Section with films “Fairy Tale. Indian Folk Tales Short Indian Fairy Tale
M, "Children's literature", 1988
“The children are huddled around a gray-bearded storyteller in a snow-white turban. It’s stuffy in the house, but here, in the courtyard, fenced with a blank wall, under the tropical Indian night sky with large stars and a bright moon, it’s easier to breathe. Grandfather’s speech flows smoothly and smoothly. Grandfather tells a fairy tale. At the same time, attention, delight, enthusiasm, and an incomparable feeling of joy from meeting the wonderful were imprinted on the children’s faces,” with these fabulous words begins Volume 3 of the series “Fairy Tales of the Peoples of the World” - “Fairy Tales of the Peoples of Asia.” The compiler of the volume and the author of the introductory article and notes is Nikulin Nikolai Ivanovich. Indian folk tales, included in our audio book are taken from this volume: “Brother Ambe and Brother Rambe”, “The Stupid Crocodile”, “Once Upon a Time There Was a Sparrow”, “The Nightingale and the Cotton Bush”, “How the Sun, the Moon and the Wind Went to Dinner ", "This is for that", "Good Dhir Singh", " golden fish", "Pepper Seed", "Poor Weaver", "Three Princes", "Who is Afraid of Whom?", "Sant and Basant", "Test of the Mind", "Stupid Brahmin", "Tenali Ramakrishna's Cat", "Pull", “Son of Pandit”, “What did the bear whisper in your ear?”, “Hard of hearing”, “Light from the temple”, “The man who went to seek his destiny”, “Sweets from the sky”, “The rooster and the cat”, “You listen to a fairy tale I don’t mind, but I can’t stand hunger,” “The Hunter and the Crow,” “Ugly Name,” “The Pea and the Bean.” Mostly fairy tales are magical, about animals and everyday ones.
Animals in fairy tales talk and understand human speech, they help positive hero. In many Indian tales you will sense a mocking attitude towards monkeys; they apparently reminded the storytellers of fussy and unlucky people. It is not for nothing that in Ancient India they were said to be “changeable, like the thoughts of monkeys.”
We love fairy tales no less. These are fairy tales in which supernatural forces are necessarily at work. All the interest in a fairy tale is focused on the fate of the positive hero.
Later, everyday tales appeared. They don't have supernatural powers, magical objects or animals possessing magical power. In everyday fairy tales, the hero is helped by his own dexterity, ingenuity, as well as the stupidity and slow-wittedness of his opponent. The hero of an Indian fairy tale, the intelligent and resourceful Tenali Ramakrishna, skillfully deceives the tyrant king. In everyday fairy tales there is a hero whom A. M. Gorky aptly called “ironic success”, classic example which may be Ivanushka - the fool from Russian fairy tales. He is stupid, narrow-minded, but luck accompanies him everywhere. In Indian folklore, such a hero is a stupid brahmana - a priest. He pretends that he is learned and smart, that he understands fortune-telling books, but in fact he shakes with fear every time he needs to show his art. But invariably, chance comes to his rescue every time, and the glory of a wise soothsayer is more and more firmly assigned to him. These are certainly funny tales.
The literature of every nation is rooted in oral folk art. The Indian epic poems Mahabharata and Ramayana are closely associated with Indian folklore. The authors of the ancient Indian collections of stories "Panchatantra" (five books of fables and stories) and "Jataka" drew motifs, plots and images of their works from folk tales. IN literary monument The 11th century Indian poet Somadeva's "Ocean of Tales" contains over three hundred inserted stories: a fairy tale is intertwined with a myth, an anecdote, or a short story. Funny motifs from Indian fairy tales were also included in the huge collection “Ancient Tales,” which appeared in the 11th century in Japan.
Centuries pass, generations change, but interest in the fairy tale does not dry up. Let the most modern format - audio fairy tales - sound tempting in your home. Listen online, download and enjoy Indian folk tales!
“Brother Ambe and Brother Rambe” is an Indian folk audio tale about animals about resourceful mice who managed to outwit the cat, adapted by S. F. Oldenburg. "In one big house There lived a cat, and there were a lot of mice in the house. The cat caught mice, ate them and lived freely. A lot of time passed, the cat grew old, and it became difficult for him to catch mice. Thought, he thought how...
Indian folk audio tale "The Stupid Crocodile", translation by N. Tolstoy. A tale about animals: a predatory, stupid crocodile and a cunning jackal, who every time manages to outwit the crocodile and thereby save his life. “Once upon a time there lived a jackal in his hole near the river... And in the river there lived a crocodile. Every day he hid near the shore under the bushes in the hope that...
“Once upon a time there was a sparrow” is an Indian folk audio tale from the series “Tales of the Peoples of the World, Volume 3 - Tales of the Peoples of Asia, translation by G. Zograf. “Once upon a time there was a sparrow with a heifer, and there lived a king. The sparrow and the hen built a nest in the royal palace. The king lived in his chambers, and the sparrow and sparrow lived in their nest. Once the king dressed up in a new dress -...
“The Nightingale and the Cotton Bush” is an Indian folk audio tale about animals, arranged by S. F. Oldenburg, and tells about the habits of the nightingale in our tale. A fabulous explanation is given why nightingales never land on cotton bushes. The tale ends with the following words: “...The nightingale got angry and, when the birds flew away, he said to the cotton...
“How the Sun, the Moon and the Wind Went to Dinner” is an Indian folk legendary audio tale from the series “Tales of the Peoples of the World”, arranged by S. F. Oldenburg. The etymological Indian folk tale reflects the natural world of India. It is explained in a fabulous way why there is a scorching sun in India (“... from now on your rays will be burning, and...
Indian folk audio tale about animals “This is for that”, arranged by S. F. Oldenburg. “Once upon a time there lived two friends - a camel and a jackal, and then the jackal said to the camel: “On the other side of the river there is a sugar cane field. Let’s cross the river, you eat sweet cane, and I will catch some fish for myself, and we will have a good dinner.” The camel took the jackal on the back,...
Indian folk magic audio tale "Good Dhir Singh", translation by A. and L. Barkhudarov, volume 3 "Tales of the Peoples of Asia". The fairy tale teaches kindness, through small actions of the heroes it highlights, separates good and evil. Once upon a time there lived a king. He was famous not for military victories, but for the construction of beautiful houses and temples. Good king!? He built it himself beautiful palace. Same...
"The Golden Fish" is an Indian folk audio tale from the cycle "Tales of the Peoples of the World", translated by N. Gurov. A fairy tale about a greedy old woman and a weak-willed old man - a fisherman. Thanks to A.S. Pushkin - a plot known to all Russian fairy tale lovers. The audio fairy tale “Golden Fish” ends with these words: “... An old woman sits and weeps bitterly: I looked at her...
Indian folk magic audio tale "Pepper Seed", translation by N. Gurov, "Tales of the Peoples of Asia" - volume 3 of "Tales of the Peoples of the World". The mother had two hunter sons. One day they did not return home in the evening. The old woman was frightened - how could she live alone now: scared and hungry. A passing sorcerer gave her 6 peppercorns, ordered her to put them in a jug,...
"The Poor Weaver" is an Indian folk audio tale from the cycle "Tales of the Peoples of the World", volume 3 - "Tales of the Peoples of Asia", translated by G. Zograf. Fairy tale about magical assistant objects, about a gullible weaver and a deceiver and thief, an old woman who at the end of the fairy tale was taught a lesson by the poor weaver. He himself “...since then he was no longer in poverty.” To listen...
“Three Princes” is an Indian folk audio tale from the cycle “Tales of the Peoples of the World” - volume 3 “Tales of the Peoples of Asia”, translation by V. Balin. “In ancient times, there lived a king. He had three sons, one better than the other: brave, smart, and prudent. When the king grew old, he decided to leave his kingdom and live the rest of his days as a hermit in a holy monastery....
"Who's Afraid of Whom" is an Indian folk audio tale from the cycle "Tales of the Peoples of the World", translated by N. Gurov. A fairy tale about an evil spirit. "Not far from one village there grew tall tree. A rakshasa lived on this tree for a long time - evil spirit- cannibal... One day, two women, two sisters, came there from the village and stood under the very tree...
Indian folk audio tale "Sant and Basant", translation by A. Barkhudarov, "Tales of the Peoples of Asia" - volume 3 of "Tales of the Peoples of the World". Once upon a time there lived a king and a queen, they had two sons. The eldest was called Sant and the youngest was Basant. It was a happy, loving family. In the queen's bedchamber, a bird built a nest, and two chicks hatched there. Caring birds fed...
"Test of the Mind" is an Indian folk audio tale - a parable from the cycle "Tales of the Peoples of the World", translated by G. Zograf. The young king had an old adviser - experienced and wise. "...The young king highly respected the adviser and did everything as he said. The other courtiers saw how the adviser was held in high esteem, and they were deprived of peace - envy tormented them. Everyone was vying with each other...
Indian folk audio tale "The Foolish Brahman" is about a lazy and cowardly Brahman. Brahman is a person from the upper priestly class in Ancient India. God Brahma is the highest deity of the Hindus. Goddess Bhavani (to whom the unlucky but lucky brahman addressed the prayer) - hindu goddess, guardian mother of the earth. Pandit is a scientist...
Indian folk audio fairy tale "Tenali Ramakrishna's Cat", translation by N. Gurov, "Tales of the Peoples of Asia" - volume 3 of "Tales of the Peoples of the World". About a resourceful poet and the need for wise decisions of rulers. “Many years ago, the smart and cheerful poet Tenali Ramakrishna lived at the court of the great king Krishnadevaraya. They say that he once called for...
Indian folk audio fairy tale "Pull" about a clumsy boy and a savvy rogue servant, translated by G. Zograf. “Once upon a time there was a boy. He was so simple-minded, slow-witted, he couldn’t stand up or turn around. They invited him once to a wedding. So his father sent a servant with him. And the servant was very smart. All the way he instructed the boy to be a guest. ..
Indian folk audio tale "The Son of a Pandit" (a pandit is a learned Brahman), translation by B. Kuznetsov. "At the court of King Pradip, poets and pandits were held in high esteem. Among them there was one pandit named Vidyadhar - the source of knowledge. Vidyadhar's father, grandfather and great-grandfather were court poets. After the death of his father, Vidyadhar took his place. But from his...
Indian folk audio tale "What did the bear whisper in your ear?" has a similar plot to the Russian folk tale "Two Comrades". "Two friends were walking through the forest. Suddenly they saw a bear. One, in fear, climbed a tree and hid in the foliage. The other remained in front of the bear without any protection. He fell to the ground and lay as if dead. He once heard that...
Indian folk audio fairy tale "Hard of Hearing" - an Indian interpretation of what a funny situation happens when people talking cannot hear each other. “There lived in a village a shepherd with his wife and his parents. And all four of them were hard of hearing. Once a shepherd was plowing a field, and two passers-by walked past. They asked him: “We need to go to Ramnagar. Which one is there...
Indian folk audio tale "The Light from the Temple", translation by G. Zograf. “There lived a rich man in one village, and opposite his house there was a pond. Once a poor man came to the rich man and asked for help. The rich man said: “If you stay in the pond all night, I’ll give you twenty rupees.” “I’ll do it,” said the poor man and made the rich man swear three times, that he will not refuse what he promised..."...
Indian folk magic audio tale "The Man Who Searched for His Destiny", arranged by S. F. Oldenburg. Once upon a time there lived a man. He had a wife and twelve children, but not a single rupee of money. The children were crying from hunger, and the parents did not know what to do. The man got angry with God and went to seek his destiny. In the forest he met a camel with...
Indian folk audio fairy tale "Sweets from Heaven", with a well-known international plot, incl. the plot of the Spanish fairy tale “When donuts fell from the sky”, translation by G. Zograf. One poor woman lived by spinning thread. She had a son. Once she gave him the threads to take to the market to sell. He walks and walks, and lo and behold, a lizard is sitting on the fence. Lizard...
Indian folk audio tale "The Rooster and the Cat". Once upon a time there lived a rooster. And a cat often ran into the house and always stole something from the kitchen. Every time the rooster cried ku-ka-re-ku at the sight of a cat, people came running and chased the cat away. The cat decided that she needed to lure the rooster to become her ally. She promised him that she would take the rooster as a share...
Indian folk audio fairy tale "You wouldn't mind listening to a fairy tale", translation by G. Zograf - about a stingy housewife and a hungry passerby. Once upon a time there lived a husband and wife in the same village. They were very stingy. God forbid a passerby knocks on their door. They won’t feed him, won’t give him anything to drink, they’ll barely find a place for him to spend the night, and they’ll even force him to work. I knocked on them...
Indian folk magic audio tale "The Hunter and the Crow". The hunter had a crow. She fed from him, then flew away early in the morning and returned at night. She spent the whole day in the courtyard of the god Brahma. There she learned all the news and plans of Brahma and told the hunter what to do. No matter how hard Brahma tried to destroy the rice harvest and arrange...
Indian folk audio fairy tale "Ugly Name", translation by G. Zograf, "Fairy Tales of the Peoples of Asia" - volume 3 of "Fairy Tales of the Peoples of the World". There lived a peasant and his wife in the same village. His name was Thunthuniya. Every day, his wife told him: “What an ugly name you have!” Take something else - a beautiful one. One morning Thunthuniya left home to look for...
Indian folk magic audio tale "The Pea and the Bobok" - about good and evil, hardworking and lazy, modest and arrogant sisters. Once upon a time there lived two sisters. The eldest, Bobok, was grumpy and angry, and the youngest, Pea, was kind and affectionate. One day, Goroshina invited her sister to visit her father together. She replied that she didn’t want to for the sake of the old man in the heat...
Municipal government educational institution
"Baranovskaya secondary school"
History Project
“India is the birthplace of fairy tales
about animals"
Completed by a 5th grade student
Ivanova Kristina
Head: Grigorova L. M.,
history and social studies teacher
With. Baranovo.
Introduction
1. Sacred animals of India
2. Tales about animals, their features and varieties
Conclusion
Information sources
Applications
Introduction
India is one of the most amazing countries peace. Perhaps no country can compare with its rich culture, its customs, traditions, and religions. My acquaintance with India began in childhood, when I read R. Kipling’s fairy tale “Mowgli”. And then we studied India in history lessons.
India is located on the Hindustan Peninsula. It has rich plant and animal world. India is a “land of wonders”. She gave the world many amazing discoveries: cotton fabrics, cane sugar, seasonings, chess, numbers. India is a multinational country. Each nation has its own culture, language, traditions. India is a country with rich religious traditions.
Problem:
Why did animal stories appear in India?
Target my project: to find out the connection between religious beliefs and Indian folklore.
find information on the topic;
establish a connection between religious beliefs and the plots of Indian fairy tales;
4) select and systematize required material;
5) compose a literary booklet of Indian fairy tales and recommend it to classmates for reading.
I did not choose the topic of this project by chance. I and all the kids in our class love fairy tales, especially fairy tales about animals. In history class we learned that India is considered the birthplace of fairy tales. “Why her?” I thought and decided to find out about this in more detail and introduce my research to the guys.
Sacred Animals of India
Hinduism is one of the ancient and main religions of India. Hinduism is a belief in myths and legends, the worship of gods, of which there are several thousand, but the main three are Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva. Hinduism is a way of life with a special place respectful attitude to animals. All animals were considered the brothers and sisters of man, whose common father was God. Hinduism emphasizes the kinship of man with all animals, and this makes it impossible to have a hostile or even indifferent attitude towards animals. Indians believe in the transmigration of souls - this is called reincarnation. If a person treats animals cruelly, then after death his soul will move into the soul of this animal and will also be subjected to violence. For the same reason, most Indians are vegetarians - they do not eat meat.
A special place in the religious beliefs of Hindus is the worship of sacred animals. The most revered animal in India is the cow. This animal is shown the greatest respect everywhere. She can move freely around streets , creating traffic jams. A normal sight for the streets of Delhi and Bombay is a situation where a cow blocked traffic and lay down to rest across roads. And the cars, in turn, wait patiently when animal will give way. Killing a cow is considered the most terrible crime in India. Ate beef in the next world there are so many difficult years of suffering, How many the cow has hairs on its body. Many temples in India hold festivals dedicated to cow . On this day, the cow is decorated with expensive, beautiful fabrics and garlands, and various dishes are presented to them. The cow represents abundance, purity, holiness. Just like Mother Earth, the cow is the principle of selfless sacrifice. It produces milk and other dairy products, which serve as the basis of a vegetarian diet.
Elephants enjoy special attention and respect among Indians. According to Hindu traditions, any person who harms an elephant incurs a curse. One of the most revered and widespread deities in Hinduism is the elephant-headed god Ganesh. It brings wealth and prosperity. Helps in business and removes any obstacles.
Today, the elephant is a hardworking helper for peasants. Recently, regular censuses of these giants have begun to be carried out in India. The elephant's passport indicates the gender, age and special features. Along with the passport, it is planned to introduce work books, where all actions in the field of serving people will be recorded. Elephant festivals are held in India in the spring. Dressed up giant elephants proudly parade through the streets, participate in various competitions and even dance. And in the fall, Ganesh's birthday is celebrated. Fruits, milk, and flowers are brought to the statues of the elephant god.
Another sacred animal is the rat. In the town of Deshnok, in Rajasthan, there is a unique temple created specifically for these animals. It bears the name of Karni Mata, a Hindu saint. She lived in the XIV-XVI centuries, and showed the world many miracles. Her mission is victory over obstacles, pain and suffering, protection, as well as destruction of everything that interferes with development.
According to local residents, there are more than twenty thousand rats here. These are the happiest rats in the world. People do not disdain them, do not scream in horror when they approach. On the contrary, pilgrims from all over the country flock here to bring tribute to the rats, feed them, and express their respect. This is the only place in the world where people worship rats. Indians treat these animals with love and respect and firmly believe that they will bring happiness. Candy bitten by a rat is considered a sacred food.
The monkeys that live everywhere in India are also surrounded by an aura of holiness in India. According to legend, the kingdom of Hampi in Goya state was once ruled by monkeys, two brothers Bali and Sugriva. The evil Bali expelled his brother, and Sugriva and his devoted companions joined the army of King Rama. Rama helped him take the throne. Sugriva's friend Hanuman became Rama's faithful assistant. It was he who tied a torch to his tail to consecrate the battlefield and help Rama defeat the evil demon. Despite their holiness, monkeys often irritate Indians with their importunity, curiosity and thievery. A few years ago, near Jaipur, a monkey appeared and robbed houses after knocking on the door.
The spectacled cobra is considered sacred in Hinduism. According to legend, the god Vishnu, the patron of goodness and law, rests on it in the waves of the world ocean. Cobras also wrap around the neck of the omnipotent Shiva. They cover both the arms and the head with their rings. Buddha sat under the swollen hoods of a multi-headed cobra during his sermons, having previously turned her to the path of good by the power of his teachings.
Snake charmers are a special caste in India. They can be seen at all fairs and market streets in India, as well as in places visited by tourists. They squat in front of their round baskets, from which swaying cobras stick out, and play the pipes. Sometimes cobras begin to crawl out of their baskets and attempt to escape. But they are immediately caught and returned back.
Tales about animals, their characteristics and varieties
Fairy tales are one of the main genres of Indian folklore. Folklore is poetic creativity that grows on the basis labor activity humanity, reflecting the experience of thousands of years.
Fairy tales are epic, mostly prosaic works of a magical, adventurous or everyday nature with a fictional attitude. Their beginning was lost in the darkness of primitive times. Not every invention became a fairy tale. According to tradition, only what was important for people was passed down from generation to generation. Storytellers expressed the wisdom of their people, their aspirations and dreams. This is where the originality and uniqueness of fairy tales comes from.
The diverse and rich nature of India has greatly influenced folk culture its regions. The general name for wild, impenetrable nature in India is jungle. Indian nature has been the subject of numerous tales and fables such as the Panchatantra and the Jatakas.
The genres of fairy tales are different: everyday, magical, fairy tales, legends, fairy tales about animals. Fairy tales can be original or folk. There are fairy tales that are instructive, kind, sad, and funny. But they are all magical. People believe in magic, and that goodness, truth and purity of thoughts will definitely prevail over evil, lies and pretense, and peace, love and justice will reign in the world.
Fairy tales are based on religious beliefs and the diversity of Indian wildlife. The characters in Indian folk tales about animals are usually represented by images of wild and domestic animals. Images of wild animals prevail over images of domestic animals: fox, panther, etc. Domestic animals are much less common. They do not appear as independent characters, but only in conjunction with wild ones: a cat and a ram, a bull and a pig. There are no tales only about domestic animals in Indian folklore.
The authors of fairy tales endowed animals with human character. They speak human language and act like humans. In fairy tales, animals suffer and rejoice, love and hate, laugh and swear. Each character is an image of a certain animal, behind which stands one or another human character. For example, a jackal is cunning, cowardly; tiger - greedy and always hungry; Leo – strong, domineering; The mouse is weak and harmless. Labor triumphs over wealth, truth over lies, good over evil.
Fairy tales glorify the best human qualities: courage and resourcefulness, hard work and honesty, kindness and justice. Everything negative: selfishness, arrogance, stinginess, laziness, greed, cruelty - inevitably fails. Fairy tales are full of humor and everyday life life situations, are distinguished by their rich plots.
Each line is imbued with the people's love for their own culture, describe in detail the life of the inhabitants of ancient times.
Behind long history During its existence, India many times found itself under the yoke of Muslim rulers, which left a significant imprint on folk art.
After the liberation of India from colonial oppression and the formation of a republic, new collections of fairy tales began to appear in different parts of the country - in Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Braj. In the new collections, folklore is presented for the most part, not in translations, but in those dialects in which the tales were recorded by collectors. A lot of work The collection of folklore is carried out by ethnographers and linguists - researchers of small peoples and their languages.
Conclusion
Thus, during the work we managed to learn a lot of new and interesting things.
In the folklore of the peoples of the world, fairy tales are the most amazing creation.
Fairy tales are a centuries-old encyclopedia of folk life, but the encyclopedia is lively and entertaining. Magical and truthful, funny and a cautionary tale passed on from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation.
Indian nature has been the subject of numerous tales such as the Panchatantra and the Jatakas. In India, the heroes of fairy tales are animals that the inhabitants feared and therefore revered.
Indian fairy tales are distinguished by their rich, fascinating plots. Just like India itself, which attracts with its mysteries, so its fairy tales leave a lasting, good, unforgettable impression. Fairy tales ancient india, have been translated into many languages of the world, based on their stories interesting movies and cartoons.
The finished product of the work on the topic “India - the birthplace of fairy tales about animals” was the literary booklet “What a delight these fairy tales are.” In it I recommend for reading fairy tales that are in school and Baranovskaya rural libraries. These are not only Indian folk tales, but also tales written by the English writer Rudyard Kipling. He was born and raised in India. All fairy tales are interesting and, most importantly, instructive.
Information sources
Children's encyclopedia "1001 questions and answers", Moscow, "ONICS", 200
A Brief History of Indian Literatures. L., 1974
To prepare this work, materials from the site were used http://www.krugosvet.ru/
http://o-india.ru/2012/10/indijskie-skazki-i-skazki-ob-indii/
http://znanija.com/task/17673603
Appendix No. 1. The sacred animal of India is the cow.
Appendix No. 2. The sacred animal of India is the elephant.
Appendix No. 3. The sacred animal of India is the rat.
Appendix No. 4. The sacred animal of India is the monkey.
Appendix No. 5. The sacred animal of India is the cobra.
Appendix No. 6. Collections of Indian fairy tales Panchatantra and Jataka.
Appendix No. 6. Books of the Baranovsk Rural Library
In this article, I want to tell you about the most remarkable moment in the literature of any nation in the world. About the most beautiful and magical world- the world fairy tales
In the life of any state and any people, a significant place in literature is occupied by FAIRY TALES .
Fairy tales can be different, instructive, kind, sad, funny, original, folk, in general different. But they are all definitely magical.
People believe in magic, and that goodness, truth and purity of thoughts will definitely prevail over evil, lies and pretense. And peace, love and justice will reign in the world.
Indian fairy tales This is no exception.
The plots of Indian fairy tales go back to the times of old beliefs, traditional Indian gods. Who created the universe and all the blessings of the world.
Since the compilers of fairy tales traditionally came from the people, the heroes of Indian epics also became ordinary people of ignoble origin, but strong-willed and noble at heart.
When faced with injustice, thanks to their virtues, they emerge victorious from different situations. In Indian folk tales, the character traits of the heroes inherent in the nation as a whole can always be traced. This is the desire to lead a righteous lifestyle, the pursuit of knowledge and piety.
Each line is imbued with the people’s love for their own culture; they describe in detail the life of the inhabitants of ancient times.
Over the long history of its existence, India many times found itself under the yoke of Muslim rulers, which left a considerable imprint on folk art. Animals endowed with human qualities, which in the story interact with each other, like people. They praise virtues and denounce vices.
During the Muslim period, the Persian language spread throughout India, and the compilers of fairy tales began to put quotes from verses of holy scripture into the mouths of their heroes.
Inspired by the amazing originality and color of India, English writer Rudyard Kipling created his best literary work, The Jungle Book, which brought him world fame And Nobel Prize on literature. "The Jungle Book" is a collection of stories and short stories, whose heroes are people and animals.
R. Kipling was born and raised in Bombay, and practically with his mother’s milk he absorbed the spirit of India, and all his life he selflessly loved this country.
Since childhood, we all know the story of the boy Mowgli, who grew up in a wolf pack,and the fearless mongoose Rikki – Tikki – Tavi.
A stunning Soviet cartoon based on the Indian fairy tale “The Golden Antelope,” which tells the story of a poor orphan boy who befriends an antelope, and a greedy, ruthless rajah who only dreams of filling his chests with gold. For which he actually paid.
Only the extraordinary and unique culture of India gave rise to such bright ideas And interesting characters fairy tales
And in Indian folk tales, and in Kipling's tales, and in the author's fairy tales of India, there is a lot worldly wisdom who teach us to always be honest and fair, to help the poor and disadvantaged, and to follow the path of goodness through life.
From early childhood we all remember the fairy tale of the great Russian writer A.S. Pushkin, about an eccentric old woman, overwhelmed by exorbitant pride, and did not calm down until she had lost all the wealth that had so unexpectedly fallen on her, and until she was left with nothing.
The image of an old woman will be remembered for the rest of my life, next to her is the image of an old man and a small gold fish, giver of all sorts of blessings.
But now we are transported to distant, beautiful India, to a small village of the Pengo people, who live in Central India and have still preserved the traditions of their tribal way of life. So what do we see?
Isn’t that old woman standing before us, pitiful, ragged, with hair sticking out to the sides like twigs, sobered up after the loss untold riches and the powers that unexpectedly fell upon her?
Of course, this is her voice: “Go, old man, ask... Let there be pantries full of gold in that house, let the barns burst with rice and lentils, let there be new carts and plows in the backyard, and let there be ten teams of buffaloes in the stalls”...
And she drives the old man to the golden fish, although in this fairy tale it is not a fish, but a fish, but she also speaks in a human voice and is able to generously reward her savior.
It turns out that a familiar fairy tale exists many thousands of kilometers from our country. Among a people who are nothing like us. Neither customs, nor language, nor way of life.
Even in the last century, folklorists (collectors of fairy tales and folk art) tried to explain this similarity. A special Indian collection was created - an index of Indian fairy tales. The number of these stories does not exceed 550 issues. True, this index only takes into account “ living fairy tale"; mythological material, and “atypical” plots that are found in less than three options, were not included in this collection. It is quite possible that a more thorough collection and recording of tales told in numerous Indian dialects and unwritten languages will reveal many more stories to us. This collection offers the reader only a relatively small portion of India's fabulous wealth.
However, plot similarities with the “literary” fairy tale are few.
The most significant group in the collection consists of tales common in the central regions of Northern India (states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana). How in these states the main written language is Hindi.
The collection also includes fairy tales from the states of Bengal, Punjab, Kashmir, Maharashtra; from the southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, where they speak languages of a separate, Dravidian family - Telugu and Tamil.
The preface to the collection states in what conditions the Indian fairy tale exists, when and how its collection began. To everything said there, we can add that with cultural and social transformations, fairy tales in India are increasingly being squeezed out of Everyday life, as it happened at one time in Europe, and then in Russia. Unfortunately, far from fabulous miracles, but profound social changes that are happening before everyone’s eyes and changing the face of the country day after day, now dominate the minds of Indian peasants.
The ranks of wandering “saints” - fakirs and sadhus - bearers of ancient legends are also thinning. Even children who are in school and can read are now less and less pestering old people to tell them a fairy tale. Only small nationalities of India still preserve the old traditions, and sometimes you can see how shepherd boys, gathered under the shade of a tree, listen old fairy tale. Their cattle wander lazily around at this time.
Indian folklorists are well aware that preserving the vanishing wealth of the living word can only be done through systematic and persistent work, which cannot be postponed until later.
After the liberation of India from colonial oppression and the formation of a republic, new collections of fairy tales and songs began to appear in different parts of the country - in Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Braj. In the new collections, folklore is presented for the most part, not in translations, but in those dialects in which the tales were recorded by collectors. Ethnographers and linguists - researchers of small peoples and their languages - do a lot of work in collecting folklore.
All the efforts of these people are united by the magazine “Folklore”, published in Calcutta, for those who are interested in Indian folk art.
So, read Indian fairy tales. Enjoy them, and once again be convinced that India is a unique country and even Indian folk tales are special.
I also suggest watching some wonderful Indian fairy tales films V good quality. So, enjoy watching.
1. An eternal tale of love
The young princess gave birth to two twin brothers, who, by the will of their evil brother, were separated during childbirth. 20 years later, the guys became best friends, not knowing about their relationship. But the uncle dreams of a throne for his son and tries different ways destroy friends. Thanks to the death of Dharam's loved ones, he learns the real truth. And that his real mother is the current Maharani. And that Prince Vir is his brother. And about the fact that the hunter Javal is theirs real father. And now comes the battle with the evil uncle, who has united with his partners against the brothers.
2. The Adventures of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves.
In the ancient eastern city of Gupabad lived a cheerful and cunning woodcutter Ali Baba with his mother and brother Kasym. One day Ali Baba received a letter from his father, who left with a caravan and disappeared, and went to India to get him. There he saved Princess Marjina, the daughter of the rajah, and with her returned to Gulabad, and his father died during an attack by robbers...
Indian interpretation worldwide famous fairy tale about the adventures of the giant Gulliver on the island of dwarf people. Bollywood does not forget about children, regularly releasing its versions of world-famous fairy tales. Moreover, they are filmed using modern computer technologies. Last example- This a new version"Gulliver", the authors of which were nominated for the Screen Weekly Awards for creating special effects.
4. Aladdin's Magic Lamp:
The classic story of Aladdin and his magic lamp performed by Indian actors. Based on the fairy tales "A Thousand and One Nights". An evil sorcerer from the Maghreb knows a secret magic lamp. And in order to take possession of her, he takes advantage of the gullibility of a pure-hearted young man named Aladdin. After many adventures, the slave of the lamp - the all-powerful Genie - becomes Aladdin's friend and helps him realize his cherished dream.
I also bring to your attention cartoons based on Indian fairy tales filmed in the USSR. Favorite childhood cartoons.
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi.
Soviet cartoon for children based on a story by R. Kipling.
In one Indian house lived a mongoose named Riki-Tiki-Tavi. And even though he was very small, he had a lot of courage. One day, a family of cobras settled in the yard of the people with whom the mongoose lived and wanted to get rid of the people so that no one would bother them. But Riki will not allow the snakes to commit the evil they are planning.
Parts of the cartoon:
— Raksha (1967).
— Kidnapping (1968).
— Akela's Last Hunt (1969).
— Battle (1970).
— Return to the People (1971).
A film adaptation of the story of the same name by R. Kipling about a boy raised by a wolf pack, who became one of his own in the jungle, defeated his enemy - the tiger Shere Khan, accomplished many more feats, and, in the end, went to people.
Where does a leopard get its spots?
The very first leopard in the country of Tinga-Tinga was Leoposha, but she was not at all like the leopards we see now. Leoposha was very modest and shy and always hid from strangers somewhere in the grass or bushes. She really didn't like her usual black skin. It was extremely rare to see Leoposha. One day the monkeys managed to see Leoposha and they hastened to inform the rest of the residents of Tinga-Tinga about this, but no one believed them. The monkeys decided to prove to everyone that they were telling the truth and went to look for Leoposha. Along with them was Viper, who was unlucky because the Elephant stepped on him and he could no longer crawl or wriggle. The animals left him alone, afraid that he would bite them. Leoposha saw all this and helped him get home. In exchange for her kindness, Gadyush gave her a beautiful skin.
The ancestors of the Indian population came to this land from different parts of the world. Therefore, today Indian fairy tales are told by hundreds of nationalities inhabiting the country.
How to distinguish an Indian fairy tale?
Despite all the diversity of cultures, religions and even languages, the best Indian fairy tales for children have some peculiarities. The main focus of most stories are:
desire to gain knowledge;
religiosity;
preference for a righteous lifestyle;
placing family values at the forefront;
inclusion of poetic forms.
Religious quotes and teachings are directly put into the mouths of some characters.
Brief history of creation
Old Indian legends date back to before our era. Then they were created as teachings for the sons of the ruler of the country. But they already had a fairy-tale form, they were written on behalf of animals. Most old collection directly with fairy tales - “Kathasaritsagaru”, based on the ancient beliefs in traditional Indian gods.
Gradually all the folklore stories took shape. Magical, everyday, love, heroic tales. In the folk art of the country, many stories were written about ordinary people who have overcome all the adversities of fate. Fairy tales about animals possessing all human qualities were spread. They interacted with each other, denounced vices, and praised virtuous behavior. Often the narrative included short advice given by the wisest hero. This is how fairy tales remain today.
What attracts you to the amazing legends of India?
The fairy-tale fantasies of India attract with their amazingly colorful oriental flavor, storytelling style and, of course, the abundance of magical plots. At the same time, the child unobtrusively receives wise advice and forms a correct vision of the surrounding world of people and animals.
Indian fairy tales, these wonderful fruits folk wisdom and fantasies go back to ancient times. Even before our era, Indian writers wrote down folk tales and compiled so-called “fairy tale collections” from them, which sometimes included excerpts from literary works, and perhaps stories own composition. For centuries, fairy tales were not only passed on from mouth to mouth in the diverse languages of India, but also passed from one book to another, often undergoing literary adaptation. New fairy tales were created and recorded; in old fairy tales the plot underwent various kinds of changes; sometimes two or three fairy tales merged into one, or, on the contrary, one fairy tale split into two or three independent stories. Indian fairy tale collections were translated into the languages of other peoples, and the translators, in turn, made many changes to the text - they omitted one thing, added another, and remade a third.
Like all living things, the Indian fairy tale has changed throughout its long life, varied in form and plot, dressed in many different clothes, but has not lost either youth or beauty.
The Indian fabulous treasury is inexhaustible, its contents are immeasurably rich and multifaceted. Let's look into it, and before us, reflected in the mirror of folk art, will pass representatives of all strata of Indian society - princes and artisans, brahmins and warriors, merchants and peasants, judges and hermits. Along with people, we will see fantastic creatures and animals here. It must be said, however, that fantasy does not play a big role in Indian fairy tales. Their authors clearly prefer to talk about the real world, and they use the animal world for disguise. Animals in fairy tales, while maintaining their traditional properties (snake - anger, donkey - stupidity, fox - cunning, etc.), serve to expose human vices and social injustice.
Indian fairy tales depict life as it really is, but at the same time indicate how it should be. As in real life, vice is not always punished in fairy tales, and virtue does not always triumph. But the fairy tale always says that vice must be punished, that virtue must triumph. And if in some fairy tales we see how the strong overcome the weak, then others teach us to defeat brute force with reason and friendly mutual assistance. So, in “Tales of a Parrot” a frog, a hornet and birds united and defeated an elephant.
Tales directed against the ruling classes, rich merchants, brahmans and dervishes are sharp and expressive. From the fairy tale “How the Badshah Learned His Worth,” the reader learns that the price of a monarch is a penny, and in another fairy tale, “About the Raja and His Vizier,” that his subjects treat him no better than he treats them. The king, deposed by the people, acting under the guise of a frog, does not hesitate to destroy his subjects by calling on a snake for help; but the help of strangers is a double-edged sword, and the overthrown ruler barely manages to save his skin.
The Tsar is entirely in the hands of his courtiers and it is not for nothing that he tries to surround himself with family and friends (the fairy tale “About the Princess and Khuma”). Listening to the advice of one court party, he rewards the petitioner; on the denunciation of another, he kills him (the fairy tale “About a Brahman, a Lion, a Goose and a Crow”).
We see a very subtle, veiled satire on the aristocracy in the 8th chapter of “Tales of a Parrot”. At first glance, it seems as if the nobleman depicted in it is an exceptionally selfless person: he agreed to give the poor man not only enormous wealth, but also his life. However, this nobleman is the state treasurer, which means he could freely dispose of government gold, and therefore his generosity is worth little. The nobleman’s willingness to sacrifice his life is also deceptive: he managed not only to stay alive, but also to gain even more honor and glory.
It should be noted, however, that among the fairy tales there are also those in which the monarch is glorified and loyal ideas are preached. This is, for example, the 4th chapter of “Tales of a Parrot”. True, it is highly doubtful that the ideas expressed in it are the fruit of the author’s deep convictions. When reading the original or translated works of writers of feudal India, one should not forget the conditions under which these works were created. Their authors were mostly “court poets” and were completely dependent on the sovereign and his entourage, receiving remuneration for their work from the treasury, often in the form of a monthly salary. It is clear that they were forced to please their employers, in whose hands their well-being and even their lives lay.
Nevertheless, we see in many fairy tales both disguised and even overt satire on rulers and court nobility. More than once one encounters in them the image of a deceived and defeated king, sometimes appearing in the mask of a tiger or the “king of beasts” - a lion. Fairy tales are often told that only flatterers and sycophants manage to maintain their position at court, and those who do not know how to flatter may lose their lives (fairy tales “About the Tiger, the Wolf and the Fox”, “About the Lion and His Subjects” and others) .
The tales of merchants, moneylenders and other moneybags are sharply portrayed negatively. So, for example, in “Tales of a Parrot” we read about a merchant who, in a moment of melancholy, gave away his wealth to the poor, but then joyfully pounced on the gold again and destroyed the barber with false testimony in court. The tales “About a Merchant and His Friend” and “About the Sage, the Badshah and the Seller of Incense” feature merchants who betrayed the trust of their friends; in the fairy tales “About the Merchant and the Porter” and “About the Vyzhige and His Servant” - people exploiting the poor. But the poor are rebellious. They are indignant and punish their offenders. The porter, realizing that his employer has deceived him, breaks his fragile burden; the servant beats the master-burner with a stick and takes his hard-earned money from him.
It is interesting to note that in Indian folklore there are many proverbs and sayings castigating merchants: “A merchant will rob his friend”; “I plowed the field, and the merchant filled the granary”; “Trust the tiger, the snake, the scorpion, but don’t trust the merchant’s word”; “The merchant buys sugar, and if prices fall, he will sell his wife too” and others.
There are also a large number of proverbs and sayings ridiculing brahmanas (priests). Here are some of them: “Idols listen to chants, and brahmanas eat sacrifices”; “The gods are false, the brahmanas are unclean”; “People’s grief is a brahman’s gain”; “The peasant plows, the Brahman begs.”
In fairy tales, both brahmans and dervishes (religious ascetics - Muslims) are ridiculed. The Parrot's Tales features a Brahman who got his wife by deception, a Brahman blinded by greed, and religious ascetics who violated their vow of chastity. In the fairy tale “About a Monk and Four Crooks,” a monk, a superstitious fool, is ridiculed. The tale “About Sparrows and the Dervish” is accompanied by an expressive characterization that exposes the baseness of the dervishes. The fairy tale “About the Pious Cat” depicts, again in an animal mask, a pious pilgrim and his overly gullible companions.
Authors of fairy tales are often skeptical of representatives of the court and administration. So, in “Tales of a Parrot” we see a judge who, forgetting about his duties, tries to get a beauty. The class essence of the court is depicted in a fairy tale in which a judge convicts a barber based on the false testimony of a merchant. In "Parrot's Tales" there is also a kotwal - the chief of police, who is trying to take possession of beautiful woman, and a sharp satire on the security police: a cat, hired to exterminate mice that are disturbing a tiger, only scares them, but does not catch them, knowing that if the mice disappear, she will be fired as unnecessary. In the fairy tale “The Fakir and the Mice,” the village headman and the tax collector try to deceive a beggar fakir.
Ordinary people play big role in Indian fairy tales. “Everyone who works brings benefit to people,” says the fairy tale “About the Horse and the Will.” The sun-blackened working hands of a poor peasant woman are more beautiful than the sleek hands of noble parasite women (the fairy tale “About Three Noble Women and a Beggarly Old Woman”).
