife was a courageous and devoted woman, so she, risking herself, covers her runaway husband. He lives in a nearby forest, and she carries everything he needs secretly from the neighbors. But Nastya’s absences became public knowledge. Fellow villagers swam after her in a boat. To save Andrei, Nastena drowned herself without betraying the deserter. But the coward in her person lost everything: love, salvation, family. His fear of war destroyed the only person who loved him.
4. In Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus,” two heroes are contrasted: Zhilin and Kostygin. While one, having been captured by the mountaineers, bravely fights for his freedom, the other humbly waits for his relatives to pay the ransom. Fear clouds his eyes, and he does not understand that this money will support the rebels and their fight against his compatriots. For him, only his own fate comes first, and he doesn’t care about the interests of his homeland. Obviously, cowardice manifests itself in war and reveals such traits of nature as selfishness, weak character and insignificance.

Overcoming fear in war

1. In Vsevolod Garshin’s story “Coward,” the hero is afraid to perish in the name of someone’s political ambitions. He is worried that he, with all his plans and dreams, will end up as just a last name and initials in a dry newspaper report. He doesn’t understand why he needs to fight and risk himself, what all these sacrifices are for. His friends, of course, say that he is driven by cowardice. They gave him food for thought, and he decided to volunteer for the front. The hero realized that he was sacrificing himself for the sake of a great cause - the salvation of his people and homeland. He died, but was happy, because he had taken a truly significant step, and his life acquired meaning.
2. In Mikhail Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” Andrei Sokolov overcomes the fear of death and does not agree to drink to the victory of the Third Reich, as the commandant demands. He already faces punishment for inciting rebellion and disrespecting his guards. The only way to avoid death is to accept Muller’s toast, to betray the homeland in words. Of course, the man wanted to live and was afraid of torture, but honor and dignity were more important to him. Mentally and spiritually, he fought with the occupiers, even standing in front of the camp commander. And he defeated him by force of will, refusing to carry out his order. The enemy recognized the superiority of the Russian spirit and rewarded the soldier who, even in captivity, overcomes fear and defends the interests of his country.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov is afraid to participate in hostilities: he is awkward, timid, weak, not fit for military service. However, seeing the scope and horror Patriotic War 1812, he decided to go alone and kill Napoleon. He was not at all obliged to go to besieged Moscow and risk himself; with his money and influence, he could sit out in a secluded corner of Russia. But he goes to help the people in some way. Pierre, of course, does not kill the French emperor, but saves the girl from the fire, and this is already a lot. He conquered his fear and did not hide from the war.

The problem of imaginary and real heroism

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Fyodor Dolokhov shows excessive cruelty during military operations. He enjoys violence, while always demanding rewards and praise for his imaginary heroism, which contains more vanity than courage. For example, he grabbed an officer who had already surrendered by the collar and insisted for a long time that it was he who took him prisoner. While soldiers like Timokhin modestly and simply carried out their duty, Fedor boasted and boasted about his exaggerated achievements. He did this not for the sake of saving his homeland, but for the sake of self-affirmation. This is false, unreal heroism.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war for the sake of his career, and not for the bright future of his country. He only cares about the glory that Napoleon, for example, received. In pursuit of her, he leaves his pregnant wife alone. Finding himself on the battlefield, the prince rushes into a bloody battle, calling on many people to sacrifice themselves with him. However, his throw did not change the outcome of the battle, but only ensured new losses. Having realized this, Andrei realizes the insignificance of his motives. From that moment on, he no longer pursues recognition; he is only concerned about the fate of his native country, and only for it is he ready to return to the front and sacrifice himself.
3. In the story “Sotnikov” by Vasil Bykov, Rybak was known as a strong and brave fighter. He was in good health and powerful in appearance. In fights he had no equal. But the real test showed that all his actions were just empty boasting. Fearing torture, Rybak accepts the enemy’s offer and becomes a policeman. There was not a drop of real courage in his feigned courage, so he could not withstand the moral pressure of the fear of pain and death. Unfortunately, imaginary virtues are recognized only in trouble, and his comrades did not know whom they trusted.
4. In Boris Vasiliev’s story “Not on the Lists,” the hero single-handedly defends the Brest Fortress, all the other defenders of which fell dead. Nikolai Pluzhnikov himself can barely stand on his feet, but he still fulfills his duty until the end of his life. Someone, of course, will say that this is reckless on his part. There is safety in numbers. But I still think that in his position this is the only right choice, because he will not get out and join combat-ready units. So isn't it better to give the last fight than to waste a bullet on yourself? In my opinion, Pluzhnikov’s act is a feat of a real man who faces the truth.
5. Victor Astafiev’s novel “Cursed and Killed” describes dozens of destinies of ordinary children whom the war drove into the most difficult conditions: hunger, mortal risk, illness and constant fatigue. They are not soldiers, but ordinary residents of villages and villages, prisons and camps: illiterate, cowardly, tight-fisted and not even very honest. All of them are just cannon fodder in battle; many are of no use. What motivates them? The desire to curry favor and get a deferment or a job in the city? Hopelessness? Maybe their stay at the front is reckless? You can answer in different ways, but I still think that their sacrifices and modest contribution to the victory were not in vain, but necessary. I am sure that their behavior is not always controlled by a conscious, but true force - love for the fatherland. The author shows how and why it manifests itself in each of the characters. Therefore, I consider their courage to be genuine.

Mercy and indifference in an atmosphere of hostilities

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, shows blasphemous indifference to his compatriots. During the evacuation from besieged Moscow, he takes advantage of people's grief and confusion by buying their rare and valuable items cheaper. He does not care about the fate of his fatherland, he only looks into his own pocket. The troubles of the surrounding refugees, frightened and oppressed by the war, do not touch him in any way. At the same time, the peasants are burning all their property so that it does not fall to the enemy. They burn houses, kill livestock, and destroy entire villages. For the sake of victory, they risk everything, go into the forests and live as one family. In contrast, Tolstoy shows indifference and compassion, contrasting the dishonest elite with the poor, who turned out to be richer spiritually.
2. Alexander Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” describes the unity of the people in the face of a mortal threat. In the chapter “Two Soldiers,” the old people welcome Vasily and even feed him, having spent precious food supplies on the stranger. In exchange for hospitality, the hero repairs the elderly couple's watches and other utensils, and also entertains them with encouraging conversations. Although the old woman is reluctant to take out the treat, Terkin does not reproach her, because he understands how difficult life is for them in the village, where there is even no one to help chop wood - everyone is at the front. However, even different people find a common language and have compassion for each other when clouds gather over their homeland. This unity was the author’s call.
3. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" Demchikha hides partisans, despite the mortal risk. She hesitates, being a frightened and persecuted village woman, not a heroine from the cover. Before us is a living person who is not without weaknesses. She is not happy with uninvited guests, policemen are circling the village, and if they find something, no one will survive. And yet, the woman’s compassion takes over: she shelters the resistance fighters. And her feat did not go unnoticed: during interrogation with torture and torture, Sotnikov does not betray his patroness, carefully trying to shield her and shift the blame onto himself. Thus, mercy in war begets mercy, and cruelty only leads to cruelty.
4. In Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" some episodes are described that indicate the manifestation of indifference and responsiveness towards prisoners. The Russian people saved officer Rambal and his orderly from death. The frozen French themselves came to the enemy camp, they were dying of frostbite and hunger. Our compatriots showed mercy: they fed them porridge, poured them warming vodka, and even carried the officer into the tent in their arms. But the occupiers were less compassionate: a Frenchman I knew did not stand up for Bezukhov when he saw him in the crowd of prisoners. The count himself barely survived, receiving the meager rations in prison and walking in the cold on a leash. In such conditions, the weakened Platon Karataev, to whom none of the enemies even thought of giving porridge with vodka, died. The example of Russian soldiers is instructive: it demonstrates the truth that in war you need to remain human.
5. An interesting example was described by Alexander Pushkin in the novel “The Captain's Daughter”. Pugachev, the ataman of the rebels, showed mercy and pardoned Peter, respecting his kindness and generosity. The young man once gave him a short fur coat, not stinging in helping a stranger from the common people. Emelyan continued to do good to him even after the “reckoning”, because in the war he strove for justice. But Empress Catherine showed indifference to the fate of the officer devoted to her and surrendered only to the persuasion of Marya. During the war, she showed barbaric cruelty by arranging the execution of rebels in the square. It is not surprising that the people rebelled against her despotic power. Only compassion can help a person stop the destructive power of hatred and enmity.

Moral Choices in War

1. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" younger son The main character is at a crossroads between love and homeland. He chooses the first, forever renouncing his family and homeland. His comrades did not accept his choice. The father was especially grieved, because the only chance to restore the honor of the family was to kill the traitor. The military brotherhood took revenge for the death of their loved ones and for the oppression of the faith, Andriy trampled on holy vengeance, and for defending this idea Taras also made his difficult but necessary choice. He kills his son, proving to his fellow soldiers that the most important thing for him, as an ataman, is the salvation of his homeland, and not petty interests. Thus, he forever cements the Cossack partnership, which will fight the “Poles” even after his death.
2. In Leo Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus,” the heroine also made a desperate decision. Dina liked the Russian man who was forcibly held by her relatives, friends, and her people. She was faced with a choice between kinship and love, the bonds of duty and the dictates of feeling. She hesitated, thought, decided, but could not help but help, because she understood that Zhilin was not worthy of such a fate. He is kind, strong and honest, but he does not have money for ransom, and that is not his fault. Despite the fact that the Tatars and Russians fought, that one captured the other, the girl made a moral choice in favor of justice rather than cruelty. This probably expresses the superiority of children over adults: even in struggle they show less anger.
3. In Remarque's novel "On western front Without Changes” depicts the image of a military commissar who drafted high school students, still just boys, into the First World War. At the same time, we remember from history that Germany did not defend itself, but attacked, that is, the guys went to their death for the sake of other people’s ambitions. However, their hearts were set on fire by the words of this dishonest man. So, the main characters went to the front. And only there they realized that their agitator was a coward hiding in the rear. He sends young men to their deaths, while he himself sits at home. His choice is immoral. He exposes this seemingly courageous officer as a weak-willed hypocrite.
4. In Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” main character swims across the icy river to bring important reports to the attention of the command. He throws himself into the water under fire, risking freezing to death or drowning after catching an enemy bullet. But Vasily makes a choice in favor of duty - an idea that is larger than himself. He contributes to victory, thinking not about himself, but about the outcome of the operation.

Mutual assistance and selfishness on the front line

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Natasha Rostova is ready to give up carts to the wounded in order to help them avoid persecution by the French and leave the besieged city. She is ready to lose valuable things, despite the fact that her family is on the verge of ruin. It's all about her upbringing: the Rostovs were always ready to help and help a person out of trouble. Relationships are more valuable to them than money. But Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, during the evacuation, bargained things cheaply from frightened people in order to make capital. Alas, in war not everyone passes the test of morality. The true face of a person, an egoist or a benefactor, will always reveal itself.
2. IN " Sevastopol stories"Leo Tolstoy's "circle of aristocrats" demonstrates the unpleasant character traits of the nobility, who found themselves at war because of vanity. For example, Galtsin is a coward, everyone knows about it, but no one talks about it, because he is a high-born nobleman. He lazily offers his help on the outing, but everyone hypocritically dissuades him, knowing that he won’t go anywhere, and he’s of little use. This man is a cowardly egoist who thinks only of himself, not paying attention to the needs of the fatherland and the tragedy of his own people. At the same time, Tolstoy describes the silent feat of doctors who work overtime and restrain their frenzied nerves from the horror they saw. They will not be rewarded or promoted, they do not care about this, because they have one goal - to save as many soldiers as possible.
3. In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The White Guard, Sergei Talberg leaves his wife and runs away from a country torn by civil war. He selfishly and cynically leaves in Russia everything that was dear to him, everything to which he swore to be faithful to the end. Elena was taken under the protection of her brothers, who, unlike their relative, served to the last the one to whom they took the oath. They protected and consoled their abandoned sister, because all the conscientious people united under the burden of the threat. For example, the commander Nai-Tours performs an outstanding feat, saving the cadets from imminent death in a futile battle. He himself dies, but helps innocent young men deceived by the hetman to save their lives and leave the besieged city.

Negative impact of war on society

1. In Mikhail Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don,” the entire Cossack people becomes a victim of war. The former way of life is collapsing due to fratricidal strife. Breadwinners die, children become unruly, widows go crazy from grief and the unbearable yoke of labor. The fate of absolutely all the characters is tragic: Aksinya and Peter die, Daria becomes infected with syphilis and commits suicide, Grigory is disappointed in life, lonely and forgotten Natalya dies, Mikhail becomes callous and impudent, Dunyasha runs away and lives unhappily. All generations are in discord, brother goes against brother, the land is orphaned, because in the heat of battle it was forgotten. Eventually Civil War led only to devastation and grief, and not to the bright future that all the warring parties promised.
2. In Mikhail Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri" the hero became another victim of the war. A Russian military man picked him up, forcibly took him away from his home, and probably would have continued to control his fate if the boy had not fallen ill. Then his almost lifeless body was thrown into the care of the monks in a nearby monastery. Mtsyri grew up, he was destined for the fate of a novice, and then a clergyman, but he never came to terms with the arbitrariness of his captors. The young man wanted to return to his homeland, reunite with his family, and quench his thirst for love and life. However, he was deprived of all this, because he was just a prisoner, and even after escaping he found himself back in his prison. This story is an echo of war, as the struggle of countries cripples the fate of ordinary people.
3. In Nikolai Gogol's novel " Dead Souls"There is an insert that is a separate story. This is a story about Captain Kopeikin. It tells about the fate of a cripple who became a victim of war. In the battle for his homeland, he became disabled. Hoping to receive a pension or some kind of assistance, he came to the capital and began visiting officials. However, they became bitter in their comfortable workplaces and only drove the poor man, without making his life filled with suffering any easier. Alas, constant wars in Russian Empire gave rise to many such cases, so no one really reacted to them. You can’t even definitely blame anyone here. Society became indifferent and cruel, so people defended themselves from constant worries and losses.
4. In the story by Varlam Shalamov “ Last Stand Major Pugachev”, the main characters, who honestly defended their homeland during the war, ended up in a labor camp in their homeland because they were once prisoners of the Germans. No one took pity on these worthy people, no one showed mercy, but they were not guilty of being captured. And it’s not just about cruel and unjust politicians, it’s about the people, who have become hardened from constant grief, from inescapable deprivation. Society itself indifferently listened to the suffering of innocent soldiers. And they, too, were forced to kill the guards, run and shoot back, because the bloody massacre made them like that: merciless, angry and desperate.

Children and women at the front

1. In Boris Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet,” the main characters are women. They, of course, were more afraid than men to go to war; each of them still had close and dear people. Rita even left her son to her parents. However, the girls fight selflessly and do not retreat, even though they are up against sixteen soldiers. Each of them fights heroically, each overcomes her fear of death in the name of saving her homeland. Their feat is taken especially hard, because fragile women have no place on the battlefield. However, they destroyed this stereotype and conquered the fear that constrained even more suitable fighters.
2. In Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists,” the last defenders Brest Fortress trying to save women and children from starvation. They don't have enough water and supplies. With pain in their hearts, the soldiers see them off into German captivity; there is no other way out. However, the enemies did not spare even expectant mothers. Pluzhnikov's pregnant wife, Mirra, is beaten to death with boots and pierced with a bayonet. Her mutilated corpse is pelted with bricks. The tragedy of war is that it dehumanizes people, releasing all their hidden vices.
3. In Arkady Gaidar's work “Timur and His Team,” the heroes are not soldiers, but young pioneers. While the fierce battle continues on the fronts, they, as best they can, help the fatherland to survive in trouble. The guys do the hard work for widows, orphans and single mothers who don’t even have anyone to chop wood. They secretly perform all these tasks without waiting for praise and honor. For them, the main thing is to make their modest but important contribution to victory. Their destinies are also ruined by the war. Zhenya, for example, grows up in the care of his older sister, but they see their father once every few months. However, this does not prevent children from fulfilling their small civic duty.

The problem of nobility and baseness in battle

1. In Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists,” Mirra is forced to surrender when she discovers that she is pregnant with Nikolai’s child. There is no water or food in their shelter; the young people miraculously survive, because they are being hunted. But a lame Jewish girl emerges from hiding to save the life of her child. Pluzhnikov is watching her vigilantly. However, she was unable to blend into the crowd. So that her husband does not give himself away, does not go to save her, she moves away, and Nikolai does not see how his wife is beaten by the rabid invaders, how they wound her with a bayonet, how they cover her body with bricks. There is so much nobility, so much love and self-sacrifice in this act of hers that it is difficult to perceive it without an internal shudder. The fragile woman turned out to be stronger, more courageous and nobler than the representatives of the “chosen nation” and the stronger sex.
2. In Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Ostap shows true nobility in war conditions when he does not utter a single cry even under torture. He did not give the enemy spectacle and rejoicing by defeating him spiritually. In his dying word, he only addressed his father, whom he did not expect to hear. But I heard. And he realized that their cause was alive, which means he was alive. In this self-denial in the name of an idea, his rich and strong nature was revealed. But the idle crowd surrounding him is a symbol of human baseness, because people gathered to savor the pain of another person. This is terrible, and Gogol emphasizes how terrible the face of this motley public is, how disgusting its murmur is. He contrasted her cruelty with Ostap’s virtue, and we understand whose side the author is on in this conflict.
3. The nobility and baseness of a person are truly revealed only in emergency situations. For example, in Vasil Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” two heroes behaved completely differently, although they lived side by side in the same detachment. The fisherman betrayed his country, his friends, and his duty out of fear of pain and death. He became a policeman and even helped his new comrades hang their former partner. Sotnikov did not think about himself, although he suffered from torture. He tried to save Demchikha, his former friend, and avert trouble from the detachment. So he blamed everything on himself. This noble man did not allow himself to be broken and gave his life for his homeland with dignity.

The problem of responsibility and negligence of fighters

1. Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Stories describes the irresponsibility of many fighters. They just show off in front of each other, and go to work only for the sake of promotion. They do not think at all about the outcome of the battle, they are only interested in rewards. For example, Mikhailov only cares about making friends with a circle of aristocrats and receiving some benefits from his service. Having received a wound, he even refuses to bandage it so that everyone will be shocked by the sight of blood, because there is a reward for a serious injury. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the finale Tolstoy describes precisely defeat. With such an attitude towards your duty to your homeland, it is impossible to win.
2. In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” an unknown author tells about the instructive campaign of Prince Igor against the Polovtsians. Striving to gain easy glory, he leads a squad against the nomads, neglecting the concluded truce. Russian troops defeat their enemies, but at night the nomads take the sleeping and drunken warriors by surprise, kill many, and take the rest prisoner. The young prince repented of his extravagance, but it was too late: the squad was killed, his estate was without an owner, his wife was in grief, like the rest of the people. The opposite of the frivolous ruler is the wise Svyatoslav, who says that the Russian lands need to be united, and that you shouldn’t just meddle with your enemies. He takes his mission responsibly and condemns Igor’s vanity. His “Golden Word” subsequently became the basis political system Rus'.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, two types of commanders are contrasted with each other: Kutuzov and Alexander the First. One takes care of his people, puts the well-being of the army above victory, while the other thinks only about the quick success of the cause, and he does not care about the sacrifices of the soldiers. Due to the illiterate and short-sighted decisions of the Russian emperor, the army suffered losses, the soldiers were dejected and confused. But Kutuzov’s tactics brought Russia complete deliverance from the enemy with minimal losses. Therefore, it is very important to be a responsible and humane leader during the battle.

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About the bank of arguments for writing the Unified State Examination

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you will read the entire list in less than 2 months.
The argument bank does not contain very large works like War and Peace
And " Quiet Don" They are worth reading, but it is not necessary to do this specifically for the Unified State Exam in Russian.
Having mastered the speed reading method, detailed information about which there is at the end of the book, you
you can read the entire list in just 20-25 hours.

Secret 7 on arguments for composing the Unified State Exam. Great piece≠ a large number of arguments. You will see this by reading the list of references below, which includes many small but content-rich works

Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination (17 options)

1) Jack London "Martin Eden"

Genre: novel
Reading time: 8 hours.

Problems of the work Jack Londonan "Martin Eden"

The talent problem
The role of the book (reading)
The role of music in human life



The problem of loneliness
Honesty problem
Moral issues
The role of dreams (goals) in a person’s life
The problem of envy
Attitude towards parents

Argumentation of Jack Londonan's work "Martin Eden"

The main character of the work is Martin Eden, a young sailor who falls in love with Ruth, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. To achieve her love, the man sets himself a goal: to become a famous writer. Martin begins to read books by great philosophers and writes his own works. However, the hero's relatives do not believe in his writing talent. Ruth's parents also do not believe that an uneducated sailor will be able to change and take a worthy position in society. But books change Martin's thinking. He realizes that there is much more to life than he previously thought. Thanks to hard work, Martin Eden achieves his goal. Now even those who once laughed at him admire the hero’s creativity. Having become famous, Martin does not forget his loved ones. He buys Maria the promised dairy ranch and helps his sister's husband. However, success does not bring him happiness. The main character feels lonely more than ever, he is disappointed in his love.

Jack London demonstrated that

1) books can radically change a person’s life

2) for the sake of love a person can achieve unprecedented heights

3) success does not always bring happiness

4) even famous person might be lonely

5) how important it is to have a goal in life and go towards it, regardless of the opinions of others

6) public opinion is fickle, so you shouldn’t rely on it

2) Theodore Dreiser “The Financier”

Genre: novel
Reading time: 10 hours.

Problems of Theodore Dreiser's work "The Financier"

The talent problem

The importance of work in human life

The problem of loneliness

The role of childhood memories

The problem of envy
The problem of greed
The Problem of Hate

The problem of spiritual degradation

Argumentation on the work of Theodore Dreiser “The Financier”

The main character of the work is Frank Cowperwood, a successful businessman from Philadelphia. Thanks to his outstanding abilities, the character quickly reaches career heights. They predict a great future for him. Meanwhile, Frank falls in love with the young beauty Eileen, the daughter of the famous Philadelphia financier Edward Butler. For her sake, the hero even divorces his first wife. The sympathy is mutual, and soon the girl’s father finds out about her. He becomes so furious that he decides to take revenge on the main character at all costs. Frank is involved in financial fraud, helping the city treasurer. Butler finds out about this and, using his connections, brings Cowperwood to trial. The main character is sentenced to prison. We see how money can destroy a person’s destiny, and love, on the contrary, can save him. Frank endures all the hardships of being in prison because he knows that Eileen is waiting for him. Cowperwood cannot be definitely called bad or a good man. He is a genius who is envied. In his actions, the hero sees one goal: the desire for beauty.

Theodore Dreiser demonstrated:

2) a talented but lonely person who, thanks to his determination, achieves success

3) social problems: corruption, inequality, lies.

4) Frank's abilities were established in childhood. He actively developed them and therefore reached such heights.

Secret 7. Works by foreign authors have a significant advantage:
Not all experts have read them. Consequently, the risk of factual error
is significantly reduced, choosing arguments for composing the Unified State Examination makes the task easier.

3) A. S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”

Genre: story

Reading time: 2.5 hours

Problems of Pushkin's story “The Captain's Daughter”

The problem of love in human life

The problem of finding happiness (the meaning of life)

The role of the family in shaping the child’s personality

The problem of honor and dishonor

Moral issues

The problem of betrayal

The problem of courage (heroism)

Argumentation of an essay based on Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter”

The main character of the work is Pyotr Grinev. From the age of five, Petrusha is looked after by the stirrup Savelich. In his seventeenth year, the father decides to send his son to serve, but not in St. Petersburg, but in the army. On the way, Grinev and Savelich get caught in a snowstorm. A random person helps them get out. Peter is a grateful man; he gives the “counselor” a hare sheepskin coat. Grinev gets into Belogorsk fortress, where he meets Shvabrin, a person close to him in education, age and occupation. There the man also meets Masha Mironova, the daughter of the commandant, with whom he soon falls in love. Because of her, Grinev has a quarrel with Shvabrin, which ends in a duel and injury to the protagonist. The Belogorsk fortress is attacked by the troops of Emelyan Pugachev and, despite the heroic resistance of the defenders, they capture it. Pugachev recognizes Grinev, who once did not spare him a sheepskin coat, and saves his life. Despite this, the main character sincerely tells the peasant chieftain that he does not promise not to serve against him. The amazed Pugachev releases Grinev. The hero goes to Orenburg, where he asks for help. He is refused, so Peter and Savelich decide to return to the fortress on their own to free Masha. And again fate brings Grinev and Pugachev together, giving the officer the opportunity to fulfill his intention: having learned from Grinev the essence of the matter for which he is going to the Belogorsk fortress, Pugachev himself decides to help the orphan and punish the offender.

Soon the main character is arrested on suspicion of assisting the rebels, but Masha saves him.

Pushkin demonstrated:

1) the power of love, which helps to cope with any difficulties in life

2) strength, spirit and honor of real Russian warriors

3) what a big role family and upbringing play in the formation of personality

4) why is betrayal dangerous?

Secret 9. “The Captain’s Daughter” is almost equal to “War and Peace” in terms of the number of arguments and issues, which means it is not difficult to find arguments for writing the Unified State Exam.

4) A. S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”

Genre: comedy

Reading time: 1 hour

Problems of Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit"

The role of the book (reading)

Honesty problem

The role of education in human life

The problem of relationships between generations

Argumentation of an essay based on Griboedov’s work “Woe from Wit”

One of central characters works is Alexander Chatsky. He sincerely loves Sophia, the daughter of master Pavel Afanasyevich Famusov. Arriving at her, the hero is faced with a lack of understanding from both the girl and the “ Famusov society”, conservative people who think that Chatsky has gone crazy. And all because Alexander Andreevich exposes their vices: veneration for rank, narrowness of thinking. The hero tries to explain to Sophia that Molchalin does not really love her, but only strives for personal gain and career advancement, but she does not believe Chatsky and only at the end of the work she understands the mistake.

Griboyedov demonstrated:

1) how wrong public opinion is sometimes

2) love can be blind, so you need to be very careful and thoughtful when choosing a partner

3) such vices as veneration, feeble-mindedness, hypocrisy

4) the role of education and upbringing in human life

5) Vasil Bykov “Sotnikov”

Genre: story

Reading time: 3 hours

Problems of Bykov's story "Sotnikov"

The Problem of Heroism

The problem of honor and dishonor

The problem of betrayal

Military problems

The problem of courage (heroism)

The problem of cowardice

The problem of cruelty

Argumentation of an essay for the Unified State Exam based on Bykov’s story “Sotnikov”

The central characters of the work are Sotnikov and Rybak, Soviet intelligence officers who are captured by the Germans. Sotnikov refuses to tell the Nazis any information about the location of Soviet troops. The fisherman is afraid of losing his life, so he agrees to cooperate with the enemy. At the end of the story, he is accepted into the ranks of the Nazis, and he, a Soviet soldier, kills his comrade.

Bykov shows us:

1) the heroism of the Soviet soldier in the image of Sotnikov

2) cowardice and betrayal in the image of the Fisherman

6) M. A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”

Genre: story

Reading time: 40 minutes

Problems of Sholokhov's story “The Fate of Man”

The Problem of Heroism

The problem of moral choice

The problem of betrayal

The problem of courage (heroism)

Military problems

The problem of cowardice

The problem of cruelty

Argumentation

The main character of the work is Andrei Sokolov, a Soviet soldier. One day he voluntarily agreed to carry out a very complex operation: Place shells across the front line for an artillery unit. Sokolov's car was blown up, as a result of which the hero lost consciousness, and then was captured by the Germans. In the face of death, he does not lose heart. When he was offered to drink German weapons to the victory, he refused. Instead, he drinks to his death. Amazed by the soldier’s courage, the Nazis spare his life. Sokolov is transferred and assigned as the driver of a German engineer. Near Polotsk, Andrei flees, taking a fascist with him. After a meeting with the command, the hero writes a letter to his wife Irina, but receives a response from a neighbor who reports that his wife and daughters died as a result of the bombing. Sokolov hopes to meet his son Anatoly, who, like his father, is serving at the front. However, on the last day of the war, the young man is killed by a German sniper. Andrey returns to Russia. There he meets Vanya, whose mother died and his father disappeared at the front. Sokolov says that he is the boy’s father and adopts him.

Mikhail Sholokhov demonstrated

1) the heroism of the Russian soldier

2) how important it is not to lose the ability to empathize with your neighbor even in difficult life circumstances

Secret 10. You must have 2 works about war in stock. In addition to “Sotnikov” and “The Fate of Man,” one can cite arguments from the poem “Vasily Terkin” by Alexander Tvardovsky, the story “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet” by Boris Vasiliev, “The Tale of a Real Man” by Boris Polevoy and other works about the war

7. Arguments for the Unified State Examination of Ray Bradbury’s novel “Fahrenheit 451”

Genre: novel

Reading time: 3 hours

Issues

The problem of historical memory

Social problems (corruption, crime, public opinion)

The problem of envy

The problem of greed

The Problem of Hate

The problem of the destructive influence of money

The problem of spiritual degradation

The importance of science for humanity

Argumentation

The main character of the work is Guy Montag, a fireman. The novel describes a future American society in which books are banned and burned.

The author depicts people who have lost contact with each other, with nature, with intellectual heritage humanity. People rush to or from work, never saying what they think or feel, admiring only material values. At home, they surround themselves with interactive television and fill their free time with watching programs and endless series. Montag meets Clarissa McLellan, who loves nature and knows how to truly live. The man begins to secretly take away the books that he was supposed to burn. Guy realizes that he has led the wrong life all this time and passionately wants to change.

Ray Bradbury demonstrated

1) the role of books in a person’s life

2) the harmful influence of technology

3) fallacy of public opinion

Secret 11. Instead of the novel “Fahrenheit 451”, you can use any other dystopian novels on this issue: George Orwell “1984”, E. I. Zamyatin “We”, O. Huxley “O wondrous one, new world»

V. G. Korolenko “The Blind Musician”

Genre: story

Reading time: 2.5 hours

Issues

The talent problem

The role of art in human life

The role of music in human life

The role of childhood in human life

The role of childhood memories

Argumentation

In the South-West of Ukraine, into the family of rich village landowners Popelsky, a blind boy Peter is born. Peter's father is a good-natured man, but rather indifferent to everything except housekeeping. My uncle, Maxim Yatsenko, has a fighting character. Uncle decides to start raising Petrus. The boy loves to listen to the groom Joachim play the pipe and also wants to learn this skill. His mother teaches him to play the piano. On the neighboring estate of the elderly Yaskulskys, their daughter Evelina, the same age as Petrus, is growing up. This beautiful girl calm and reasonable. Soon Evelina and Petrus become friends.

Meanwhile, the boy develops a surprising musical talent. He is predicted to become famous.

Peter becomes seriously ill. After recovery, he announces to his family that he will go with Uncle Maxim to Kyiv, where he will take lessons from a famous musician.

In fact, he, together with blind beggars, among whom Uncle Maxim’s acquaintance Fyodor Kandyba, goes to Pochaev. On this journey, Peter recognizes the world in its diversity and, empathizing with the grief of others, forgets about his own suffering. Soon he marries Evelina.

Years pass. Peter becomes famous musician. Uncle Maxim understands that his nephew was able to feel life in its fullness, to remind people of the suffering of others. Realizing his own merit in this, Maxim is convinced that he did not live his life in vain.

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko demonstrated

1) the influence of music/art on human life

2) the extraordinary fortitude of a blind musician

3) the power of love, which helps to overcome any difficulties

4) what is real talent

9) V. P. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”

Genre: story

Reading time for the chapter “The King Fish”: 40 minutes (total work: 8 hours)

Issues

Human influence on nature

The influence of nature on humans

Environmental problem

Argumentation

One of the central characters of the work is Ignatyich, a successful fisherman. He has become a real master in his craft and often helps people, but there is no sincerity in his actions. Ignatyich uses his skills to the detriment of nature, engaging in poaching. And then one day he caught a huge fish that he could not cope with. At first, the fisherman did not want to call his brother for help, so as not to share the catch with him. In a fight with a fish, the hero realizes that he is dying, and then he repents, understands that he led an unworthy life.

Astafiev shows:

1) human powerlessness before nature

2) nature can change a person’s character

3) the destructive influence of man on nature

10) B. L. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”

Genre: novel

Reading time: 3 hours

Issues

Human influence on nature

The influence of nature on humans

The importance of work in human life

Honesty problem

Environmental problem

Human attitude towards animals

Arguments for the Unified State Exam essay based on Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans”

The main character of the work is Yegor Polushkin. The man moved to a village around which endless forests once roared. Over the course of several decades, they were cut down. They came to their senses when there was only one grove left near the Black Lake. Fedor Buryanov was appointed forester in the village. On his native collective farm, Yegor Polushkin was in good standing, but it was difficult for him to work in his new place. All of Polushkin’s troubles stem from the fact that he couldn’t work without a soul. One day Yegor was tasked with digging a trench for a sewer pipe. The trench turned out to be straight, like an arrow, until an anthill was encountered on its way. Polushkin took pity on the hardworking insects and let the trench go around.

Buryanov has a consumerist attitude towards nature; the main thing for him is to earn more money.

Boris Vasiliev demonstrated:

1) the harmful influence of humans on nature

2) good attitude towards nature

3) the influence of nature on humans

11) V. G. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”

Genre: story

Reading time: 4 hours.

Issues

The problem of preserving cultural monuments

The problem of historical memory

Argumentation

The action takes place in the village of Matera, located on the island of the same name in the middle of the Angara. In connection with the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, the village must be flooded and the residents resettled. Many people do not want to leave Matera, where they have spent their whole lives. These are mostly old people who accept consent to flood the village as a betrayal of their ancestors buried in their native land. The main character, Daria Pinigina, is whitewashing her hut, which in a few days will be set on fire by the sanitary brigade, and does not agree for her son to move her to the city. The old woman does not know what she will do after the death of the village, she is afraid of change. Other residents are in a similar situation and are no longer able to get used to city life. Daria's neighbor, Yegor, dies soon after leaving for the city, and his wife, Nastasya, returns to Matera.

Young people bear farewell to their native land much easier: Daria’s grandson Andrei, her neighbor Klava. The younger generation believes that in the city they will find better life, does not value his native village.

Valentin Rasputin demonstrated:

1) the importance of preserving historical memory

2) the destructive role of technology

12) D. S. Likhachev “Letters about the good and the beautiful”

Reading time: 2 hours

Issues

The problem of language purity

The problem of finding happiness (the meaning of life)

Arguments for the Unified State Exam essay based on Likhachev’s book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”

The work is a collection of 46 letters, each of which touches on a specific problem (or even several). This is a real treasure trove of arguments. When making arguments on the Unified State Exam, you must indicate the number and title of the letter. For example: in the work “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” in letter twenty-two “Love reading!” Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev discusses the importance of reading.

The table above shows arguments for the most rare problems of the Unified State Exam, which are difficult to take from other works.

A secret for readers. You can give examples from your favorite works that are not included in the school curriculum, if they contain the necessary arguments. “Harry Potter” or “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes” are assessed on the Unified State Exam in exactly the same way as the classics.

13) I. A. Goncharov “Oblomov”

Genre: novel

Reading time: 8 hours

Issues

The role of childhood in human life

The role of childhood memories

The role of the family in shaping the child’s personality

The problem of education

Arguments for the essay Unified State Exam of the novel Goncharov "Oblomov"

The main character of the work is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a landowner. In the chapter “Oblomov’s Dream” the author depicts a beautiful corner of Russia. Oblomovka is a patriarchal paradise on earth. It seems that nature protects residents from adversity and problems outside world. The reader sees that this is reflected in the character of the main character. He has kindness, love for his neighbor, for which his friend Stolz respects him.

In addition, it is worth noting that Oblomov was brought up in noble family. His parents did not refuse him anything. He could always eat and sleep as much as he wanted. Stolz was brought up in a poor family. When the boy grew up, his father began to take him with him to the field, to the market, and taught him to work. We see that Stolz grew up to be a purposeful, active person.

Ivan Goncharov demonstrated:

1) the role of education in personality development

2) the influence of nature on humans

3) the role of childhood in a person’s later life

14) D. I. Fonvizin “Minor”

Genre: comedy

Reading time: 1 hour

Issues

The role of the family in shaping the child’s personality

The problem of education

Arguments for the composition of the Unified State Examination of Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor”

The central characters of the work are Mrs. Prostakova and her son Mitrofan. His mother tries to raise him, but only makes things worse. The teachers indulge the lazy Mitrofanushka, so no progress is observed. Mrs. Prostakova wants to marry him to Sophia, who, as it turns out, is entitled to a large inheritance. However, Starodum, the girl’s uncle, clearly sees Mitrofan’s lack of education and, of course, refuses.

Fonvizin demonstrated:

1) the role of the family in shaping the child’s personality (Mitrofan is very similar to his mother)

2) it is impossible to force a person to develop if he himself does not want it

15) Arguments for the essay of the Unified State Exam based on the story by K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”

Genre: story

Reading time: 15 minutes

Issues

Attitude towards parents

The problem of relationships between generations

Argumentation

The central characters of the work are Katerina Petrovna and her daughter Nastya, who works in Leningrad. One day, an elderly woman becomes ill, and she writes a letter to her daughter asking her to come. Katerina Petrovna loved Nastya very much and wanted to see her before she died. But the daughter, immersed in work, is late. When Nastya arrives in Zaborye, she finds only a fresh grave mound. She repents, but, unfortunately, nothing can be changed.

Paustovsky demonstrated:

1) how important it is to pay attention to your relatives

2) relationship between mother and daughter

16) V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”

Genre: story

Reading time: 40 minutes

Issues

The role of a teacher in a person's life

Arguments for the Unified State Examination essay on Rasputin’s story “French Lessons”

The main character of the work is an eleven-year-old boy, on whose behalf the story is told. At school he studied well, with only A's, except for the French language: he was not good at pronunciation. One day the hero learns that you can earn money by playing "chika", and he tries it to buy milk for treatment. When Lidia Mikhailovna, a French teacher, finds out about this, she decides to study with him separately. The teacher really wanted to help the poor boy: she even sent him a parcel of food, but he returned it. Then Lidia Mikhailovna begins to play with him for money, giving in to the boy. Having learned about the teacher’s act, the school director considered playing with a student almost a crime. The woman leaves for her home in Kuban, but she does not forget the boy and sends him a parcel with pasta and apples. Lidia Mikhailovna is a kind, selfless and noble person. Even after losing her job, she does not blame the boy for anything and does not forget about him.

Rasputin demonstrated:

1) the role of the teacher in the development of the child’s personality

2) selfless attitude towards one's neighbor

17) Mikhail Krongauz “The Russian language is on the verge of nervous
breakdown"

Genre: journalism (in your essay, write just a work or a book)

Reading time: 4 hours

Issues

The problem of language purity

The problem of preserving the Russian language

Arguments for the Unified State Examination essay based on the work of Mikhail Krongauz “The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous
breakdown"

The author examines such phenomena as changes in spelling and orthoepic norms, the emergence large quantity borrowed words, mixing styles. Krongauz looks to the future optimistically, interpreting these changes as signs of what has not been lost. creative potential language. The writer also examines processes such as the “withering away” of words, when certain words cease to be in common use.

On a note. It is better to know one work perfectly than to read it summary ten. You can get a lot out of one more arguments than from a quick reading of a few.

Arguments for an essay on the Russian language.
Language.
The problem of language, borrowing, bureaucracy, language clogging, attitude towards language, quality of speech, emotional tact, eloquence, beauty artistic word.

Human attitude towards language

Language, even more than clothing, testifies to a person’s taste, his attitude towards the world around him, towards himself. There are various kinds of sloppiness in human language. If a person was born and lives away from the city and speaks his own dialect, there is no sloppiness in this. Dialects are often an inexhaustible source enrichment of Russian literary language. It’s a different matter if a person lives in a city for a long time, knows the norms of the literary language, and retains the forms and words of his village. This may be because he thinks they are beautiful and is proud of them. In this I see pride in my homeland. This is not bad, and it does not humiliate a person. If a person does this on purpose to show that he is “truly rural,” then this is both funny and cynical. Flaunting rudeness in language, as well as flaunting rudeness in manners, sloppiness in clothing, mainly indicates a person’s psychological insecurity, his weakness, and not at all his strength. The speaker tries to suppress in himself with a rude joke, harsh expression, irony, cynicism the feeling of fear, apprehension, sometimes just apprehension. By using rude nicknames from teachers, it is the weak-willed students who want to show that they are not afraid of them. This happens semi-consciously. This is a sign of bad manners, lack of intelligence, and sometimes cruelty. This is rude talking people as if they want to show that they are above those phenomena that they are actually afraid of. The basis of any slang, cynical expressions and swearing is weakness. People who “spit words” demonstrate their contempt for traumatic events in life because they bother them, torment them, worry them, because they feel weak and not protected against them. A truly strong and healthy, balanced person will not speak loudly unnecessarily, will not swear or use slang words. After all, he is sure that his word is already significant.

Can you judge a person by the way he speaks?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
A truly strong and healthy, balanced person will not speak loudly unnecessarily, will not swear or use slang words. After all, he is sure that his word is already significant.
Our language is a vital part of our overall behavior in life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with: we can determine the degree of intelligence of a person, the degree of his psychological balance, the degree of his possible “complexity.”

Why is it important to speak correctly?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
You need to learn good, calm, intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment if it is “dragging”.

What should scientific language be?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
But in general, it should be remembered: inaccuracies in language arise primarily from inaccuracies in thought. Therefore, a scientist, engineer, economist - a person of any profession should take care when writing, first of all, about the accuracy of thought. Strict correspondence of thought to language gives ease of style. The language should be simple (I’m talking now about ordinary and scientific language - not about the language of fiction).
Beware of empty eloquence! Language scientific work should be light, unnoticeable, beauty is unacceptable in it, and its beauty lies in a sense of proportion.
You can’t just write “beautifully.” It is necessary to write accurately and meaningfully, justifiably resorting to images. Flowery expressions tend to pop up again and again in different articles and works of individual authors.
The main thing is to strive to ensure that the phrase is immediately understood correctly. For this great importance has the arrangement of words and the brevity of the phrase itself.
The reader's attention should be focused on the author's thoughts, and not on the solution to what the author wanted to say. Therefore, the simpler the better. You should not be afraid of repetitions of the same word, the same phrase. The stylistic requirement not to repeat the same word side by side is often incorrect. This requirement cannot be a rule in all cases.
Rhythmic and easy to read phrases! When people read, they mentally pronounce the text. It needs to be easy to pronounce. And in this case, the main thing is in the arrangement of words, in the construction of the phrase. You should not overuse subordinate clauses. A noun (even if repeated) is better than a pronoun. Avoid expressions “in the latter case”, “as stated above”, etc.

What is chancellery and why is it dangerous?

“What is he, a clerk? He has very exact signs, common for both translation and Russian literature. This is the displacement of a verb, that is, movement, action, by a participle, a gerund, a noun (especially verbal!), which means stagnation, immobility. And of all verb forms, there is a predilection for the infinitive. This is a pile-up of nouns in oblique cases, most often long chains of nouns in the same case - the genitive, so that it is no longer possible to understand what refers to what and what is being discussed. This is an abundance of foreign words where they can easily be replaced with Russian words. This is the displacement of active revolutions by passive ones, which are almost always heavier and more cumbersome. This is a heavy, confused structure of phrases, incomprehensibility. Countless subordinate clauses, doubly ponderous and unnatural in colloquial speech. This is dullness, monotony, erasure, cliche. Poor, meager vocabulary: both the author and the characters speak the same dry, official language. Always, without any reason or need, they prefer a long word to a short one, an official or bookish one to a colloquial one, a complex one to a simple one, a stamp to a living image. In short, the office is a dead thing. It penetrates into fiction, and in everyday life, in oral speech. Even in the nursery. From official materials, from newspapers, from radio and television, clerical language passes into everyday practice. For many years, lectures were given this way, textbooks and even primers were written this way. Fed on linguistic quinoa and chaff, teachers, in turn, feed new generations of innocent children with the same dry food of callous and dead words.”

The problem of borrowing in language
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
Not every foreign word that even such giants as Pushkin, Herzen, and Tolstoy tried to introduce has taken root and taken root in the Russian language. Much that initially attracted attention with its novelty or seemed sharp and ironic has become worn out over the years, discolored, or even completely died out. Moreover, all these solicitors, beadles and gigs have not taken root - they do not enrich the language, they do not add anything to carriages, carriages, gigs or, say, to solicitors, attorneys and judge's hooks, with the help of which translators are creative, not literalists and not formalists, perfectly convey everything that (and how) Dickens wanted to say. The moral, as they say, is clear: it is not a sin to introduce foreign words and sayings even into the highest poetry. But - with tact and intelligence, in time and place, observing the measure. After all, even today many, very many things can be expressed beautifully in Russian.
It is well known: once upon a time foreign words, especially those with Latin roots, came to our country along with new philosophical, scientific, technical concepts and phenomena for which the Russian language did not yet have its own words. Many have taken root and are no longer perceived as strangers. But even Peter I, who so zealously forced Domostroevskaya Rus' to catch up with Europe in all areas, from ships to assemblies, was forced to prohibit excessive enthusiasm for foreign words. The tsar wrote to one of his ambassadors: “In your communications you use a lot of Polish and other foreign words and terms, behind which it is impossible to understand the matter itself; For this reason, from now on you should write all your communications to us in Russian, without using foreign words and terms.” A century later, V.G. Belinsky comes to the defense of his native language: “Use a foreign language when there is an equivalent Russian word“means to insult both common sense and common taste.” Another century will pass, and on the same topic V. Mayakovsky will write “On fiascoes, apogees and other unknown things”: So that I don’t write in vain, I also draw a moral: what is suitable for foreign dictionary, a newspaper is no good. The thoughtless, mechanical introduction of a foreign word into a Russian text often turns into outright nonsense. Not only the feeling, the image is distorted, but the thought also becomes indistinct. It is no longer so easy to cope with such a powerful flow. In the current decade, industry may pollute the river more than in the past thousand years. It's the same with language. Now the most clear waters You can stir it up and ruin it very quickly. And those who sound the alarm and call to stand up for the protection of nature and the defense of language are right. Well, of course, it’s funny to argue: language does not freeze, does not stand still, but lives and develops, some words die off, others arise. But a person is a person to learn to control every element, including language.

What makes a true writer?
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
Figurative sayings familiar from the cradle, combinations of words cast into gold bars by the people from time immemorial, proverbs and sayings are the most precious asset of a writer. A true writer is only one who masters figurative speech, the inexhaustible wealth of Russian sayings, proverbs, idioms - everything that enlivens and colors every story and every printed page. For art, as is known, is thinking in images.

The problem of emotional tact in language.
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
This is a great thing - spiritual tact, correct intonation. Soon after the war, one of our major writers, a recognized artist of words, scourging the bestial essence of Hitlerism in a newspaper article, dropped the following words: the fascists, they say, were glad to “revel in the blood of children.” With all due respect to the author, I cannot help but remember: what was said in such a context, on such an occasion, the word of the krovets was unbearable. For orphaned mothers - and not only them - it hurt the ears and souls.
It is also impossible and offensive in the novel by a Russian author: “Red Square was invitingly attracted to us, but we headed in the opposite direction.” Oh, how carefully one must handle words! It can heal, but it can also hurt. An inaccurate word is bad. But what is more dangerous is a tactless word. We have seen: it can trivialize the highest concepts, the most sincere feelings. A person ceases to feel the coloring of the word, does not remember its origin and says “conservators of nature” instead of guardians. The hero of one story returned to the city of his youth, looks, sighs: “It’s an insignificant city, but so much heartfelt strength has been given to it that no matter how much you leave it, no matter how much you live in other cities, you won’t be able to tear yourself away from it.” The town is small, the town is tiny, but the contemptuous “insignificant” is impossible here! And again, speaking with respect and tenderness about the girl nurse, good writer suddenly said: “We will see, feel, and love this “front-line sister” as an unusually beautiful, kind female.” And this word is much more appropriate, at least in an example from Ushakov’s dictionary: “Beluga is very big fish: some individuals reach 1200 kg.” In one story, the father explained to the boy, counting on his fingers, how much insurance they pay lumberjacks for injury. And we were talking about the fact that every day several of someone’s fingers are cut off with a saw or an ax. This juxtaposition was jarring, and the editor suggested the simplest solution to the translator: the father spent a long time, thoroughly interpreting and calculating how much they were paying for what. Well, what if it’s not a professional writer who writes? A prominent military man recalls the capture of Berlin. In an excerpt published by a youth newspaper, among other things, it says this: “Little Berliners approached ... camp kitchens, held out their cups and bowls with their thin hands and funny asked: “Eat.” “Eat” was the first Russian word they learned to pronounce.” Of course, the author of the memoirs did not find the request of the pitiful hungry children funny at all. Obviously, they reprimanded her funny, funny. It seemed funny how they mispronounced the Russian word. And, of course, a renowned military leader does not have to be a stylist. But one awkwardly placed word distorts the entire intonation, paints the narrator’s feelings in a false light, and you inevitably stumble over this not very tactful intonation. So did the editor really stumble and feel nothing? Why didn’t he suggest (tactfully!) a more appropriate word?
Flaubert, perhaps the strictest stylist in all world literature, said that there are no good and bad words. It all depends on whether the word is chosen correctly for this particular case. And the best word becomes bad if it is said inappropriately. This is where tact and the right instinct are needed.

How should you approach the Russian language?
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
We have to repeat: we do not always protect our wealth, our pride - native language, how we do not always know how to protect our native nature, lakes, forests and rivers. But for both, we are responsible to the future, to our children and grandchildren. We pass on to them the cherished heritage of our grandfathers and great-grandfathers. They have to live on this land, among these forests and rivers, they have to speak the language of Pushkin and Tolstoy, they have to read, love, recite by heart, comprehend with their minds and hearts all the best that has been created over many centuries in their native country and throughout the world . So do we really dare to deprive and deprive them? Kind people! Let's be careful, careful and careful! Let us beware of “introducing into the language” something that spoils it and for which we then have to blush! We have received an invaluable inheritance, something that the people have created over the centuries, that Pushkin and Turgenev and many more of the best talents of our land created, polished and honed for us. We are all responsible for this priceless gift. And isn’t it a shame, when we have such a wonderful, such a rich, expressive, multi-colored language, to speak and write in clerical writing?!

How to learn to perceive the beauty of artistic words?
An argument from L. Ulitskaya's novel "The Green Tent"
You can learn to perceive the beauty of the artistic word only through a sensual and deep reading of literary works, including poetic ones. Thus, one of the heroes of L. Ulitskaya’s novel, literature teacher Viktor Yulievich Shengeli, in order to interest schoolchildren in literature, began each lesson by reciting his favorite poems by heart. He never indicated the author of the poem, and many schoolchildren perceived this feature condescendingly. “Poetry seemed to them to be a woman’s business, rather weak for a front-line soldier.” However, the teacher never ceased to repeat that literature is the best that humanity has, and poetry is the “heart of literature.” Viktor Yulievich did not limit himself school curriculum, he read Pasternak, Sappho, and Annensky. Gradually, more and more schoolchildren interested in literature appeared in the class; they, together with the teacher, visited historical places, learned the biographies of Russian poets and writers. Viktor Yulievich helped the children get into reading, they even formed literary circle lovers of Russian literature and began to call themselves “lyurs”. Love for literature determined later life main characters of the novel. The guys read books at night, passed rare copies from hand to hand, and took photographs of especially valuable books. Mikha, who from the very first lessons hung on every word of his beloved teacher, entered the Faculty of Philology and became a teacher, and Ilya for many years was engaged in the publication and distribution of prohibited literature. Thus, the thirst for books and the ability to perceive the beauty of the literary word determined not only their reading range, but also their life path.

A. S. Pushkin."Eugene Onegin". A person sometimes passes by without noticing his happiness. When the feeling of love arises in him, it becomes too late. This happened with Evgeny Onegin. At first he rejected the love of a village girl. Having met her a few years later, he realized that he was in love. Unfortunately, their happiness is impossible.

M. Yu Lermontov."Hero of our time". True love Pechorin to Vera. His frivolous attitude towards Mary and Bela.

And S. Turgenev."Fathers and Sons". Evgeny Bazarov denied everything, including love. But life forced him to experience this true feeling for Anna Odintsova. The stern nihilist could not resist the intelligence and charm of this woman.

And A. Goncharov."Oblomov." Lyubov Oblomov Olga Ilyinskaya. Olga's desire to pull Ilya out of a state of indifference and laziness. Oblomov tried to find the purpose of life in love. However, the lovers' efforts were in vain.

A. N. Ostrovsky. It is impossible to live without love. Proof of this is, for example, the deep drama that Katerina, the main character of A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm,” experienced.

I.A. Goncharov. "Oblomov". Great power love is a theme of many writers. Often a person is able to change even his life for the sake of his loved one. However, this is not always possible. For example, Ilya Ilyich, the hero of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov", for the sake of love, abandoned many of his habits. Olga, having experienced disappointment, leaves Oblomov. The mutually enriching development of their relationship did not work out, because the desire to vegetate “creeping from one day to another” turned out to be stronger for Ilya.

L.N. Tolstoy. Love is a great feeling. It can change a person's life. But it can bring a lot of hope and disappointment. However, this condition can also transform a person. Such life situations were described by the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace". For example, Prince Bolkonsky, after life’s hardships, was convinced that he would never experience happiness or joy again. However, a meeting with Natasha Rostova changed his view of the world. Love is a great power.

A. Kuprin. Sometimes it seems that poetry and the magical beauty of love are disappearing from our lives, that people’s feelings are diminishing. The story of A. Kuprin still amazes readers with faith in love “ Garnet bracelet" It can be called a moving hymn of love. Such stories help to maintain the belief that the world is beautiful, and that people sometimes have access to the inaccessible.

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The influence of friendship on the formation of personality is a serious topic that worried I. A. Goncharov. The heroes of his novel, peers and friends, I. I. Oblomov and A. I. Stolts, are shown almost according to the same scheme: childhood, environment, education. But Stolz tried to change his friend’s sleepy life. His attempts were unsuccessful. After Oblomov’s death, Andrei took his son Ilya into his family. This is what true friends do.

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". In friendship there is mutual influence. Relationships can be fragile if people are unwilling to help each other. This is shown in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The apathetic, difficult-to-rise nature of Ilya Ilyich and the young energy of Andrei Stolts - all this spoke of the impossibility of friendship between these people. However, Andrei made every effort to encourage Oblomov to do some kind of activity. True, Ilya Ilyich could not adequately respond to his friend’s concern. But Stolz’s desires and attempts deserve respect.

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Friendship is not always strong, especially if it is based on the subordination of one person to another. A similar situation was described by Turgenev in the novel “Fathers and Sons.” Arkady Kirsanov was at first an ardent supporter of Bazarov's nihilistic views and considered himself his friend. However, he quickly lost his conviction and went over to the side of the older generation. Bazarov, according to Arkady, was left alone. This happened because the friendship was not equal.

N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba” (about friendship, camaraderie). It is said in N. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” that “there is no holier bond than comradeship.”