Brief retelling of our native land. “Conscious love for one’s people cannot be combined with hatred of others” (D

Do you know such a writer as Likhachev? "Native Land" ( summary further in the article) is his outstanding creation, which should be read by every teenager and all those who are on the threshold of adulthood. A wonderful book that should be on the shelf of anyone who wants to raise a real person within themselves. The work is quite voluminous, so we will look at the summary of the story “Native Land”. Likhachev, by the way, was not only a writer, but also an art historian and cultural critic, a doctor of philological sciences and a professor. Frankly speaking, he did not call himself a real writer, but his enormous knowledge and gift for writing allowed him to create wonderful works. Let's get to know the author better.

Author

In 1914, the boy studied at the gymnasium of the Humane Society, and later at the St. Petersburg school of K. I. May. From 1920 to 1923 he was at the Soviet Unified Labor School. After this, until 1928, Likhachev was a student at the Romano-Germanic and Slavic-Russian department of linguistics and literature in Leningrad state university. In 1928, Dmitry was arrested for being a member of the Space Academy of Sciences. The reason for the arrest was specifically that Likhachev made a report on the Old Russian spelling, which had been tainted by the enemy. He was sentenced to 5 years, which he served in the Solovetsky camp. In 1932 he was released early. He returned to his hometown. Soon he had two daughters. After his stay in the camp, he wrote his very first work for the science of card games in the criminal world. An interesting fact is that immediately after his release he began working in a forensics office, which brought him a lot of pleasure, as it gave him the opportunity to learn something completely new.

It is impossible to overestimate Likhachev’s contribution to the development and study of the literature of Ancient Rus'. It was he who wrote best works on this topic, which are still textbooks for students. He also took an active part in the reconstruction of the Mon Repos steam room near St. Petersburg. Thanks to his assistance, a book series called “Literary Monuments” was also published. He has held a huge number of positions, his experience is simply limitless. His awards are countless, since in every area with which he came into contact, Likhachev left a significant and significant mark.

Profession and patriotism

We begin to look at the first chapter of the book, written by Dmitry Likhachev. “Native Land,” a brief summary of which we will consider, is a voluminous work consisting of 10 chapters. We will try to talk briefly about each of them.

In the first chapter, the author talks about how every person should have one global goal in life. In addition to short-term and small actions, a person must strive for something truly great. It is very important to be passionate about your profession. This applies most of all to teachers and doctors - they must serve society to the maximum. Likhachev says that such a goal is love and protection of the Motherland, one’s people. This is a feeling that awakens hidden early forces in a person, protects him from troubles and dissatisfaction. At the same time, Dmitry Sergeevich emphasizes that a person should try to learn about the past of all peoples and nationalities. Love for one's people should be inherent in everyone.

Does Likhachev express a personal opinion on any matter? “Native Land”, a brief summary of which we began to consider, already in the first chapter appears before us with the following lines: “I love Ancient Rus'...”. The author is not afraid to speak openly about what he feels and thinks, and this deserves respect. Such courage in those days was characteristic only of those who were ready to lay down their lives for their Motherland. Very briefly in this chapter the author praises (note, deservedly) Russian literature and art XIX century. The main idea that Likhachev is trying to convey in this chapter is that studying the past can greatly enrich modern society, give it something new, bright and interesting. You can understand today only if you see it against the backdrop of the entire historical past.

About intelligence

What will please D.S. Likhachev in the second chapter? “Native Land”, a brief summary of which we are considering, is a kind of guide to life for all young people and the younger generation. In this chapter, Dmitry Sergeevich focuses the reader’s attention on the fact that well-mannered people should be intelligent in any situation. This quality is necessary not only for the individual himself, but also for his environment. He cites as evidence the popular proverb that by honoring his parents a person will live long. The concept of intelligence includes a wide range of concepts, such as respectful argument, discreetly helping another, modest behavior, caring for nature.

As a personal experience, Likhachev gives the example of peasants from the North, who, in his opinion, were truly genuine. Their houses were very clean, they were friendly to others, they knew how to listen and tell interesting stories, their life was orderly. In addition, he notes that they could empathize with both happiness and misfortune. What did Academician Likhachev mean in his work (“Native Land”). A summary of the book will help us answer this question. Specifically in this chapter we're talking about not only about manners (with which the term “intelligence” is often confused), but also about other important qualities that a person himself can cultivate in himself.

Don't be funny

What will Likhachev tell us in this chapter? “Native Land”, a summary of the chapters that we are considering, will tell us in this part about how people behave in unusual situations. Previously, it was believed that if a person had grief, he should not show it openly, or transfer his negative mood to others. You need to behave evenly, not get bogged down in a problem, maintain your dignity, and even try to be cheerful. But in the 19th century, this rule gradually faded away in the circles of the aristocracy. Young people behaved ironically; it was considered beautiful, witty, and modern. At the same time, a person who is always cheerful is a burden to those around him. Constant laughter and fun tires anyone. A person who goes too far in this matter simply becomes a buffoon for those around him, he loses his dignity, he is not taken seriously.

It is important for a person to learn to joke, but not look too funny. After all, such a skill not only raises your weight in society, but is also a sign of intelligence. At the same time, you should not be funny in everything. This is not just about humor. This rule must be applied to different areas life: for example, choosing the right clothes for different occasions so as not to look ridiculous. But at the same time, you should not push yourself into limits. You shouldn’t worry about your shortcomings - you need to learn how to use them correctly. Sometimes stutterers become better speakers. “... try to be modest, quiet.” - this is what D. S. Likhachev teaches (“Native Land”). The summary of the book does not fully reflect the wealth of language and wisdom that the reader will find when studying the book.

Big in small

This chapter of the book by D. S. Likhachev touches on the question of purpose in human life. Let's say there is a goal. In our case, it may be love and protection of the Motherland, as mentioned earlier. But how to go towards your goal? What are the ways to achieve it? What can you do and what can’t you do? The chapter “Big in Small” talks in detail about Dmitry Sergeevich’s personal view on this issue. A wise goal should cover a person’s entire life, all his areas. Moreover, some connection is necessary between the goal and the means that are used. What does Likhachev think about this? “Native Land” (a very brief summary in the article) reflects Dmitry Sergeevich’s view as accurately as possible. He says that the end never justifies the means - it is only an excuse for cruel and immoral acts. And as visual evidence, he gives an example from the classics. To be more specific, the example given is the work of Fyodor Mikhailovich “Crime and Punishment,” which brilliantly shows that achieving what you want by infringing on others never brings good results.

What can the book “Native Land” (Likhachev) provide useful? The summary makes it clear that there are a lot of useful grains in it - just sit and sort it out. The main desire. There are many good teachers in Russia - these are our wonderful authors who have created inexpressible wealth, a treasure trove of wisdom for future generations. This chapter is a must read for anyone who wants to achieve something in life!

Youth is all life

The title of this chapter of the book has become an aphorism. And even if the author is not always known, the meaning of the phrase is conveyed - and this is the main thing for the author. What else did D.S. want to say? Likhachev? “Native Land” (a summary of the book in chapters) will help us figure this out. Here the author pays attention to the fact that youth is the most wonderful time in a person’s life. Don’t think that Dmitry Sergeevich is having lengthy conversations about how great it is to live in young body: not at all. He focuses on some aspects that are more accessible to a person in at a young age. For example, the author shares such observations that it is much easier to make real friends in youth. At this time, the multifaceted character of a person and his social circle are formed, which, most often, remains for life.

Learn to speak and write

What will Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev tell us in this chapter? “Native Land,” a brief summary of which we are considering, will reveal to us important secrets of rhetoric. In this chapter we will learn about how important it is to speak correctly, monitor your speech, and write correctly and beautifully. However, Likhachev considers this issue towards the end of the chapter, and first we talk about the importance of language as a phenomenon in the life of society. The Russian language has developed over more than a thousand years; it is one of the most perfect languages in the world. In the 19th century, a galaxy of talented writers created an incredible number of beautiful and delightful poems, precisely thanks to language! The author cites real quote Turgenev: “It is impossible to believe that such a language was not given to a great people!” This is true, because only the Russian language can boast of such diversity and brightness.

So what is Likhachev getting at? The conversation leads to the fact that, being able to express his thoughts beautifully and correctly, a person receives in his hand most powerful weapon. A correctly constructed speech can save a person from many problems, as well as give him many new privileges.

Likhachev emphasizes that language is not only an indicator of the people, but also the personal qualities of each individual person. But if speaking can provide so many benefits, then why is it necessary to write well? In fact, the ability to beautifully express one’s thoughts on paper is needed not only by a poet or writer. This skill is necessary for every person who wants to write letters, keep diaries and decorate paper with a pen. And in case someone says that this requires a special gift, the author gives a little hint: in order to learn, you need to do.

Literature

Do you want to better understand what Likhachev means? “Native Land,” a brief summary (briefly), which can be read on any convenient website, will help you with this. This section of the book is dedicated to one of the most beautiful phenomena - literature. It gives a person the opportunity to try on someone else’s role, to live the life of another person. This way you can gain global experience that can help you throughout your life. Everyone has it educated person There must be favorites in literature that he can know almost by heart. Returning to an old book in which every detail and plot twist is known is like returning to native home, where you are always loved and expected.

Will Likhachev (“Native Land”) give us examples? Anyone can read it in order to find all the examples that the author gives from his life. The article contains only selected excerpts. Dmitry Sergeevich says that Leonid Georg, a literature teacher at school, taught him to disinterested reading. For reference, I studied in those days when teachers could be absent from class for a long time or not come to it at all. What did his teacher do in such cases? He would come to class and offer to read something. The children happily agreed, because they knew how their teacher could read: everyone was delighted and listened in fascination. Likhachev shares his memories that thanks to such unique reading lessons, he knew many passages from “War and Peace,” stories by Guy de Maupassant, and some of Krylov’s fables. In addition, a love of literature was instilled in him at home: his father or mother often read to him at night. At the same time, children were read not banal tales about Ivan Tsarevich, but historical novels, books by Leskov, Mamin-Sibiryak and other “non-children’s” authors.

Throughout the book, the author conveys the idea that you should read classical works, since those have been tested over time. Such works help to better understand the world and people around us. But Dmitry Sergeevich is not a prude; he insists that young people read modern literature. The main thing the author calls for is not to fuss, because in doing so you waste the most precious thing in a person’s life - his time.

Elevate a friend

What does Likhachev mean? “Native Land,” a summary of which we are studying, in this chapter will tell us about relationships. Here we will talk about people who can bring out the best in others. It will also be said about those who, by their behavior, form a circle of irritated and sad people around themselves. Likhachev talks about the fact that one should be able to find something good and common in every person: in the old, uninteresting, dreary. It is important to be able to find sociability, lightness and a smile even in a crooked granny.

Likhachev pays a lot of attention to older people in particular. “Native Land” (a summary of a chapter from the book) tells us that old people are often talkative. Still, this is not ordinary talkativeness - very often they turn out to be excellent storytellers. Also, such people remember a lot various events, songs and funny situations: they are just rarely asked. It is very important not to notice people's shortcomings, because everyone has them. This is especially true for some physical or age-related defects. And yet, you should establish friendly connections with the elderly, because they don’t have much time left to live - that’s what Likhachev teaches. “Native Land” full and brief contents are completely different things. If you are interested in the topic of at least one chapter, it is better to read the entire work and gain the vast experience and wisdom of Dmitry Sergeevich.

Memory

Memory is an important and creative process in the human brain. Fun fact that a person remembers absolutely everything that happens to him during his life: even the earliest years. This information is not so easy to extract from the depths of memory, but it is there. This brain function is always active, because it is what makes a person develop, think, act, change. Why did D. S. Likhachev write this chapter (“Native Land”)? The summary of the book makes it clear that the point is to convey the idea that if there were no memory, there would be nothing!

It is and only memory that can resist time. Even if some memories are erased, they can be recorded. Thanks to her, the past becomes part of the present and future, and vice versa. Would you like to know more about what Likhachev thought about this? “Native Land,” the summary of which is almost complete, will not allow you to fully immerse yourself in the author’s thoughts. It is very important to read such a work entirely and without interruption - as Likhachev himself advises (“Native Land”). Reading the summary of the brief is very convenient, because all the main points are presented there, but this is not enough to fully cover the information.

The author also emphasizes that without memory there is no conscience. In fact, if it weren’t for this process in our heads, society would remain at the primitive level of development! It is memory that is the driving force that makes us compare, draw conclusions, and become better.

Summing up the article, I would like to say: “Thank you Dmitry Likhachev!” “Native Land” (briefly summary) is a great contribution to the development of the entire society, which cannot be assessed, since it is so comprehensive and rich. Still, the talent of a writer is really inherent in Dmitry Likhachev...or does he just know how to correctly express his thoughts? Well, if in order to write like this you don’t need talent, but only need to be able to express yourself correctly, then perhaps it’s worth learning. This book is a real discovery for those who were not familiar with such a figure as Likhachev, as well as for all those who are in search of a real teacher.

The author of the book brought to your attention, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, is an outstanding Soviet scientist in the field of literary criticism, the history of Russian and world culture. He has written more than two dozen major books and hundreds of research articles. D. S. Likhachev – full member of the Academy of Sciences Soviet Union, twice laureate of the USSR State Prize, honorary member of many foreign academies and universities.

Dmitry Sergeevich's erudition, his pedagogical talent and experience, the ability to speak about complex things simply, intelligibly and at the same time vividly and imaginatively - this is what distinguishes his works, makes them not just books, but a significant phenomenon in our entire cultural life. Considering multi-valued issues, moral and aesthetic education as an integral part of communist education, D. S. Likhachev relies on the most important party documents calling for cultural education to be treated with the greatest attention and responsibility Soviet people, and especially young people.

The propaganda activities of Dmitry Sergeevich, who constantly cares about the ideological and aesthetic education of our youth, and his persistent struggle for a careful attitude to the artistic heritage of the Russian people, are also widely known.

In his new book, Academician D. S. Likhachev emphasizes that the ability to comprehend the aesthetic and artistic perfection of timeless masterpieces of the cultural past is very important for the younger generation, and contributes to the education of truly high civil positions patriotism and internationalism.

Fate made me an expert in ancient Russian literature. However, what does “fate” mean? Fate was in me: in my inclinations and interests, in my choice of faculty at Leningrad University and in which of the professors I began to take classes with. I was interested in old manuscripts, I was interested in literature, I was attracted to Ancient Rus' and folk art. If we put all this together and multiply it with a certain perseverance and some stubbornness in conducting searches, then all this together opened the way for me to carefully study ancient Russian literature.

But the same fate, living within me, at the same time constantly distracted me from pursuing academic science. I am obviously a restless person by nature. Therefore, I often go beyond the boundaries of strict science, beyond what I am supposed to do in my “academic specialty.” I often appear in the general press and write in “non-academic” genres. I am sometimes worried about the fate of ancient manuscripts when they are abandoned and not studied, or about ancient monuments that are being destroyed, I am afraid of the fantasies of restorers who sometimes too boldly “restore” monuments to their own taste, I am worried about the fate of old Russian cities in the conditions of growing industry, I am interested in education patriotism in our youth and much, much more.

This book, now open to the reader, reflects many of my non-academic worries. I could call my book “a book of worries.” Here are many of my concerns, and concerns I would like to convey to my readers - to help educate them into active, creative - Soviet patriotism. Not patriotism that is satisfied with what has been achieved, but patriotism that strives for the best, striving to convey this best - both from the past and from the present - to future generations. In order not to make mistakes in the future, we must remember our mistakes in the past. We must love our past and be proud of it, but we must love the past for a reason, but the best in it - what we can really be proud of and what we need now and in the future.

Among lovers of antiquities, collectors and collectors are very common. Honor and praise to them. They saved a lot, which then ended up in state storage facilities and museums - donated, sold, bequeathed. This is how collectors collect - rare ones for themselves, more often for their families, and even more often, to then bequeath to a museum - in hometown, village or even just school (in all good schools There are museums – small, but very necessary!).

I have never been and never will be a collector. I want all values to belong to everyone and serve everyone while remaining in their place. The whole earth owns and stores values, treasures of the past. This is both a beautiful landscape and beautiful cities, and in cities there are their own monuments of art, collected over many generations. And in the villages there are traditions folk art, labor skills. Values are not only material monuments, but also good customs, ideas about what is good and beautiful, traditions of hospitality, friendliness, and the ability to sense one’s own good in another. The values are language and accumulated literary works. You can't list everything.

What is our Earth? This is a treasury of extraordinarily diverse and extraordinarily fragile creatures rushing through outer space at an incredible, unimaginable speed. human hands and the human brain. I called my book "Native Land". The word "earth" in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the latter sense, the Russian land is spoken of in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”), and the entire globe.

In the title of my book, the word "earth" can be understood in all these senses.

The earth creates man. Without her he is nothing. But man also creates the earth. Its preservation, peace on earth, and the increase in its wealth depend on man. It is up to the individual to create conditions under which the values of culture will be preserved, grown and multiplied, when all people will be intellectually rich and intellectually healthy.

This is the idea behind all sections of my book. I write about many things in different ways, in different genres, in different manners, even at different reading levels. But everything I write about, I strive to connect with the single idea of love for my land, for my land, for my Earth...

Appreciating the beauty of the past, we must be smart. We must understand that, while admiring the amazing beauty of architecture in India, one does not have to be a Mohammedan, just as one does not have to be a Buddhist to appreciate the beauty of the temples of ancient Cambodia or Nepal. Are there people today who believe in ancient gods and goddesses? - No. But are there people who would deny the beauty of the Venus de Milo? But this is a goddess! Sometimes it even seems to me that we, people of the New Age, value ancient beauty more than the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans themselves. It was too familiar to them.

Isn't that why we soviet people, began to perceive the beauty of ancient Russian architecture so keenly, ancient Russian literature and ancient Russian music, which are one of the highest peaks of human culture. Only now are we beginning to realize this, and even then not fully.

Of course, developing your attitude and fighting for the preservation of monuments artistic culture past, we must always remember that, as F. Engels wrote about the historical conditionality of form and content medieval art, “the worldview of the Middle Ages was predominantly theological... The Church gave religious sanctification to the secular state system, based on feudal principles... From here it naturally followed that church dogma was the starting point and basis of all thinking” (Marx K., Engels F. Collected works ., vol. 21, p. 495).

Appreciating the beautiful in the past, protecting it, we thereby seem to follow the behest of A.S. Pushkin: “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery...”.

D. S. Likhachev. "Native Land"

The next topic of literature lessons will be short chapters from the book “Native Land” by a specialist in literature, academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev.

With this theme, a new literary genre comes to schoolchildren - the genre of journalism. What is this? Why are you interested? Why has it become so popular in recent decades?

Section on Literary Theory and Reference literary terms will help schoolchildren consolidate the information received in class from the teacher, prepare their own message about this genre, and select their own example from any journalistic materials.

The name of D. S. Likhachev is undoubtedly known to seventh graders. They will glean new information from the autobiographical story given in the book “Native Land.” Scientist talks about how his fate unfolded. Students will pay attention to how the word “earth” is explained in the book and how it is played out in the text: “The earth creates man. Without her he is nothing. But man also creates the earth. Its preservation, peace on earth, and the increase in its wealth depend on man.”

Schoolchildren will read D. S. Likhachev’s opinions on various topics in the chapters: “Youth is all life”, “Art reveals to us Big world!”, “Learning to speak and write”, which are included in the textbook, as well as those that will be read by students in book“Native Land” independently.

These chapters are like parting words to teenagers starting to live, entering adulthood with all its complexities and difficulties. We involuntarily remember the parting words of Vladimir Monomakh, which sounded at the beginning of the school year.

Peace and joy are revealed to those who want them and strive to see them, who carry goodness and compassion within themselves, who are capable of noble deeds. Great Russian literature and oral literature have always given preference to kind characters who love work and have compassion for the people around them.

Let's look at each of the chapters of the book “Native Land” included in the textbook. For example, in the chapter “Youth is all life,” the scientist talks about what it seemed to him as a schoolboy: “. When I grow up, everything will be different. I will live among some other people, in a different environment, and everything will be completely different. But in reality it turned out differently.” How did it turn out? “My reputation as a comrade, a person, a worker remained with me, passed on to that other world that I had dreamed of since childhood, and if it changed, it did not start anew at all.” What examples does the author give of this? What advice does the scientist give to young people? It is advisable to retell this short chapter close to the text or read it expressively from text.

No less important is the chapter “Art opens up a big world for us!” What thoughts in it are important to us today? Why is Russian culture called by the author open, kind to courageous, accepting of everything and creatively comprehending? What is the value wonderful artists? What does it take to understand literature? music, painting?

A completely unusual chapter: “Don’t be funny.” Let students read it themselves. It says “about the form of our behavior, about what should become our habit and what should also become our internal content.” What is important to know and do in order not to be funny?

Everyone needs to “learn to speak and write.” Children learn this from the first grade, but this is not the skill the scientist is talking about. What is human language? What does it take to speak publicly and still be interesting to listeners? The chapter ends with the words; “To learn to ride a bike, you have to ride a bike.” How do you understand this ending?

Read other chapters of this book and think about them. How does what you read characterize the author himself? Which of D. S. Likhachev’s advice seemed especially necessary to you?

Students read retell text, answer questions, prepare independent arguments and reflections on what they read, reviews on journalistic works, read independently.

Essays-reasonings in the journalistic genre on various topics close to students can be as follows, for example: “Why is it difficult to be a teenager?”, “About camaraderie in our class.” You can offer to write an essay on the topic: “What ideas of classical writers could serve as a lesson for me?”, “Parting words of writers and scientists that cannot be ignored,” and also prepare a speech at an evening or conference: “Relationships between adults and children in the works of writers of the 19th century and XX centuries”, “What is brought up in a person thanks to humorous and satirical works.”

We do not consider texts and questions for them in detail that would connect the teacher, but we offer only directions along which work can be built in literature lessons and related lessons in speech development and extracurricular reading.

V. Ya. Korovina, Literature 7th grade. Methodological advice - M.: Education, 2003. - 162 p.: ill.

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Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev
Native Land

To our readers!

The author of the book brought to your attention, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, is an outstanding Soviet scientist in the field of literary criticism, the history of Russian and world culture. He has written more than two dozen major books and hundreds of research articles. D. S. Likhachev is a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, twice laureate of the USSR State Prize, honorary member of many foreign academies and universities.

Dmitry Sergeevich's erudition, his pedagogical talent and experience, the ability to speak about complex things simply, intelligibly and at the same time vividly and imaginatively - this is what distinguishes his works, makes them not just books, but a significant phenomenon in our entire cultural life. Considering the multi-valued issues of moral and aesthetic education as an integral part of communist education, D. S. Likhachev relies on the most important party documents calling for the greatest attention and responsibility to treat the cultural education of the Soviet people, and especially youth.

In his new book, Academician D. S. Likhachev emphasizes that the ability to comprehend the aesthetic and artistic perfection of timeless masterpieces of the cultural past is very important for the younger generation and contributes to the education in them of truly high civic positions of patriotism and internationalism.

From the Author

This book, now open to the reader, reflects many of my non-academic worries. I could call my book “a book of worries.” Here are many of my concerns, and concerns I would like to convey to my readers - to help foster in them active, creative - Soviet patriotism. Not patriotism that is satisfied with what has been achieved, but patriotism that strives for the best, striving to convey this best - both from the past and from the present - to future generations. In order not to make mistakes in the future, we must remember our mistakes in the past. We must love our past and be proud of it, but we must love the past for a reason, but the best in it - what we can really be proud of and what we need now and in the future.

Among lovers of antiquities, collectors and collectors are very common. Honor and praise to them. They saved a lot, which then ended up in state storage facilities and museums - donated, sold, bequeathed. Collectors collect things like this - rare ones for themselves, more often for their families, and even more often to bequeath to a museum - in their hometown, village, or even just at school (all good schools have museums - small, but very necessary!).

I have never been and never will be a collector. I want all values to belong to everyone and serve everyone while remaining in their place. The whole earth owns and stores values, treasures of the past. This is a beautiful landscape, and beautiful cities, and the cities have their own art monuments, collected over many generations. And in the villages there are traditions of folk art and labor skills. Values are not only material monuments, but also good customs, ideas about what is good and beautiful, traditions of hospitality, friendliness, and the ability to sense one’s own good in another. The values are language and accumulated literary works. You can't list everything.

What is our Earth? This is a treasury of extraordinarily diverse and extraordinarily fragile creations of human hands and the human brain, rushing through outer space at an incredible, unimaginable speed. I called my book "Native Land". The word "earth" in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the latter sense, the Russian land is spoken of in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”), and the entire globe.

In the title of my book, the word "earth" can be understood in all these senses.

***

Is this why we, Soviet people, began to perceive so keenly the beauty of ancient Russian architecture, ancient Russian literature and ancient Russian music, which are one of the highest peaks of human culture. Only now are we beginning to realize this, and even then not fully.

Of course, when developing your attitude and fighting for the preservation of monuments of artistic culture of the past, you must always remember that, as F. Engels wrote about the historical conditionality of the form and content of medieval art, “the worldview of the Middle Ages was predominantly theological... The Church gave religious sanctification to the secular political system , based on feudal principles... From here it naturally followed that church dogma was the starting point and basis of all thinking" (Marx K., Engels F. Sobr. soch., vol. 21, p. 495).

Appreciating the beautiful in the past, protecting it, we thereby seem to follow the behest of A.S. Pushkin: “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery...”.

A word to the young

Your profession and your patriotism

It is very difficult to give parting words to young people. Much has already been said, and said very well. And yet, I will try to say what I consider the most important and what, as it seems to me, every person entering a great life must firmly understand.

Much of what a person achieves in life, what position he occupies in it, what he brings to others and receives for himself, depends on himself. Luck doesn't come by chance. It depends on what a person considers luck in life, how he evaluates himself, what position in life he has chosen, and, finally, what his goal in life is.

Many, many people think something like this: I am smart, I have such and such abilities, I will engage in such and such a profession, I will achieve a lot in life, I will become a person of “position.” No, this is far from enough! Random failure on entrance exams(let’s say it’s really random, and not supposedly random), an accidental mistake in one’s abilities (boys often exaggerate them, girls too often underestimate themselves), “accidentally” enemies who appear influential in life, etc., etc. And Everything in life is lost. By old age, a person feels deep disappointment, resentment towards someone, or “so, in general.”

Meanwhile, he himself is to blame - except, perhaps, in very rare cases...

Think carefully about what I tell you, young friends. And don’t just think that I just want to “read a moral” to you.

Each person, in addition to small and “temporary” personal goals, must certainly have one big personal goal in life, and then the risk of failure will be reduced to a minimum.

Indeed. For small goals, the potential for failure is always high. You set yourself the goal of a purely everyday task - to buy good things, but you got second-class things.

This happens often. If this small task was your main priority, you will already feel unhappy. But if this small goal was “passing” for you and you realized it as “passing” and small, you won’t even pay much attention to your “failure”. You will take your “failure” very calmly.

Set yourself a bigger challenge. For example, become a good doctor. There will be fewer random failures here. First, it will be up to you to prepare well for the medical school entrance exam. But let’s say you were treated unfairly during the entrance exams (or it seemed unfair to you). There is no big catastrophe yet. Your task has just moved forward, but it will depend on you so that the time until the next admission is not wasted for you. But even here there may still be failures. This must be admitted.

Well, if you set yourself a transpersonal goal, let’s assume the most general one: to bring as much benefit to people as possible? What “fatal” failures can prevent you from fulfilling this great life task? You can strive to achieve it in any circumstances, but failures? “Zero result”, and only in some cases... But in general, success will accompany you - success and recognition of others. And if in achieving this task you are accompanied by personal success, then happiness will be guaranteed to you.

"To bring as much benefit to people as possible!" Isn't the task posed too generally and abstractly? Yes, of course, let’s try to specify this person’s life position so that it can really guide his life.

There is no need for a transpersonal life task to turn into torment for a person. If helping others - direct or indirect - does not bring joy to the one who provides it, is done with effort and only “out of principle,” this is also bad for the business.

You must be passionate about your profession, your business, those people to whom you directly provide help (this is especially necessary for a teacher or doctor), and those to whom you bring help “from afar”, without seeing them. The latter is especially difficult, but not unattainable. And I want to talk about this last one as clearly as possible.

Love plays a huge role in a person's life. First it is love for your parents, for your family. Then it’s love for your school, for your class - your classmates and girlfriends; to your village or city. Another important step is love for your people, for your country.

Love for one’s country and one’s people is the transpersonal principle that truly sanctifies (makes holy) all a person’s activities, brings him real happiness, and saves him from troubles and minor personal failures.

If a person is a careerist, he always runs the risk of falling under the wheels of the careerism machine he himself built and experiencing terrible disappointments. If the desire to take a better position in life is corrected by the fact that this personal position will give him the opportunity to bring more benefits to his compatriots, then this or that professional failure will not be a failure, but simply a “zero result” - no big deal.

And how transpersonal goals reduce the risk of failure! In science, if a scientist seeks only the truth, he will always achieve more lasting and reliable results than one who desires to “become famous.” The search for spectacular and striking results rarely leads to great discoveries, but often leads (especially in the humanities, where experiments that provide the most accurate verification are rare) to rigged, “fireworks” hypotheses, dangerous even for those who seek to launch them into the air.

Concern for the truth is brought up by love for people who need this truth; it is brought up by patriotism. Patriotism, specifically Soviet patriotism, as a class-conscious feeling of love for one’s Motherland, for its long-suffering and heroic story, to its wonderful cultural traditions is a great and elevating feeling for a person. M.I. Kalinin said: “The preaching of Soviet patriotism cannot be isolated, not connected with roots past history our people. It should be filled with patriotic pride for the deeds of its people. After all, Soviet patriotism is a direct heir to the creative deeds of our ancestors, who moved forward the development of our people... This means that Soviet patriotism takes its origins in the deep past, starting from the folk epic; he absorbs all the best created by the people, and considers it the greatest honor to cherish all their achievements."

However, patriotism should not be confused with nationalism. Patriotism is love for one's people. Nationalism is contempt, disrespect, and hatred of other peoples. In fact, if you think about what I said, one is incompatible with the other.

If you love your family, if your family is friendly, then there are always many friendly families who love to visit your family and love to invite them to their place. A friendly family radiates an atmosphere of friendliness to the outside... This a happy family, no matter what illnesses and deaths visit her.

If you love your mother, you will understand others who love their parents, and this trait will be not only familiar to you, but also pleasant.

If you love your people, you will understand other peoples who love their nature, their art, their past.

Everyone knows how, for example, Bulgarians love their small country. But this is precisely what makes them so hospitable to everyone who comes to them.

We must strive to master the cultural achievements of the whole world, all the peoples inhabiting our small planet, and all the cultures of the past. You need to develop intellectual flexibility in yourself in order to understand achievements and be able to separate the fake from the genuine and valuable.

You need to know foreign cultures, the cultures of our time and the past, you need to travel a lot - not necessarily “by foot”, moving from place to place, from one country to another, but “travel” through books, with the help of books (books are the greatest of the greatest achievements human culture), with the help of museums, with the help of their own intellectual mobility and flexibility. What interests us in others is mainly what is different from ourselves, what is unique. Then you will truly appreciate yours.

And the first “journey” that a person must make is a “travel” through his own country. Getting to know the history of your country, its monuments, its cultural achievements is always the joy of endless discovery of something new in the familiar, the joy of recognizing the familiar in the new. Acquaintance and familiarization with others (if you are a true patriot) is a careful attitude towards your antiquity, towards your history, for your own country, in addition to the dimension in space, also has a “fourth dimension” - in time.

If you love your parents, then you love them “in all dimensions”: you love to look at old albums with photographs - what they were like in childhood, before marriage, young and old (oh, how beautiful old faces good people!). If you love your country, you cannot help but love its history, you cannot help but cherish the monuments of the past. You cannot help but be proud of the glorious traditions of the Land of the Soviets.

And this love for the past of their people should be shared by people of all professions, all scientific and non-scientific specialties. For patriotism is that great transpersonal super task of all your activities, which will save you from too acute troubles, personal failures and correctly, along an unmistakable path, direct your activities in search of truth, righteousness and reliable personal success.

Just don't be mistaken about how busy you are life position. Always set yourself big and transpersonal goals, and you will achieve big and reliable things in your life. You will be happy!

On the education of Soviet patriotism, on continuity in the development of culture

We often encounter a contrast between the natural sciences, which are considered exact, and “inexact” literary criticism. This opposition is the basis for the attitude towards literary criticism as a “second-class” science.

However, the natural and social sciences are unlikely to be very different from each other. In principle, nothing. If we say that the humanities are distinguished by their historic approach, then among the natural sciences there are historical sciences: the history of flora, the history of fauna, the history of the structure of the earth’s crust, and so on and so forth. The complexity of the study material distinguishes geography, ocean science and many other sciences. The humanities deal primarily with the statistical patterns of random phenomena, but many other sciences also deal with this. Other features are probably also relative.

In the absence of fundamental differences, there are practical differences. The so-called “exact” sciences (and among them there are many that are not “exact” at all) are much more formalized (I use this word in the sense in which representatives of the “exact” sciences use it), they do not mix research with popularization, messages are already previously obtained information - with the establishment of new facts, etc.

When I say that the humanities have no fundamental differences with the “exact” sciences, I do not mean the need to “mathematize” our science. The question of the extent to which mathematics can be introduced into the humanities is a special issue.

I only mean the following: there is not a single deep methodological feature in the humanities that, to one degree or another, would not also exist in some non-humanitarian sciences.

And finally, a note about the term “exact” sciences itself. This term is far from accurate. Many sciences seem accurate only from the outside. This also applies to mathematics, which on its own higher levels not that accurate.

But there is one side to literary criticism that really distinguishes it from many other sciences. This is the ethical side. And the point is not that literary criticism studies the ethical issues of literature (although this is not done enough). Literary study, if it covers a wide range of material, has a very great educational value, enhancing a person’s social qualities.

I have been studying ancient Russian literature all my life. Ancient Russian literature belongs to a special aesthetic system, difficult to understand for the untrained reader. And it is extremely necessary to develop the aesthetic sensitivity of readers. Aesthetic sensitivity is not aesthetics. This is a social feeling of enormous importance, one of the aspects of human sociality, which opposes the feeling of national exclusivity and chauvinism; it develops in a person tolerance towards other cultures little known to him - foreign languages or other eras.

The ability to understand ancient Russian literature opens before us the veil over other, no less complex aesthetic systems of literature, say, the European Middle Ages, the Middle Ages of Asia.

It's the same in fine arts. A person who is truly (and not fashionably) able to understand the art of ancient Russian icon painting cannot fail to understand the painting of Byzantium and Egypt, Persian or Irish medieval miniatures.

Literary scholars have a great and responsible task - to cultivate “mental sensitivity.” That is why the concentration of literary scholars on a few objects and issues of study, on only one era or on a few problems contradicts the main public meaning existence of literary criticism as a science.

In literary criticism we need different topics and large “distances” precisely because it fights against these distances, strives to destroy barriers between people, nations and centuries.

Literary studies has many branches, and each branch has its own problems. However, if you approach literary criticism from the perspective of the modern historical stage of human development, then you should pay attention to this. Now more and more new peoples are being included in the orbit of the cultural world. The “population explosion” that humanity is currently experiencing, the collapse of colonialism and the emergence of many independent countries - all this leads to the rapprochement of progressive parties different cultures on the globe, promotes their fruitful mutual influence and interpenetration with the indispensable condition of preserving national person all cultures. Therefore, the humanities are faced with the most difficult task - to understand and study the cultures of all the peoples of the world: the peoples of Africa, Asia, South America. Therefore, the sphere of attention of literary scholars includes the literatures of peoples at the most different stages of social development. That is why works that establish the typical features of literature and folklore characteristic of certain stages of the development of society are now acquiring great importance. You can't limit yourself to studying modern literature highly developed peoples at the stage of capitalism or socialism. The need for works devoted to the study of the patterns of development of literature at the stages of feudalism and tribal society is now very great. Important It also has a methodology for the typological study of literature.

One of the problems of literary criticism is to clearly separate research tasks from popularization ones.

Mixing the tasks of research with the tasks of popularization creates hybrids, the main disadvantage of which is their scientific character. Scientificity can displace science or sharply reduce the academic level of science. This phenomenon is very dangerous on a global scale, as it opens the gates to various kinds of chauvinistic or extremist tendencies in literary studies. National boundaries in literature are very precarious. Therefore the struggle for nationality this or that writer, for this or that work, even just for a valuable old manuscript, is now acquiring more and more acute character in different parts of the world. Stop this fight for cultural heritage Only high science can: a detailed philological study of works of literature, texts and their language, evidence and impartiality of arguments.

And here we return to the starting point of our reflections: to the question of exact and inexact sciences. If literary criticism is an inexact science, then it must be exact. The conclusions of literary criticism must have full evidentiary force, and its concepts and terms must be distinguished by rigor and clarity. This is required by the high social responsibility that lies with literary criticism.

***

Now that we are striving to build a new, communist culture, it is especially important for us to know its origins. New forms of culture are never created from scratch, V.I. Lenin spoke about this.

In the village of Sholokhovsky Rostov region The guys created a circle to study “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” and called their circle “Boyan”. They elected me an honorary member of the circle. A correspondence began. I suggested that the guys hold a debate on the topic “What does love for the Motherland give a person?”

I got acquainted with the materials of the debate and answered the guys:

“Dear members of the Boyan circle!

The materials you sent from the debate “What gives a person love for his homeland?” are interesting, and I will try to use them...

But I have a question for you. You write that love for the Motherland makes life easier, brings joy and happiness. And this is all certainly true. But does love for the Motherland bring only joy? Doesn't it sometimes make you feel grief and suffer? Doesn't it sometimes bring difficulties? Think about it. And why is it still necessary to love the Motherland? I’ll tell you in advance: difficulties in human life are inevitable, but having a goal, caring about others and not about yourself, it is always easier to endure any difficulties. You are ready for them, you are not vegetating, but actively living.

Love for the Motherland gives meaning to life, transforms life from vegetation into a meaningful existence."

I love Ancient Rus'. There were many aspects of Ancient Rus' that should not be admired at all. But nevertheless, I love this era very much, because I see in it struggle, people’s suffering, an extremely intense attempt to different groups society to correct the shortcomings: among the peasantry, and among the military, and among writers. It is not for nothing that journalism was so developed in Ancient Rus', despite the severe persecution of any manifestation of hidden or overt protest against exploitation and tyranny. This side of ancient Russian life: the struggle for better life, the struggle for correction, the struggle even simply for a more perfect and better military organization that could defend the people from constant invasions - this is what attracts me.

Knowledge of the distant past of the Fatherland, long-suffering and heroic, allows us to better understand and see the true roots of ascetic, courageous service to the interests of our native land, the interests of our people.

Patriotism is a creative principle, a principle that can inspire a person’s whole life; his choice of his profession, his range of interests - to determine everything in a person and illuminate everything. Patriotism is a theme, so to speak, of a person’s life, his creativity.

Patriotism must certainly be the spirit of all humanities, the spirit of all teaching. From this point of view, it seems to me that the work of local historians in rural schools is very indicative. Indeed, patriotism first of all begins with love for one’s city, for one’s locality, and this does not exclude love for our entire vast country. Just as love for one’s school does not exclude love, say, first of all for one’s teacher.

I think that teaching local history at school could serve as the basis for instilling true Soviet patriotism. In the last grades of school, two to three years of local history courses related to excursions around historical places, with the romance of travel, would be extremely useful.

I adhere to the view that love for the Motherland begins with love for your family, for your home, for your school. She is gradually growing. With age, she also becomes love for her city, for her village, for native nature, to her fellow countrymen, and having matured, she becomes conscious and strong, until her death, with love for her socialist country and its people. It is impossible to skip over any link in this process, and it is very difficult to reconnect the entire chain when something has fallen out of it or, moreover, was missing from the very beginning.

Why do I consider interest in the culture and literature of our past not only natural, but also necessary?

In my opinion, everyone developed person must have a broad outlook. And for this it is not enough to be familiar with the main phenomena and values of only one’s modern national culture. Understanding of other cultures, other nationalities is necessary - without this it is ultimately impossible to communicate with people, and each of us knows from our own life experience how important this is.

Russian literature XIX V. – one of the pinnacles of world culture, the most valuable asset of all humanity. How did it come about? Based on the thousand-year experience of word culture. Ancient Russian literature remained incomprehensible for a long time, as did the painting of that time. True recognition came to them relatively recently.

Yes, the voice of our medieval literature is quiet. And yet it amazes us with the monumentality and grandeur of the whole. It also has a strong folk humanistic element, which should never be forgotten. It contains great aesthetic values...

Remember “The Tale of Bygone Years”... This is not only a chronicle, our first historical document, it is an outstanding literary work, which speaks of a great sense of national identity, a broad view of the world, and the perception of Russian history as part of world history, connected with it by inextricable ties.

***

Craving for ancient Russian culture- a symptomatic phenomenon. This craving is caused primarily by the desire to turn to one’s national traditions. Modern culture is repelled by all kinds of depersonalization associated with the development of standards and templates: from the faceless “international” style in architecture, from the Americanizing of life, from the gradually eroding national foundations of life.

But it's not only that. Each culture seeks connections with the past and turns to one of the cultures of the past. Renaissance and classicism turned to antiquity. Baroque and Romanticism turned to Gothic. Our modern culture refers to eras of great civic upsurge, to eras of the struggle for national independence, to heroic themes. All this is deeply represented in the culture of Ancient Rus'.

Finally, let us note this seemingly private, but very important phenomenon. Ancient Rus' attracts our contemporaries aesthetically. Old Russian art, like folk art, is distinguished by laconicism, colorfulness, cheerfulness, and courage in solving artistic problems.

Interest in ancient Russian culture is now typical among young people around the world. Books on ancient Russian culture, literature, and art are published and republished everywhere. Suffice it to say that the first twenty volumes of the Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Literature of the Institute of Russian Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Pushkin House) were republished abroad twice - in the USA and Germany. Such monuments as “The Tale of Bygone Years”, “The Kiev-Pechersk Patericon”, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, “The Prayer of Daniil the Zatochnik”, “The Life of Archpriest Avvakum” and many others are repeatedly published abroad. I note that literary monuments Ancient Rus''s works are translated and published even in Japan. The collections "Ancient Rus'" are published in the old capital of Japan, Kyoto. It is impossible to list all the editions and reissues of monuments of Ancient Rus' in the West and in the East.