The concept of sports ethics. Abstract: Sport - as a phenomenon of cultural life The concept of sports culture

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. PHYSICAL CULTURE AS PART OF GENERAL HUMAN CULTURE

1 The role of physical culture and sports in society

1.2 Physical culture as a social phenomenon

CONCLUSION ON CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2. FUNCTIONS<#"center">INTRODUCTION

Today it is impossible to find a single sphere of human activity that is not related to physical culture, since physical culture and sport are generally recognized material and spiritual values of society as a whole and of each person individually. It is no coincidence that in recent years physical culture has been increasingly talked about not only as an independent social phenomenon, but also as a stable quality of personality. However, the phenomenon of physical culture of the individual has not been fully studied, although the problems of culture of spirit and body were raised back in the era of ancient civilizations.

Physical culture as a phenomenon general culture unique. It is this that is the natural bridge that allows us to connect the social and biological in human development. Moreover, it is the very first and basic type of culture that is formed in a person. Physical culture, with its inherent dualism, can significantly influence the state of the body, psyche, and status of a person.

Historically, physical culture developed, first of all, under the influence of the practical needs of society for the full physical preparation of the younger generation and the adult population for work. At the same time, as education and upbringing systems developed, physical culture became a basic factor in the formation of motor skills.

A qualitatively new stage of understanding the essence of physical culture is associated with its influence on the spiritual sphere of man as an effective means of intellectual, moral, aesthetic education. And if there is no particular need to prove the enormous influence of physical exercise on the biological essence of a person: on his health, physical development, morphofunctional structures, then its influence on the development of spirituality requires special explanations and evidence

It can be unmistakably said that at present the desire for education is manifesting itself very intensely, as it has never manifested itself in any time, and every year this tension is increasing. Life itself inevitably, fatally encourages every person to arm himself with knowledge and understanding. Therefore, in order to live, in order to adapt to this hustle and bustle going around, you need certain skills in independently mastering a wide range of knowledge in various fields of activity, including in the field of physical education, which is extremely important for maintaining health - the basis for achieving results in any type of activity.

Education as a whole is considered as a pedagogical system, problem solver purposeful, comprehensive personality development. Physical education as its integral part in this sense is no exception. A number of concepts for the development of physical culture pay special attention to issues of education, but in to a greater extent affirms the need for a radical change in people’s attitudes towards physical culture, a universal understanding of its enormous national and personal human value.

The time has come to comprehend such a concept as physical culture, personality, develop a “technique” for its real implementation in life, and the decisive formation in physical education and upbringing of the younger generation should be the purposeful formation and consolidation of conscious motivation, based on deep knowledge and beliefs, and the need to constantly take care of oneself about your health. In this case, it is important to implement the idea of continuous physical education, starting with compulsory education, to teach a person to take care of his health, to engage in self-education in this area of activity throughout his life. Therefore, the relevance of this topic is beyond doubt.

Purpose of the work: to briefly characterize physical culture as part of universal human culture. Explore the values of physical culture.

Study the literature on physical culture.

Reveal the significance of physical culture as an integral part of universal human culture.

Determine the social significance of physical culture.

CHAPTER 1. PHYSICAL CULTURE AS PART OF GENERAL HUMAN CULTURE

Culture is the creative creative activity of man. The basis and content of the cultural-psychological process of development of “culture” is, first of all, the development of a person’s physical and intellectual abilities, his moral and aesthetic qualities. Based on this, physical culture is part of the general culture of society, one of the areas of social activity aimed at promoting health, developing a person’s physical abilities and using them in accordance with the needs of social practice. The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society: the level of health and physical development of people; the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production, everyday life, and the structure of free time; nature of the physical education system , development of mass sports, highest achievements in sports, etc.

The main elements of physical culture: physical exercises, their complexes and competitions in them, hardening of the body, occupational and household hygiene, active-motor types of tourism, physical labor as a form of active recreation for mental workers.

In society, physical culture, being the property of the people, is an important means of “raising a new person, harmoniously combining spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection.” It helps to increase the social and labor activity of people, the economic efficiency of production, the physical education movement is based on the multilateral activities of state and public organizations in the field of physical culture and sports.

The physical culture of a people is part of its history. Its formation and subsequent development are closely related to the same historical factors that influence the formation and development of the country’s economy, its statehood, and the political and spiritual life of society. The concept of physical culture naturally includes everything that is created by the mind, talent, handicrafts of the people, everything that expresses their spiritual essence, view of the world, nature, human existence, human relations.

The prehistory of physical culture goes back to the period when all physical and mental activity of a person was limited to the immediate provision of living conditions. The question is what factors, under these conditions, in the ongoing struggle with nature, prompted our ancestors to develop a set of physical exercises that served to shape man.

1.1 ROLE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS IN SOCIETY

At the present stage of development, in the conditions of a qualitative transformation of all aspects of social life, the requirements for the physical fitness of citizens, necessary for their successful work, are also increasing.

Russian society has entered a phase of progressive development, in which socio-economic and political transformations are aimed at establishing humanistic values and ideals, creating a developed economy and a stable democratic system. An important place in this process is occupied by issues related to the life of the person himself, his health and lifestyle. From the totality of the concept of “healthy lifestyle”, which unites all spheres of life of the individual, the team, social group, nation, the most relevant component is physical culture and sports.

The sphere of physical education performs many functions in society and covers all age groups of the population. The multifunctional nature of the sphere is manifested in the fact that physical culture is the development of physical, aesthetic and moral qualities human personality, organization of socially beneficial activities, leisure of the population, disease prevention, education of the younger generation, physical and psycho-emotional recreation and rehabilitation, entertainment, communication, etc.

The harmony of personality development has been valued by all peoples and at all times. Initially, the word “culture” translated from Latin meant “cultivation”, “processing”. As society developed, the concept of “culture” was filled with new content.

Today, in the universal human understanding, this word means certain personality traits (education, accuracy, etc.) and forms of human behavior (politeness, self-control, etc.), or forms of social, professional and production activity (production culture, everyday life, leisure, etc.). In the scientific sense, the word “culture” is all forms of social life, ways of human activity. On the one hand, this is the process of material and spiritual activity of people, and on the other hand, these are the results (products) of this activity. The content of “culture” in the broad sense of the word includes, for example, philosophy and science, ideology, law, comprehensive development of the individual, the level and nature of a person’s thinking, his speech, abilities, etc.

Thus, “culture” is the creative creative activity of man. The basis and content of the cultural-psychological process of development of “culture” is, first of all, the development of a person’s physical and intellectual abilities, his moral and aesthetic qualities. Based on this, physical culture is one of the components of general culture; it arises and develops simultaneously and along with the material and spiritual culture of society. Physical culture has four main forms:

Physical education and physical training for specific activities (vocational-applied physical training);

Restoring health or lost strength by means of physical culture - rehabilitation;

Physical exercise for recreational purposes, so-called. - recreation;

The highest achievement in the field of sports.

It should be noted that the level of a person’s culture is manifested in his ability to rationally, fully use such a public good as free time. How it is used depends not only on success in work, study and general development, but also on a person’s health itself and the fullness of his life. Physical culture is occupied here important place, because physical culture is health.

Abroad, physical education and sports at all levels are a universal mechanism for improving people’s health, a way of human self-realization, self-expression and development, as well as a means of combating asocial phenomena. That is why in recent years the place of physical education and sports in the value system of modern culture has increased sharply.

Thus, throughout the world there is a steady trend towards increasing the role of physical culture in society, which manifests itself:

In increasing the role of the state in supporting the development of physical culture, social forms of organization and activities in this area;

In the widespread use of physical culture in the prevention of diseases and promotion of public health;

In extending the active creative longevity of people;

In the organization of leisure activities and in the prevention of antisocial behavior among young people;

In the use of physical education as an important component of the moral, aesthetic and intellectual development of students;

Involving the working population in physical education;

In the use of physical education in the social and physical adaptation of disabled people, orphans;

In the increasing volume of sports television and radio broadcasting and the role of television in the development of physical culture in the formation of a healthy lifestyle;

In the development of physical education, health and sports infrastructure, taking into account the interests and needs of the population;

In the variety of forms, methods and means offered on the market of physical education, health and sports services.

The term “physical culture” itself appeared in late XIX century in England during the period of the rapid development of sports, but did not find wide use in the West and over time practically disappeared from use. In Russia, on the contrary, having come into use since the beginning of the 20th century, after the revolution of 1917 the term “physical culture” received recognition in all high Soviet authorities and firmly entered the scientific and practical lexicon. In 1918, the Institute of Physical Culture was opened in Moscow, in 1919 Vseobuch held a congress on physical culture, since 1922 the magazine “Physical Culture” was published, and from 1925 to the present - the magazine “Theory and Practice of Physical Culture”. And as we see, the very name “physical culture” indicates its belonging to culture.

1.2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON

In the modern world, the role of physical culture as a factor in improving human nature and society is growing significantly. Therefore, concern for the development of physical culture is the most important component of the state’s social policy, ensuring the implementation of humanistic ideals, values and norms that open up wide scope for identifying people’s abilities, satisfying their interests and needs, and activating the human factor.

A healthy lifestyle in general, physical culture in particular, is becoming a social phenomenon, a unifying force and national idea, promoting the development of a strong state and a healthy society. In many foreign countries physical education, health and sports activities organically combine and unite the efforts of the state, its governmental, public and private organizations, institutions and social institutions.

Having formed in the early stages of the development of human society, the improvement of physical culture continues to the present day. The role of physical culture has especially increased in connection with urbanization, deteriorating environmental conditions, and labor automation, which contributes to hypokinesia. The end of the 20th century in many countries became a period of modernization and construction of modern sports facilities. Based on completely new economic and legal relations, effective models of physical culture and sports movement are being created, low-cost behavioral programs are being actively implemented, such as “Health for Life”, “Healthy Heart”, “Life - Be in It” and others, which are aimed at developing moral responsibility individuals for their own health and lifestyle.

A worldwide trend is also a colossal increase in interest in elite sports, which reflects fundamental shifts in modern culture. The processes of globalization were to a certain extent stimulated by the development of modern sports, especially Olympic sports.

In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation”, physical culture is a part of culture, which is a set of values, norms and knowledge created and used by society for the purpose of physical and intellectual development of a person’s abilities, improvement of his motor activity and formation of a healthy lifestyle, social adaptation through physical education, physical training and physical development.

Physical culture is part of the general culture of mankind and has absorbed not only centuries of valuable experience in preparing a person for life, mastering, developing and managing for the benefit of a person the physical and mental abilities inherent in him by nature (from a religious point of view - by God), but also no less important is the experience of affirmation and hardening manifested in the process of physical cultural activities moral, moral principles of man.

Physical culture is one of those areas of social activity in which it is formed and implemented social activity of people. It reflects the state of society as a whole and serves as one of the forms of manifestation of its social, political and moral structure.

Physical culture is a sphere of social activity aimed at preserving and strengthening health, developing a person’s psychophysical abilities in the process of conscious motor activity. The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society are: the level of health and physical development of people and the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production and everyday life.

Indicators of the state of physical culture in society are:

The massive scale of its development;

The degree of use of physical culture means in the field of education and upbringing;

Level of health and comprehensive development of physical abilities;

Level of sports achievements;

Availability and level of qualifications of professional and public physical education personnel;

Promotion of physical culture and sports;

The degree and nature of the use of the media in the sphere of tasks facing physical culture;

The state of science and the presence of a developed system of physical education.

Thus, all this clearly indicates that physical culture is a natural part of the culture of society. At the present stage, due to its specificity, physical culture as an important social phenomenon permeates all levels of society, having a broad impact on the main spheres of society.

CONCLUSION ON THE FIRST CHAPTER

Thus, physical culture, being an important component of the general culture of society, serves as a powerful and effective means physical education of a comprehensively developed personality.

Through physical exercise, physical culture prepares people for life and work, using the natural forces of nature and the whole complex of factors (work schedule, everyday life, rest, hygiene, etc.) that determine a person’s state of health and the level of his general and special physical fitness.

In physical education classes, people not only improve their physical abilities and skills, but also cultivate strong-willed and moral qualities. Situations that arise during competitions and training strengthen the character of the participants and teach them the correct attitude towards others.

Consequently, physical culture, being one of the facets of a person’s general culture, his healthy lifestyle, largely determines a person’s behavior in study, at work, in everyday life, in communication, and contributes to the solution of socio-economic, educational and health-improving tasks. Those. This is the process of human cultivation.

CHAPTER 2. FUNCTIONS<#"justify">“There is a close connection between the mental and physical development of a person, which becomes clear when studying the human body and its functions. Mental growth and development require corresponding physical development.” P.F. Lesgaft.

The process of cultural development consists in the fact that a person simultaneously creates, creates culture, highlighting his own essential forces, and forms itself as a social being, mastering and revealing the previous culture. And to reduce this entire process only to purely “spiritual” activity, to ignore aspects of physical culture, its physical development and education, means not only to impoverish the process itself, but also to give an incorrect interpretation of its essence.

Physical culture is part of the general culture of society, one of the areas of social activity aimed at promoting health, developing a person’s physical abilities and using them in accordance with the needs of social practice.

This is a special and independent area of culture. It arose and developed simultaneously with the general human culture. Physical culture can be considered as a specific response to the needs of society for physical activity and a way to satisfy these needs.

In the personal aspect, it represents that part of a person’s general culture, which is an internal measure of the degree of development physical strength and motor skills, as well as the level of vital activity and vitality of a person and his state of health. It allows, with the help of its specific means and methods, to reveal the potential capabilities of a person.

2.1 SOCIAL NATURE OF PHYSICAL CULTURE

Physical culture is, in its essence social phenomenon. As a multifaceted social phenomenon, it is connected with many aspects of social reality, and is increasingly being introduced into general structure people's lifestyles. “The social nature of physical culture, as one of the areas of socially necessary activity of society, is determined by the direct and indirect needs of labor and other forms of human life, the aspirations of society for its widespread use as one of the most important means of education and the interest of the workers themselves in their own improvement.”

By influencing the physical nature of a person, physical culture contributes to the development of his vitality and general capacity. This, in turn, contributes to the improvement of spiritual capabilities and, ultimately, leads to the comprehensive and harmonious development of the individual. “You cannot reduce physical culture only to its health-improving effects, to strengthening the body - that would be a simplification. This means not seeing its spiritualizing role as a source of creative strength, a vigorous, cheerful feeling."

Physical culture is a historically conditioned phenomenon. Its origin dates back to ancient times. It, like culture as a whole, is the result of the socio-historical practice of people. In the process of labor, people, influencing the nature around them, at the same time change their own nature. The need to prepare people for life, and, above all, for work, as well as for other necessary types of activity, historically determined the emergence and further development of physical culture. There is no doubt that physical culture is a social phenomenon. All this suggests that it arose and developed along with the emergence of human society. Outside of it, it cannot exist. In unity with other types of education, physical education is an integral factor in the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual.

The social nature of physical culture, as one of the areas of socially necessary activity of society, is determined by the direct and indirect needs of labor and other forms of human life, the aspirations of society for its widespread use as one of the most important means of education and the interest of the workers themselves in their own improvement.

Discovering a person’s potential contributes to the formation of such personal qualities as self-confidence, determination, courage, desire and a real opportunity to overcome difficulties. The criterion for such development in relation to labor acts is its compliance with the production requirements that apply to human physical activity. It can be considered that physical abilities develop if a person becomes more universal in terms of expanding motor activity and the ability to effectively demonstrate objective operations in production. Physical culture occupies a leading place in this process.

Physical culture represents the unity of real (practical) and ideal (mental) activity. In the process of this activity, a person enters into connections and relationships with the social and natural environment.

2.2 FUNCTIONS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SOCIETY

The functions of physical culture can be divided into 4 groups:

General development and strengthening of the body (formation and development of physical qualities and abilities, improvement of motor skills, promotion of health, counteraction and inhibition of involution processes, etc.).

Clarifying and specifying specific functions Physical culture can be distinguished from the following: educational, applied, “sports”, recreational and health-rehabilitation.

Preparation for work and defense of the Motherland (increasing efficiency, resistance to unfavorable working conditions, physical inactivity, vocational training, etc.).

Satisfying the needs for active recreation and rational use of non-working time (entertainment, games, compensation). Disclosure of strong-willed, physical qualities and motor capabilities of a person at maximum levels.

Physical and mental activity, normal functioning of abilities are possible in a limited range of conditions. Physical education expands these possibilities, and also solves the problem of maintaining the necessary balance between a person and the environment in motor, emotional and other aspects. Physical exercises are used not only to improve health, but also to adapt the human body to the various needs of social life and to promote the manifestation of individual creativity.

In society, physical education is the most important means of educating a new person, harmoniously combining spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection. It helps to increase the social and labor activity of people and the economic efficiency of production. The physical culture movement is based on the multilateral activities of state and public organization in the field of physical culture and sports. At the present stage, the task of transforming the mass physical education movement into a nationwide one, based on a scientifically based system of physical education, which covers all levels of society, is being solved. Existing government systems program-evaluative standards for physical development and preparedness of various age groups of the population. Mandatory physical education classes according to state programs are carried out in preschool institutions, in all types of educational institutions, in the army, in enterprises, etc. - during the working day (industrial gymnastics, physical education breaks, etc.). To organize mass physical culture and health work at enterprises, institutions, educational institutions, etc., physical culture groups have been created.

2.3 INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION ON THE FORMATION OF PROPERTIES AND QUALITIES OF PERSONALITY

As stated above, a person’s physical culture is inextricably linked with his general culture, since the inherent properties of a physically cultural personality are formed and developed on the basis of the same psychophysical (natural) inclinations and psychophysical processes as moral, aesthetic and other types of human culture. Therefore, by doing physical exercises, a person not only develops and improves his physical capabilities, but also develops other personality qualities - moral, aesthetic, as well as courage, will, initiative, tolerance and much more.

Physical culture of an individual is understood as a set of human properties that are acquired in the process of physical exercise and are expressed in the active desire of a person to comprehensively and harmoniously improve his physical nature (corporality) and lead a healthy lifestyle. By engaging in physical education, a person gets to know himself, other people and the world around him. He actively develops initiative, independence and creativity, develops his own worldview and ways of thinking, individual character traits, and a critical attitude towards the actions of other people and his own actions. All these positive properties acquired as a result of physical activity characterize a person not only as a physical cultural personality, but also as a holistic personality, comprehensively and harmoniously developed, reflecting a high level of general human culture. Physical education helps to resist bad habits such as smoking, drinking alcohol, etc.

“The harmonious, comprehensive development of the activity of the human body should constitute the general goal of upbringing and education, the tasks of which differ only in particular from each other: upbringing includes in its area the moral qualities of a person and his volitional manifestations, therefore, contributes to the development of the moral character of a person, while education refers to systematic mental, aesthetic and physical development; it must teach a young person to isolate the sensations and impressions he receives, compare them with each other and form abstract concepts from ideas, clarify the phenomena encountered on the basis of learned truths, and, finally, act with the greatest possible expediency and persistence.”

Physical education is one of the components of the education system, which aims to strengthen human health and its proper physical development. In unity with mental education, moral and aesthetic, labor education and training, physical education contributes to the comprehensive development of a person’s personality.

Work on physical education in schools and educational institutions is carried out according to state program.

The program provides for three hours of training per week, including one hour of elective training. In addition, it is planned to carry out recreational activities during the day (morning exercises, physical education breaks, etc.), mass physical education and sports work during extracurricular hours (sections of sports, general physical training groups, sports competitions and recreational activities, health days , classes in a sports and recreation camp). The program recommends an approximate thematic lesson plan for physical education with the definition of types of classes (theory, practice), sports (gymnastics, athletics, ski training, swimming, tourism and sports games) and calculation of hours by year of study. The content of topics on the theory of physical education is given, as well as the amount of knowledge and skills that students must master when mastering the techniques of sports. The program establishes educational control exercises and standards for their implementation, the basis of which are the norms and requirements of the All-Union Physical Education Complex GTO, defines the requirements for compliance with hygiene rules, a rational regime of study, rest, nutrition, conscious and active participation in physical education classes, sports competitions and recreational activities. events, continuous improvement of physical fitness.

The main objectives of physical education younger generation are: strengthening health and hardening the body, proper physical development, teaching children and youth the necessary motor skills, improving their physical abilities, promoting the formation of the most important moral and volitional qualities. Physical education contributes to the formation and development of moral and volitional qualities, in addition to physical abilities: muscle strength, physical endurance, agility, reaction speed, speed of movement.

One of P.F.’s contemporaries Lesgafta described one of the results of physical education:

“Physical education classes were held daily. Their program included gymnastics, games, fencing, skating, and physical labor (carpentry). The results from these classes were amazing. Frail, pale, lethargic girls turned in a year into strong, energetic people, persistent and hardy.”

In the process of physical education, such moral and volitional qualities as courage, boldness, determination, initiative, resourcefulness, willpower, collective action skills, organization, conscious discipline, a sense of friendship and camaraderie, clarity in work, a habit of order, etc. are cultivated. In this regard, the pedagogically correct organization of the educational and training sessions themselves, sports competitions and the entire life of the physical education team is of great importance.

Let's take a closer look at the influence of sports and physical culture on intellectual development.

The effectiveness of assimilation of motor experience in sports is associated with the method of formation and the level of the psychological structure of motor action (physical exercise). The process of forming a conscious motor action is a voluntarily controlled act, accompanied by significant intellectual activity, which must be deliberately provided and directed during the learning process. At the same time, the information entering the consciousness of those involved is subjected to complex and multi-level processing.

When mastering and improving motor activity in sports, mainly three forms of connection between thought and action are characteristic:

Intellectual activity accompanies the execution of a motor action, and the thinking process functions as a direct controller and regulator of movements;

Thinking precedes practical action and is involved in planning and preliminary organization of action;

Thinking is involved in the analysis and evaluation of the motor act performed by it.

All three types of relationships between thought and action differ not only in their form, but also in nature and to a certain extent influence the development creativity going in for sports.

Physical education classes unfold against the backdrop of communication, in a team, under the guidance of a teacher. It is communication that is the most powerful factor in the formation of the moral qualities of those involved; from the very beginning of classes, they begin to realize their involvement in the team and, in accordance with the rules and regulations, learn to manage their actions and relate them to the actions of others. In this way, the will is strengthened, discipline is developed, and the habit of observing the norms of moral behavior is formed.

The humanitarian significance of physical culture presupposes the achievement of the integrity of knowledge about a person, an understanding of the meaning of human values in the modern world, awareness of one’s place in culture, the development of cultural self-awareness, abilities and opportunities for transformative cultural activities. It manifests itself through the harmonization of the spiritual and physical forces of the individual, the formation of such universal human values, such as health, bodily culture, increased performance, physical perfection, well-being, etc. Physical culture is aimed at the development of a holistic personality, its ability and readiness to fully realize its essential strengths in a healthy and productive lifestyle, professional activity, in building the necessary socio-cultural comfortable environment.

Since physical culture is part of the culture of society, it has, first of all, general cultural social functions. These include educational, educational, normative, transformative, cognitive, value-orientation, communicative, economic, etc.

Physical exercise creates opportunities for developing will, honesty, courage, and work qualities; develop humanistic beliefs and a sense of respect for the opponent; form social activity (team captain, physical trainer, group leader, sports judge). During the course, a person receives lessons in legal ethics. Athletes and athletes are characterized by patriotism, dedication to their work, the fight for sports honor, and hard work, expressed in the construction and improvement of playgrounds, filling skating rinks, and cleaning practice areas.

In the process of physical education, a person learns a lot of new things, learns motor skills and abilities, and searches for new sports means and methods to improve results. Physical education classes create opportunities for the development of creativity and the formation of cognitive activity.

Systematic exercises help prevent diseases. Means of therapeutic physical culture are used for the rehabilitation of patients. Adaptive physical culture is a new direction in physical education and health work with people with disabilities. As an independent part of the culture of society, physical culture has specific social functions. The latter are organically connected with the general ones, but in a more specific form they express the social essence of physical culture as a socially necessary activity, its ability to satisfy the needs of society in the field of physical education.

By influencing the physical nature of a person, physical culture contributes to the development of his vitality and general capacity. This, in turn, contributes to the improvement of spiritual capabilities and, ultimately, leads to the comprehensive and harmonious development of the individual. Thus, the role of physical culture in the formation of the basic qualities and properties of a person is very great. A person must be able to think abstractly, develop general provisions and act in accordance with these provisions. But it is not enough just to be able to reason and draw conclusions - you need to be able to apply them in life, achieve your intended goal, overcoming obstacles encountered along the way. This can only be achieved with proper physical education.

“Hence the close, inextricable connection between physical and mental education, thanks to which it is impossible to separate them, and only with complete harmony between them can we expect the complete development of a person’s moral character.”

CONCLUSION ON CHAPTER 2

The role of physical culture in the formation of personal qualities is enhanced in connection with its very social essence, of course, humanistic functions, opportunities for the development of a number of foundations of human spirituality. The high emotional background of performing various physical exercises, especially in the form of emotionally charged competitions, contributes to the development of a tendency towards empathy, mutual assistance, when performing friendly collective actions, and mutual responsibility for achieving common goals. All this is significantly increasing against the background of social upheavals, profound socio-economic transformations in our society, and changes in its structure. Means of physical culture that determine a healthy lifestyle, the achievement of physical perfection, the development of many human virtues, organically related to the concepts of general culture, universal values, and spirituality. The regularity of physical education is determined by a person’s voluntary desire, personal attitude towards these activities, which, becoming stronger in consciousness and habits, also become personal traits.

Considering the diverse influence of physical culture on a person, on the process of development of his personal qualities, it is advisable to focus on certain criteria for their formation. This is convenient in the light of understanding the phenomenon of physical culture of an individual, taking into account its biological and social aspects.

It is clear that these levels, related to the physical culture of the individual, may not be in their pure form, but in various complex combinations of their constituent components. It is known that the influence of physical culture on a person is carried out in the unity of his social and biological aspects. He develops as a socio-biological being, while the social side must play important role, since it has certain control functions.

physical education sports school

CONCLUSION

For every person, and for society as a whole, there is no greater value than health. The importance of physical culture and sports and their introduction into everyday life is steadily increasing. Physical education and sports prepare a person for life, harden the body and strengthen health, promote his harmonious physical development, contribute to the education of the necessary personality traits, moral and physical qualities necessary for future specialists of the national economy in their professional labor and defense activities.

Modern ideas about physical culture are associated with its assessment as a specific part of general culture. Like the culture of society as a whole, physical culture includes quite wide circle various processes and phenomena: the human body with its characteristics; physical condition of a person; the process of his physical development; practicing certain forms of motor activity; related knowledge, needs, value orientations, social relationships.

Also, the formation of a person’s physical culture is the goal of physical culture. The most significant humanistic results characteristic of the education system are physical culture-oriented knowledge, abilities and skills necessary for the use of physical exercises for the purpose of health improvement, recreation, rehabilitation, and the formation of a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, knowledge that forms value orientations towards a healthy, physically active lifestyle and social attitudes towards its achievement are important. Ultimately, general physical education should shape the worldview of a healthy and necessarily physically active image life.

Each of the above enters the world of culture as elements of a broader system, including not only socially formed physical qualities of a person, but also such elements of social activity as norms and rules of behavior, types, forms and means of activity.

Thus, physical culture is a complex social phenomenon that is not limited to solving problems of physical development, but also performs other social functions of society in the field of morality, education, and ethics. Modern society interested in the younger generation growing up physically developed, healthy, and cheerful.

LITERATURE

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Social and biological foundations of physical culture: Textbook / Ed. ed. D.N. Davidenko. - St. Petersburg, 2001. - P.208.

Nikolaev Yu.M. Theory of physical culture: functional, value-based, activity-based, effective aspects / Yu.M. Nikolaev. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Academy of Physical Culture named after P.F.Lesgaft, 2000. - P.456.

Ilyinich V.I. Physical culture of a student / V.I. Ilyinich. - M.: Gardarika, 2008. - P.463.

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In the process of many years of research into the influence of sport on society, the fact was revealed that playing sports has a huge impact on the physical and spiritual state of the individual. The influence of sport on people's relationships, the level of communication skills, the ability to self-determinate and realize one's potential has been established. Sport is a tool for shaping the culture of humanity.

The place of sport among human values is noticeably increasing, because Sports activities are a universal tool for self-development, creative self-expression and self-realization. Sport is a reflection of the socio-cultural system in which its development occurs. Significant changes have occurred in Russian society in recent decades, which has affected the transformation of value orientations and attitudes towards physical culture and sports.

During the Soviet period, society was characterized by collectivism, responsibility to the group and individuals. It has been replaced by post-industrialism, based on a market economy. People's actions began to be based primarily on personal interests; the resulting individualistic orientation was reinforced by the right to privacy in their lifestyle. Personal responsibility for one’s actions, for one’s destiny and path in life increases.

During the reforms of recent decades, the Soviet system of physical culture was destroyed, the mass physical culture and sports movement was practically deprived of significant state support. Sports and physical development have become a private matter due to the commercialization of a significant share of physical education and health services. This led to a noticeable decrease in the number of people involved in sports, to a decrease in the importance of sports in common system values of Russians and, as a consequence, to a deterioration in the social standard of living.

Market relations dominating society, as well as the release of the state from social obligations, affects the value system individual layers population. Representatives of the upper classes of society are more oriented toward the values of sports and a healthy lifestyle, for whom sports activities become part of fashion and prestigious consumption. Representatives of low social groups, on the contrary, consider sports unnecessary and meaningless.

The phenomenon of sports is a multifaceted phenomenon of our time. According to the structure, it is permissible to classify sports in two areas - elite sports and mass sports. The first is elite sport, which involves fighting for first place in sports competitions. The second, opposite, is mass sport, which performs the function of improving people’s health through self-expression and self-realization of the individual, satisfying the need for physical development and leisure. Mass sport is a universal tool for eliminating asocial phenomena.

Sport is one of the components of the physical culture of society, which developed historically in the form of activities that prepare a person for competitions and the competitions themselves. It is the competitive element that distinguishes sport from physical education. Training in both sports and physical education includes similar actions and exercises, but the athlete’s goal is to evaluate, through competitive activity, his physical capabilities in individual disciplines and compare his results with the successes of others. While an athlete is interested in developing physical qualities for health improvement and personal improvement.

Mass sports allow you to improve physical qualities and expand opportunities, improve health and prolong longevity, resist the unwanted effects on the body of modern production and everyday life conditions, while engaging a large number of members of society.

The purpose of playing various sports is to improve health, improve physical development, preparedness and active recreation. This is associated with solving a number of particular problems: increasing the functionality of individual body systems, adjusting physical development and physique, increasing overall performance, mastering the necessary skills and abilities, spending useful leisure time, achieving physical perfection.

The tasks of mass sports are in many ways identical to the tasks of physical education, but they differ in the component of implementing the sports orientation of the training process.

Schoolchildren, and in some sports even preschoolers, are introduced to the elements of mass sports in Russia. It is mass sports that are most widespread among student groups. As practice shows, in the country's non-physical education universities in the field of mass sports, from 10 to 25% of students conduct regular training outside of class hours. A modern program in the academic discipline “Physical Culture” for students of higher educational institutions allows almost every healthy student of any orientation to join one or another type of mass sports. The type of sport, training system, as well as the time of their implementation is chosen by the student himself, based on his desires, needs and capabilities.

Mass sports include all those types of physical culture and sports activities of various groups and segments of the population that are aimed not at achieving the highest sports results and material benefits, but at development in accordance with their own needs and at solving various social problems. It is worth noting that sports activities complement professional ones and are not the key determining factor in a person’s life.

Sport involves more than just physical development. Sport is of great importance in the formation of numerous mental qualities and properties of a person, acting as a kind of “school of will”, “school of emotions”, “school of character”. This is due to the high demands placed on sports competitions and all sports activities for the manifestation of volitional qualities and self-regulation.

The problem of the human value of sport and its role in the modern world has been and remains controversial in the research of scientists. The concept of “humanization of sport” is closely related to the concept of humanism, in which everything that contributes to the full development of a person, strengthening his health, and meeting his needs is recognized as humane. However, the most highly organized and perfect activity will be considered inhumane if it is directed against health, happiness, self-realization and the very existence of a person.

Modern researchers have a positive assessment of sport from the point of view of humanistic values and ideals. Scientists note the important role of sport as a tool for preserving and strengthening people’s health, as well as their physical and personal development. sport is an important element in the value system of modern culture.

However, there are supporters of a negative assessment of sport from the standpoint of humanism, who argue that modern sport harms cooperation and creates a vicious division of people into winners and losers; develops negative qualities personality, for example, selfishness, aggressiveness, envy, gives rise to the desire to win at any cost, even at the expense of health, violation of moral standards.

The existence of opposing assessments of the humanistic values of sport is due to the fact that a certain abstract, unchanging essence is assigned to sport, while researchers rely on individual, isolated facts, and do not take into account the distinctive points between the two main directions in modern sport: elite sport and mass sports, which obviously have different value and humanistic potential.

The importance of sport today is high; it occupies one of the highest positions among types of human activity. However, elite sports have not gone far ahead of the development of physical culture and mass sports; their sociocultural significance is not lower.

Professionalization of sports is impossible without the development of physical culture and mass sports. With some convention, we can consider sport as a symbol, a concentrated expression of the principles and problems of our time, as an area in which the principles of equality of opportunity, achievement of high results and competition characteristic of a given society are manifested and applied especially clearly and purposefully.

It should be noted that modern civilization is focused on material values. Competition is growing, commercialization of all spheres of public activity is increasing. At the same time, with the help of industrial civilization, the essence of human passion, which is also sport, is realized not only in its entirety, but also in all its humanity. The spirit of competition models the situation of human self-determination, which is carried out in the “I - Other” or “I - Others” system. Self-determination is possible if “I” compares my indicators with the indicators of the “Other”.

This comparison is a necessary attribute of sports activity, assessed from the outside. But there are difficulties here too. A person’s attitude towards their capabilities (in particular, the ability to show their activity beyond the norm) is not similar to the indifference shown with might and main in relation to incidents that could happen to them. “Man,” writes E. Levinas, “is henceforth thrown into an environment of opportunities in relation to which he is henceforth engaged, with which he is henceforth involved, from now on he either took advantage of them or missed them. They are not added to his existence from the outside, as accidents.”

Opportunities do not appear before a person in the form of ready-made images that he can evaluate from different angles. Opportunities, rather, are the main ways of human existence, since for a person to exist precisely means to take advantage of one’s own opportunities or to miss them. The possibility of activity beyond the norm is dangerous; it must be regulated and supported by some positive result. Nevertheless, excess activity is beneficial for the survival of the human race as a whole, despite the danger for an individual person. A person develops by opening up, taking advantage of his capabilities. The capabilities inherent in the individual gradually “exhaust” themselves in the process of his activity; and if the individual does not possess the fundamental potential of returning to himself, this original position taken in relation to his own existence, then the basic being itself human existence appears to be called into question.

In Russia, the trend of mass sports began its development in the 30s of the 20th century. Revolution, civil wars, states negatively disposed towards the country - all these factors set the leadership the task of increasing the level of physical fitness of citizens, in case of an outbreak of popular discontent or foreign attacks. Shooting ranges, shooting ranges, flying clubs, military sports clubs were created throughout the country, in which young people mastered various specialties that were in demand during wartime - telegraph operator, pilot, nurse, orderly and many others. The main organizer of the new movement was the Komsomol, on whose initiative the first All-Union physical education complex “Ready for Labor and Defense” was opened. The purpose of the organization was to introduce a unified set of principles and standards for sports education and physical training. Compulsory classes were introduced in the country, and all conditions were organized for the possibility of independent sports as a leisure activity. There was active promotion of a healthy lifestyle, physical education and sports. For decades, Soviet citizens actively participated in the sporting life of the country, girls and boys were proud of the badges received for high results in passing the GTO standards.

The complex had such an attractive force that millions of young people in the Soviet Union went into sports with the highest enthusiasm and achieved such results that they were the best athletes in the world in different areas. The GTO system was a powerful incentive. Preparation for meeting the standards developed all muscle groups, increased the level of endurance and health. Thanks to this system, our country has raised the world's best astronauts, which naturally had a positive impact on the international position of the USSR.

In 2013, on the eve of the Olympics in Russia, the country's leadership put forward a proposal to revive the GTO complex. As a result of painstaking preparation, in March 2014, a decree “On the All-Russian Physical Culture and Sports Complex “Ready for Labor and Defense” (GTO)” was issued, decreeing the commissioning of the complex from September 1, 2014.

The organizers of the modern GTO project call the revival of the “Ready for Labor and Defense” complex in schools and universities fundamentally important for the formation in the younger generation of such qualities as determination and confidence in themselves and their capabilities.

Thus, the return of the GTO to Russia is undoubtedly in demand by new times and existing social factors. The majority of Russians positively greeted the new, or rather the well-forgotten old, movement. The health of the people, unfortunately, has declined in recent years under the influence of stress, deteriorating living standards in post-Soviet period, is priceless, and its foundation is laid, among other things (and perhaps mainly) by such nationwide events of a regular nature. The mechanism of the basis of the physical education system, developed over decades, is viable, and one can hope that its implementation will soon initiate progress in the development of Russian sports.

Physical Culture

Berlin 1933: joint preparatory exercises.

Physical Culture- a sphere of social activity aimed at preserving and strengthening health, developing a person’s psychophysical abilities in the process of conscious motor activity. Physical Culture- part of culture, which is a set of values, norms and knowledge created and used by society for the purpose of physical and intellectual development of a person’s abilities, improvement of his motor activity and the formation of a healthy lifestyle, social adaptation through physical education, physical training and physical development (in accordance with With Federal law Russian Federation dated December 4, 2007 N 329-FZ “On physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation”).

The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society are:

level of health and physical development of people;
the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production and everyday life.

The concept of “physical culture” appeared at the end of the 19th century in England during the period of the rapid development of modern sports, but did not find widespread use in the West and over time practically disappeared from use. In Russia, on the contrary, having come into use since the beginning of the 20th century, after the revolution of 1917 the term “physical culture” received recognition in all high Soviet authorities and firmly entered the scientific and practical lexicon. In 1918, the Institute of Physical Culture was opened in Moscow, in 1919 Vsevobuch held a congress on physical culture, since 1922 the journal “Physical Culture” was published, and from 1925 to the present - the journal “Theory and Practice of Physical Culture”.

The very name “physical culture” names something very important. Physical culture is part of the general culture of mankind and has absorbed not only centuries of valuable experience in preparing a person for life, mastering, developing and managing for the benefit of a person the physical and mental abilities inherent in him by nature, but, no less important, the experience of strengthening and strengthening moral principles of a person manifested in the process of physical education. Thus, in physical culture, contrary to its literal meaning, people’s achievements in improving their physical and, to a large extent, mental and moral qualities are reflected. The level of development of these qualities, as well as personal knowledge, skills and abilities to improve them constitute the personal values of physical culture and determine the physical culture of an individual as one of the facets of a person’s general culture. Social and biological foundations of physical culture.

Today, a number of theorists dispute the appropriateness of using the term “physical culture”. One of the arguments against it is that in most countries of the world this term is generally absent from the scientific lexicon. The only exceptions are the countries of Eastern Europe, in which the development of physical culture and sports for more than half a century was carried out in the image and likeness of the Soviet system. In this regard, leading Russian sports theorists sometimes express polar opinions regarding the further use of the concept of “physical culture” in science: for example, A. G. Egorov believes that this term should be completely replaced by the concept of “sport” accepted throughout the world ", while L. I. Lubysheva considers the scientific definition of physical culture a "step forward" in comparison with Western sports science.

At the moment L.I. Lubysheva actively introduces the concept of “sports culture”. Without entering into debate. It can be noted that this position is not productive, since according to the main theorists of this field of knowledge (P.F. Lesgaft), the concepts of “physical culture and physical education” and the concept of sport cannot be fundamentally confused. According to this scientist, three things will ruin young people: wine, gambling and sports.

According to A. A. Isaev, it is quite logical to consider physical culture as a goal, and sport as a means of achieving it. It is for this reason that the definition of “sport for all” is becoming widespread, reflected more and more substantively at the international level - in the documents of UNESCO, the Council of Europe, and the IOC. “Sport for all” puts physical culture in its rightful place as a qualitative characteristic, absorbing the activity components that once belonged to it. Theorists of physical culture of the Soviet school, wrote A. A. Isaev, actively resist the process of transformation of the meaning of physical culture, dictated by changes in socio-political dominants in development modern Russia. This circumstance, influencing management decisions, significantly slows down the development of sports policy in Russia that is adequate to changes in society. This approach is the key to resolving methodological contradictions associated with the definition of the concepts of “physical culture” and “sport” [clarify]

Means of physical culture

The main means of physical culture, developing and harmonizing all manifestations of the life of the human body, are conscious (conscious) exercises of various physical exercises (bodily movements), most of which were invented or improved by the person himself. They involve a gradual increase in physical activity from exercises and warm-ups to training, from training to sports games and competitions, from them to the establishment of both personal and general sports records as personal physical capabilities increase. In combination with the use of natural forces of nature (sun, air and water), hygiene factors, diet and rest, and depending on personal goals, physical culture allows you to harmoniously develop and heal the body and maintain it in excellent physical condition for many years.

Components of physical culture

Each of the components of physical culture has a certain independence, its own target setting, material and technical support, a different level of development and the volume of personal values. Therefore, sport in the activity sphere of physical culture is especially distinguished, using the phrases “physical culture and sports”, “physical education and sports”. In this case, “physical culture”, “physical culture” in the narrow sense, can be understood as mass physical culture and therapeutic physical culture.

Mass physical culture

Mass physical culture is formed by the physical activity of people within the framework of the process of physical education and self-education for their general physical development and health improvement, improvement of motor capabilities, improvement of physique and posture, as well as activities at the level of physical recreation.

Physical recreation

Recreation (Latin - recreation, - “restoration”) - 1) vacations, breaks at school, 2) premises for recreation in educational institutions, 3) rest, restoration of human strength. Physical recreation is motor active recreation and entertainment using physical exercises, outdoor games, various types sports, as well as the natural forces of nature, as a result of which pleasure is obtained and good health and mood are achieved, mental and physical performance is restored. As a rule, classes at the level of mass physical culture for a healthy person are not associated with very great physical and volitional efforts, however, they create a powerful disciplinary, tonic and harmonizing background for all aspects of his activity.

Healing Fitness

Another, also non-sports in terms of goals, direction of physical culture is formed by therapeutic physical culture (motor rehabilitation), which uses specially selected physical exercises and, as already noted, some sports equipment for the treatment and restoration of body functions impaired as a result of diseases, injuries, overwork and others. reasons.

Sport

Adaptive physical education

The specificity of this activity sphere is expressed in the complementary definition “adaptive”, which emphasizes the purpose of physical education for persons with health problems. This assumes that physical culture in all its manifestations should stimulate positive morpho-functional changes in the body, thereby forming the necessary motor coordination, physical qualities and abilities aimed at life support, development and improvement of the body. The main direction of adaptive physical culture is the formation of motor activity as a biological and social factor influencing the human body and personality. Understanding the essence of this phenomenon is the methodological foundation of adaptive physical culture. At the St. Petersburg University of Physical Culture. P.F. Lesgaft opened the Faculty of Adaptive Physical Culture, whose task is to train highly qualified specialists to work in the field of physical culture for people with disabilities. In addition to working with people who have health problems, adaptive physical education is aimed at using physical activity to promote socio-psychological adaptation and preventing deviations in socialization (for example, within the framework of this area, the use of physical culture and sports for the prevention of drug addiction is being developed).

Physical education

The modern broad concept of “physical education” means an organic component of general education - an educational, pedagogical process aimed at a person’s mastering the personal values of physical culture. In other words, the purpose of physical education is the formation of a person’s physical culture, that is, that aspect of a person’s general culture that helps to realize his biological and spiritual potential. Physical education, whether we understand it or not, begins from the very first days after a person’s birth.

The founder of the scientific system of physical education (initially - education), harmoniously promoting mental development and moral education young man, is a Russian teacher, anatomist and doctor Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft (1837-1909) in Russia. The “Courses for Teachers and Leaders of Physical Education,” created by him in 1896, was the first higher educational institution in Russia for training specialists in physical education, the prototype of the modern St. Petersburg Academy of Physical Culture named after P. F. Lesgaft. Graduates of the Academy receive higher education in physical education and become specialists in various fields of physical education, including in the field of physical education, that is, the acquisition by people of the values of physical education. In relation to work in higher educational institutions, such a specialist is called a teacher of physical education, or a teacher of the department of physical education.

It is necessary to distinguish between the terms “physical education” as professional training in special educational institutions and “physical education” in its original (according to P.F. Lesgaft) sense of physical education. In English, the term “physical education” can be used in both senses. It should also be borne in mind that the English term “en: physical culture” in the sense of our broad concept of “physical culture” is not used abroad. There, depending on the specific area of physical education, the words “en: sport”, “en: physical education”, “en: physical training”, “en: fitness”, etc. are used.

Physical education in unity with mental, moral, aesthetic and labor education ensures the comprehensive development of the individual. Moreover, these aspects of the general process of education are manifested to a significant extent in the process of physical education itself, organized accordingly.

In higher educational institutions, the process of physical education of students is carried out at the Department of Physical Education through the academic discipline “Physical Culture”.

The goal of physical education is achieved in solving interrelated health-improving, developmental, educational and educational tasks.

The health-improving and developmental objectives of physical education include:

strengthening health and hardening the body;
harmonious development of the body and physiological functions body;
comprehensive development of physical and mental qualities;
security high level efficiency and creative longevity.

It is believed that to accomplish these tasks total time Educational and training sessions in the discipline “Physical Education” and additional independent physical exercises and sports for each student should be at least 5 hours per week.

Christianity about physical education

Christianity in the 4th century banned the Olympic Games and anathematized them as pagan.

Notes

Literature

Federal Law on Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

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Culture is the process and result of storage, development, development and dissemination of material and spiritual values. Physical culture is an organic part of universal human culture. It serves as a means and method for the physical improvement of people so that they can fulfill their social responsibilities.

The components of physical culture are:

physical education;
sport;
physical recreation;
motor rehabilitation.

The components of physical culture are interconnected, and at the same time, have specific features.

Physical education is aimed at the comprehensive development of a person and is carried out, as a rule, in educational institutions. A distinctive feature of sports is the element of competition. Physical recreation involves the use of physical exercise for active recreation, for example, in the form of tourism. It is sometimes classified as a background type of physical culture, which also includes exercises as part of everyday life (morning exercises, walks, etc.). Motor rehabilitation serves to restore temporarily lost physical abilities and treat injuries through physical exercise. Its variety is therapeutic physical culture.

The concepts of “physical education”, “physical development”, “physical perfection”

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Physical education

Physical education is the process of acquiring special knowledge, vital motor skills, comprehensive development of physical qualities and developing the need for physical exercise. Unlike physical education, physical training involves mastering motor skills and developing physical qualities necessary for specific professional or sports activities. In this regard, they talk, for example, about professional applied physical training of a pilot, installer, agronomist, etc.

Physical development

Physical development is the process of changing the forms and functions of the body (body length and weight, strength, speed, etc.) either under the influence of natural factors (labor, everyday life, genetic predisposition), or under the influence of the targeted use of physical exercise. Thus, if physical education is a specially organized pedagogical process, then physical development can occur naturally.

Physical perfection

Physical perfection is a level of health and comprehensive physical development that meets the requirements of human activity in certain historical conditions. Achieving physical perfection is the goal of physical education.

The concepts of "sport" and "type of sport"

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Sport is a game, competitive activity and preparation for it, based on the use of physical exercises and aimed at achieving the highest results.

This activity has a number of features:

the presence of struggle, competition directly in the game, duel, etc.;
unification of the athlete’s actions, the conditions for their implementation and methods for assessing achievements in accordance with the official rules;
regulation of the behavior of athletes taking into account the principles of non-antagonistic relationships between people.

The concept of “sport” has a narrower meaning than “sport”. A sport is a type of competitive activity formed during the development of sport, distinguished by a specific subject of competition and rules for conducting competitive struggle. Sports include athletics, weightlifting, gymnastics, wrestling, boxing and many others.

The emergence of physical culture

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The emergence of physical culture was due to life primitive society. In the process of work and, first of all, hunting, a person acquired the necessary skills and abilities in running, jumping, throwing, climbing, developed strength, endurance and other necessary physical qualities.

The subjective prerequisite for the emergence of physical culture was the development of thinking and consciousness of primitive man. Performing magical and ritual actions before a hunt, in which not the animal itself, but its image on a rock or ground was repeatedly struck, people began to distinguish physical exercise as an independent activity.

With the emergence religious beliefs elements of physical exercise were associated with religious rituals. This is how cult dances, dances, and games appeared.

In the conditions of the clan system, military training began to play a large role. For example, Australians early years practiced archery and boomerang throwing. Primitive tribes Africans widely used fencing with sticks, wrestling, and swinging exercises on vines in the education of children and youth.

Many primitive peoples had a ritual of initiation (dedication) when moving from one age group to another. Initiations usually involved physical exercises, for which the young men prepared intensively.

Physical exercise also formed the basis of a variety of games and entertainment.

Olympic Games of Ancient Greece

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Numerous games and competitions were widespread in the slave states of the Ancient East, Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece. For example, in ancient Rome the Trojan Games were traditional, including competitions between horsemen in the intricate passages of the labyrinth, chariot races, wrestling, fist fighting, throwing a spear and throwing a discus.

In Ancient Greece, physical exercise reached its maximum development. Of all the games held there (Nemean, Delphic, etc.), the most significant were the Olympic Games. According to legend, they were started by Hercules in the 12th century. BC e., when he held a competition between his four brothers in honor of the victory of Zeus over Kronos.

The first known Olympic Games in history were held in 776 BC. e. in Olympia, located on the Peloponnesian Peninsula in southwestern Greece. The games were held once every four years. The periods between games were called Olympiads.

A month before the games, a sacred truce (ekehiriya) was declared throughout Greece. From the 8th to the 2nd centuries. BC e. Only free-born Greeks could participate in the Olympic Games. Slaves, barbarians, and women were not allowed to play. Subsequently, athletes of non-Greek origin were allowed to participate in the games.

In the early period, games took place in one day, in the heyday - in five days. They were held extremely solemnly. Before the start of the games, all participants swore an oath that they had honestly prepared for the games and would compete with dignity, and also made sacrifices to the gods. The winners were awarded an olive wreath. In addition to sports competitions, various competitions, exhibitions, and religious ceremonies were organized.

The program of the Olympic Games, which initially consisted only of running one Greek stage (192 m), was subsequently expanded to include competitions in the pentathlon (pentathlon, which included running one stage, discus throw, javelin throw for accuracy, long jump, wrestling), running with weapons (sword and shield), fist fighting, pankration (combination of fighting with fist fighting), chariot racing, horse riding. Aristotle, Socrates, and Herodotus took part in the games. Pythagoras was the champion in fist fighting.

The emergence and spread of Christianity, which fought against the pagan faith and preached asceticism, led to the cessation of the Olympic holidays. In 394, the Roman Emperor Theodosius I issued an edict banning the Olympic Games.

Under feudalism, games with elements of competition were only part of national holidays or knightly tournaments and no longer had the same importance as in ancient culture. Significant attention to targeted physical exercise began to be paid only with the advent of the Renaissance. Sports and other components of physical culture in their modern understanding became truly widespread during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Modern Olympic Games

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In 1894, exactly one and a half thousand years after the ban on the ancient Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was created at the International Athletic Congress in Paris, and in 1896 the modern Olympic Games began. The French teacher and educator Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) played a major role in the revival of the Olympic Games. He headed the IOC until 1925.

The Olympic Games are held in accordance with the Olympic Charter (statutes), which defines the basic rules of the games, the goals and objectives of the IOC. Athletes and judges take the Olympic oath to compete fairly and judge fairly. The Olympic motto is “Faster, higher, stronger!”

Olympic paraphernalia includes the Olympic symbol in the form of five intertwined rings of different colors, signifying the unity of athletes from five continents; the Olympic flag is white with the Olympic symbol in the center; Olympic mascot.

Olympic ceremony consists of the opening and closing ceremonies of games and awards. At the opening, among other ceremonies, the Olympic flame is lit in the cauldron of the stadium. The fire is delivered by torch relay from Greece, where in ancient Olympia it is lit from the sun's rays using a large concave mirror.

The first modern Olympic Games took place in 1896 in Athens. Subsequently, they were held every four years with the exception of 1916, 1940, 1944. during the periods of the first and second world wars. Since 1924, in the same years as the summer ones, the Winter Olympic Games began to be held. Since 1994, winter and summer games have been held at intervals of two years. Currently, the games last for 16-18 days.

If 311 athletes from 13 countries, competing in 9 sports, took part in the first games in Athens, then 10.5 thousand athletes from 197 countries competed for 271 sets of medals in the XXVI Games in Atlanta. The XXVII Games in Sydney have already brought together 11 thousand athletes from 200 countries. A number of new disciplines were included in their program, such as synchronized diving, women's water polo, women's hammer throw, etc. The results increased immeasurably. For example, in the 100 m race the result improved from 12.0 s to 9.79 s; in long jump - from 6.35 m to 8.95 m; in high jump - from 1.81 m to 2.45 m.

Russian and Soviet athletes performed successfully at the Olympic Games. At the IV Games in London (1908) gold medal N.A. Panin-Kolomenkin won in figure skating. Soviet athletes took first place in the unofficial team competition a total of 12 times. Athletes from St. Petersburg-Leningrad were indispensable participants in all Olympic Games. Among them are Lyudmila Pinaeva, who won three Olympic Games in kayak racing, gymnast Alexander Dityatin, who won ten Olympic medals, of which three are gold, swimmer Vladimir Salnikov, who won four gold medals, and track and field athletes Tatyana Kazankina and Tamara Press, who each have three highest awards. A significant part of the Olympic teams were and continue to be student-athletes, including those from non-physical education universities. For example, among the graduates of St. Petersburg State University alone are Olympic champions Gennady Shatkov, Elvira Ozolina, Yuri Tarmak, Andrei Krylov.

The largest modern sporting events

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At the present stage, in addition to the Olympic Games, a large number of major sports competitions are held. They are organized by international sports associations. In addition to the IOC, these include international sports federations, such as the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF), the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), and the International Chess Federation (FIDE). There are also regional sports organizations, for example, the High Council of Sports of Africa, the Asian Games Federation, the International Committee of the Mediterranean Games, etc.

Sports associations such as the International Federation of Sports Medicine, the International Association of Sports Psychology, etc. are also involved in holding competitions.

International competitions can be complex or for one sport. The first include the World Universiade, the World Maccabiah Games (held in Israel every four years), African, Pan-American, Mediterranean Games, etc. The second include the World and European Championships; competitions that have become international, such as the English Tennis Championships held at Wimbledon; drawings of cups and prizes; memorials to outstanding athletes and coaches, for example, the Znamensky Brothers Memorial in Athletics. Championships are usually held a short time in one country, and champions emerge in them. Cup competitions consist of several stages and are held throughout the season in different countries oh, and the winners of the cup are determined based on their results.

Competitions are also divided into official and friendly. Friendlies include numerous match meetings with the participation of club and national teams.

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Modern sport is divided into two main areas: mass sport and elite sport or big sport.

Mass sports are characterized by a significant number of participants, a relatively low level of results, and the dependence of sports on other dominant activities. Its goal is to improve health, improve physical fitness and active recreation.

Mass sports include youth sports, which are practiced in general education and sports schools, most student sports, adult sports, developed in clubs and sections at the place of work and residence, and army sports. IN Lately Veteran sport has become very popular all over the world, in which, in its own way, age groups Men from 40 years of age and women from 35 years of age take part. There is also a special (Paralympic) sport or sport for the disabled, within which competitions of various levels are held. The largest of these are the Paralympic Games, which take place a few weeks after the Olympic Games.

High performance sports are characterized by the extraordinary motor talent of those involved, large expenditures of time and energy, and a dominant position in life. His goal is to achieve the best possible results or victories at the largest competitions. Athletes train and participate in competitions, usually as part of national teams. Elite sport is, with rare exceptions, a professional sport where a person works to the limit of his capabilities. Such work is generally quite highly paid. For example, for first place at the World Athletics Championships, an athlete receives 100 thousand dollars.

Organizational foundations of physical culture

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In our country, management in the field of physical culture is carried out on the basis of the “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on physical culture and sports” adopted in 1993. In 1999, a new version of this law was published. Management is carried out in two forms: state and public.

Supreme government agency management of physical culture is the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports. There are committees for physical culture in the constituent entities of the federation, as well as at the regional, regional, city and district administrations. On the other hand, work in the field of physical culture is carried out by separate ministries, which include relevant departments and scientific and methodological councils. The National Olympic Committee of Russia (NOC) is an independent body responsible for the development of Olympic sports in the country and the expansion of sports relations.

Public administration covers preschool institutions, general education and children's and youth sports schools, as well as schools of higher sports excellence, higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, military units, medical institutions.

The structure of public bodies governing physical culture includes: the physical culture and sports society of trade unions "Russia", departmental public and state associations, for example, the physical culture and sports society "Dynamo", tourism councils, hunters and fishermen's societies, running clubs, etc.

The primary links in the social and physical education movement are physical education groups and sports clubs. They are created in institutions and enterprises, in educational institutions, and at places of residence.

State and public forms of physical culture management are closely interconnected and are represented jointly in most educational and labor groups.

The dynamic processes occurring in society recently are reflected in the sphere of organizing physical culture. The conditions for training and stimulating the work of high-class athletes have changed, paid health services, provided both on the basis of government agencies, and privately.

Student sports organizations and competitions

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The primary state department carrying out educational and training work and holding sports competitions at the university is the Department of Physical Education. Classes are held at the main, special department (for students with health limitations) and at the sports improvement department. The primary social unit is the university sports club. The department and club interact with the administration, the trade union organization of the university and higher state and public bodies governing physical culture.

A significant role in the development of student sports is played by the public association of students and higher education workers created in 1993 - the Russian Student Sports Union. Its tasks include organizing and holding student competitions within the country and developing international sports relations. International student sports competitions are held under the auspices of the International University Sports Federation (FISU).

The system of student sports competitions combines intra-university, inter-university and international competitions.

Intra-university competitions include test competitions in academic classes, competitions for the championship of educational groups, courses, faculties, and university dormitories.

Interuniversity competitions include district, city, zonal and all-Russian student competitions. Competitions between universities of the same profile, for example, agricultural, railway, medical, etc., are common. The strongest student-athletes participate in competitions as part of various national teams.

International competitions include friendly matches between individual universities from different countries, the World Universiade held by FISU every two years in odd years, and FISU championships. As a rule, more than half of the Russian national teams at the European and World Championships and the Olympic Games are students.

General approach to the relationship between sport and culture

One of the most important elements that can have a dysfunctional meaning for culture in general and sport in particular is the cult of success, the achievement of high results: “Success occupies such a high place in the hierarchical value system of sport that the status of a given athlete is determined solely by the level of his current achievements. In battles on sports fields and arenas, only the status of the achieved results matters. It is difficult to find another social subsystem, other than the military-army, where success and achievement were valued so highly. If only this value orientation became central to the entire culture as a whole, then society probably found itself in a permanent conflict situation.

Based on this general approach to the relationship between sport and culture, a positive assessment of sport in this regard is often taken for granted without critical evaluation. It is especially important to take into account that sport is significantly influenced by the socio-cultural system in which its development takes place.

Therefore, for a correct assessment of sport as a sociocultural phenomenon, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between its cultural humanistic potential and the extent to which this potential is practically realized, as well as those values associated with sports that are only proclaimed and those values that people actually focus on in their behavior, real values .

Physical culture as part of the general culture of society

Russian society has entered a phase of progressive development, in which socio-economic and political transformations are aimed at establishing humanistic values and ideals, creating a developed economy and a stable democratic system. An important place in this process is occupied by issues related to the life of the person himself, his health and lifestyle. From the totality of the concept of “healthy lifestyle”, which unites all spheres of life of an individual, a team, a social group, a nation, the most relevant component is physical culture and sports.

Physical culture arose and developed simultaneously with universal human culture and is its organic part. It satisfies social needs for communication, play and entertainment, in some forms of personal self-expression through socially active useful activities. The harmony of personality development has been valued by all peoples and at all times. Initially, the word “culture” translated from Latin meant “cultivation”, “processing”. As society developed, the concept of “culture” was filled with new content.

physical education and physical training for specific activities (vocational-applied physical training);

restoration of health or lost strength by means of physical culture - rehabilitation;

physical exercise for recreational purposes, so-called. - recreation;

the highest achievement in the field of sports.

It should be noted that the level of a person’s culture is manifested in his ability to rationally, fully use such a public good as free time. How it is used depends not only on success in work, study and general development, but also on a person’s health itself and the fullness of his life. Physical culture plays an important role here, because physical culture means health.

Thus, throughout the world there is a steady trend towards increasing the role of physical culture in society, which manifests itself:

in increasing the role of the state in supporting the development of physical culture, social forms of organization and activities in this area;

in the widespread use of physical culture in the prevention of diseases and promotion of public health;

in extending the active creative longevity of people; in organizing leisure activities and in preventing antisocial behavior among young people;

in the use of physical education as an important component of the moral, aesthetic and intellectual development of students;

in involving the working population in physical education;

in the use of physical education in the social and physical adaptation of disabled people and orphans;

in the increasing volume of sports television and radio broadcasting and the role of television in the development of physical culture in the formation of a healthy lifestyle;

in the development of physical education, health and sports infrastructure, taking into account the interests and needs of the population;

in a variety of forms, methods and means offered on the market of physical education, health and sports services.

The term “physical culture” itself appeared at the end of the 19th century in England during the period of the rapid development of sports, but did not find widespread use in the West and over time practically disappeared from use. In Russia, on the contrary, having come into use since the beginning of the 20th century, after the revolution of 1917 the term “physical culture” received recognition in all high Soviet authorities and firmly entered the scientific and practical lexicon. In 1918, the Institute of Physical Culture was opened in Moscow, in 1919 Vseobuch held a congress on physical culture, since 1922 the magazine “Physical Culture” was published, and from 1925 to the present - the magazine “Theory and Practice of Physical Culture”. And as we see, the very name “physical culture” indicates its belonging to culture.

A healthy lifestyle in general, physical culture in particular, becomes a social phenomenon, a unifying force and a national idea that contributes to the development of a strong state and a healthy society. In many foreign countries, physical education, health and sports activities organically combine and unite the efforts of the state, its governmental, public and private organizations, institutions and social institutions.

Physical culture is a type of general culture, a side of activities for the development, improvement, maintenance and restoration of values in the field of physical improvement of a person for the self-realization of his spiritual and physical abilities and its socially significant results associated with the performance of his duties in society.

Physical culture is part of the general culture of mankind and has absorbed not only centuries of valuable experience in preparing a person for life, mastering, developing and managing for the benefit of a person the physical and mental abilities inherent in him by nature (from a religious point of view - by God), but also no less important is the experience of affirming and strengthening the moral principles of a person manifested in the process of physical education.

Physical culture is one of those areas of social activity in which people’s social activity is formed and implemented. It reflects the state of society as a whole and serves as one of the forms of manifestation of its social, political and moral structure.

As we see, in physical culture, contrary to its literal meaning, people’s achievements in improving their physical and, to a large extent, mental and moral qualities are reflected. The level of development of these qualities, as well as personal knowledge, skills and abilities to improve them constitute the personal values of physical culture and determine the physical culture of an individual as one of the facets of a person’s general culture. Indicators of the state of physical culture in society are:

the mass character of its development;

the degree of use of physical culture means in the field of education and upbringing;

level of health and comprehensive development of physical abilities;

level of sports achievements;

availability and level of qualifications of professional and public physical education personnel;

promotion of physical culture and sports;

the degree and nature of the use of the media in the sphere of tasks facing physical culture;

the state of science and the presence of a developed system of physical education.

The concept of sports ethics. Abstract: Sport - as a phenomenon of cultural life The concept of sports culture

Tutoring

Means of physical culture

Components of physical culture

Mass physical culture

Physical recreation

Healing Fitness

Sport

Adaptive physical education

Physical education

Christianity about physical education

see also

Notes

Literature

The concepts of “physical education”, “physical development”, “physical perfection”

Physical education

Physical development

Physical perfection

The concepts of "sport" and "type of sport"

The emergence of physical culture

Olympic Games of Ancient Greece

Modern Olympic Games

The largest modern sporting events

Organizational foundations of physical culture

Student sports organizations and competitions

General approach to the relationship between sport and culture

Physical culture as part of the general culture of society