Evil people in literature. The confrontation between good and evil in the works of Russian literature
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
Literature project at the interim assessment in the 2015-2016 academic year GOOD AND EVIL IN LITERATURE Completed by: Ovchukhova Natalia, student of grade 5a, MBOU "School No. 2" Teacher Shuvakina O.A., teacher of Russian language and literature
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Relevance of the project The theme of good and evil is eternal problem which excites and will always excite humanity
3 slide
Description of the slide:
The purpose of the research project 1. To get acquainted with the works of literature, where there is good and evil, to identify the relevance of this topic. 2. Find out if there is a confrontation between good and evil in all works of Russian literature, and who wins in this fight? 3. Justify the significance of the works of writers about good and evil.
4 slide
Description of the slide:
Tasks: 1. To study and analyze works containing the problem of good and evil. 2. Examine a number of works of literature containing the problem of good and evil. 3. Conduct a classification of works in order to determine the winners in the confrontation. 4. To identify the level of interest among my peers and the attitude of adults to works in which there is a confrontation between good and evil. 5. Systematize and summarize the results.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
Hypothesis: Suppose that there would be no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction- a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good or, conversely, evil wins.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
Object of study: Oral folk art and literary creativity of writers Subject of study: Fairy tales, legends and works of literature
7 slide
Description of the slide:
Research methods: 1. The study of oral folk art And literary creativity writers. 2. Analysis of works and fairy tales. 3. Survey and questioning. 4. Comparison and classification of works. 5. Generalization and systematization of the obtained results.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
Research questions: Good and evil? Can there be good without evil or evil without good? How does it happen in life: good or evil wins?
9 slide
Description of the slide:
The Legend of Good and Evil Long ago, there lived a beautiful bird. Near her nest were the houses of people. Every day the bird fulfilled their cherished desires. But one day the happy life of people and birds - the sorceress ended. Since an evil and terrible dragon flew into these places. He was very hungry, and his first prey was tapa the phoenix bird. Having eaten the bird, the dragon did not satisfy his hunger and began to eat people. And then there was a great division of people into two camps. Some people, not wanting to be eaten, went over to the side of the dragon and became cannibals themselves, while the other part of the people were constantly looking for a safe haven, suffering from the oppression of a cruel monster. Finally, the dragon, having had his fill, flew off to his gloomy kingdom, and people began to inhabit the entire territory of our planet. They did not stay under the same roof, because they could not live without a good bird, in addition, they constantly quarreled. Thus, good and evil appeared in the world.
10 slide
Description of the slide:
11 slide
Description of the slide:
"Vasilisa the beautiful" Good prevailed over evil. The stepmother and her daughters turned into coal, and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness.
12 slide
Description of the slide:
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin Tale of A.S. Pushkin relies on the traditional fairy tale story about an evil stepmother and a beautiful kind stepdaughter. But Pushkin managed to fill the traditional plot with a special depth, permeated with the light of goodness. Like everything Pushkin, this fairy tale, like gem, sparkling with thousands of facets of meaning, striking us with the many colors of the word and the clear, even radiance emanating from the author - not blinding, but enlightening our blind eyes and spiritually sleeping hearts.
13 slide
Description of the slide:
Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale "The Snow Queen" The forces of good personify, first of all, Gerda, a brave girl who opposed the Snow Queen herself, powerful and invincible. No power could resist the cold look, and even more so, the kiss of the sorceress. But the kindness and courage of Gerda attracts both people and animals to her side.
14 slide
Description of the slide:
Analysis of the Legends of the "GLOBAL FLOOD" When people settled the earth, they first learned to sow bread, and then began to grow grapes and make wine from it. And when they drank wine, they became stupid and evil, offended the weak, praised themselves and deceived each other. God looked at the people, and he was very bitter. And people are getting worse and worse every year. And God was so angry that he decided to destroy all the people and all the animals that he had created.
15 slide
Description of the slide:
Analysis of works of art Gerasim loved Mumu very much, he treated her like a mother to her child, and the fact that he decided to take her life speaks of great strength the will of the hero. If she was destined to die, then it would be better for him to do it himself. Only a very courageous person can make such a decision. And the unauthorized departure of Gerasim from the city is a protest of a disenfranchised person, against humiliation. What happened to Gerasim forever deprived him of the opportunity to be happy, forever fenced him off from people. The story of I. S. Turgenev "Mumu"
16 slide
Description of the slide:
V. Kataev "Flower-Semitsvetik" This good fairy tale Valentina Kataeva teaches us: when desires appear, first think about whether what you wished now is necessary, whether the fulfillment of your desire will bring trouble, inconvenience to others. And most importantly, you must try to fulfill your desires yourself. And it is not at all necessary to have the petals of a flower - a seven-flower in order to perform reasonable actions. It is enough to have a good heart to come to the aid of others in Hard time and don't wait to be asked.
17 slide
Description of the slide:
G. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear" The book tells about a dog that went in search of its owner, who ended up in the hospital. As a result, she became homeless. The story and the film show the characters who reacted differently to the misfortune of the dog. Having endured many humiliations and beatings, Bim ended up in a shelter, where he died.
18 slide
Description of the slide:
The tale of K. G. Paustovsky “Warm Bread” Filka corrected his mistake and by this he proved that he was a strong and courageous person, he had enough spiritual and physical strength to correct the evil deed that he had done, which means that he approached the beautiful. He walked this ladder from the first to the fourth rung and thus atoned for his guilt.
19 slide
Description of the slide:
20 slide
Description of the slide:
CONCLUSION: At the heart of all studied works of fiction lies the idea of the struggle between good and evil. In the vast majority of works, the winner in this confrontation is evil. The triumph of good is observed only in the works of oral folk art - fairy tales. WORKS OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE IMAGES PERFORMING GOOD IMAGES PERFORMING EVIL THE TRIUMPH OF GOOD THE TRIUMPH OF EVIL FAIRY TALES- 3 3 3 3 0 LEGENDS - 1 1 1 0 1 WORKS OF WRITERS - 4 4 4 0 4
21 slide
Description of the slide:
Table: Comparative characteristics themes of good and evil in the works of different times. No. P / P NAME OF WORKS GOOD EVIL 1 Russian folk tale "Vasilisa the Beautiful" + + 2 Author's fairy tale. A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" + + 3 Classical Russian literature of the 19th century. I.S. Turgenev "Mumu" + + 4 Modern Russian literature of the 20th century. 1 KG. Paustovsky "Warm bread" 2.V.Kataev "Flower-seven-flower" 3.G.Troepolsky "White Bim Black ear" + + + + + + 5 Legend. " global flood» + + 6 Foreign literature. H.K.Andersen "The Snow Queen" + +
22 slide
Rationale:
Biblical traditions say that after the creation of the world and man, suffering and grief, and therefore EVIL did not exist, happiness, prosperity, GOOD reigned everywhere. Where did EVIL come from? Who is the bearer of evil in our life? Can it be eradicated? These philosophical questions are asked by every inhabitant of the planet.
From childhood, we, not yet able to read, listened to fairy tales told by our mother or grandmother, admired the beauty and wisdom of Vasilisa the Beautiful, who, thanks to her intelligence and ingenuity, contributed to the triumph of justice in the fight against Koshchei the Immortal. Even three frivolous pigs were able to resist the evil and insidious destroyer - the wolf. Friendship, mutual assistance, love and GOOD were able to defeat deceit and EVIL.
I grew up and gradually got acquainted with the works classical literature. And involuntarily the words came to mind folk wisdom: “who sows good, good is his fruit; whoever sows evil will reap evil."
Any work of our literature basically contains these two concepts: the majestic Peter I defeats the invader Charles XII (A.S. Pushkin’s poem “Poltava”), or the charming Oksana inspires Vakula to fearless deeds (N.V. Gogol’s story “The Night Before Christmas” ). And how penetrating in terms of the struggle between good and evil is Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment!
Thinking about this, I came to the conclusion that almost every work contains this problem, and I wanted to plunge into the mystery.
Problematic question: How does it happen in life: good or evil wins?
The purpose of the study: to find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this fight?
Object of study: fiction
Subject of research: confrontation between good and evil
Research methods:
- survey,
- analysis,
- comparison,
- classification
Tasks:
Collect historical and literary information on the problem of good and evil in Russian literature.
Examine a number of works of Russian literature containing the problem of good and evil.
Conduct a classification of works in order to determine the winners in the confrontation.
Prepare abstract material on the stated topic
Develop skills in working with different sources
Make a presentation of the project at the Literary Lounge
To participate in school conference
Hypothesis: Suppose that there would be no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.
Analysis of the sociological survey:
Questions Answers
What do you think came first: good or evil? Good - 18 Evil - 2
What is more in the world: good or evil? Good - 15 Evil - 5
Who is the winner in the battle between good and evil? Good - 10 Evil - 10
Conclusion: I interviewed 20 people. These are my classmates, school teachers, relatives and neighbors. The survey data show that most people believe that good appeared earlier than evil, that there is more good in the world than evil. However, speaking of the struggle between good and evil, there is a balance.
The social significance of the project: the materials of the work can be used in literature lessons, extracurricular activities. The work needs to be continued: studies of the problem of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in contemporary literature.
Project implementation
ancient legend
In a distant country lived good wizards. And although people had never seen them, they knew that wizards existed because they often felt their presence and help.
They say that in a magical land the sun always warms, and even in winter flowers of extraordinary beauty grow. They are strewn all around, and there is no such place, wherever they grow, wherever there are bushes with ripe juicy berries. Unusual animals that can talk and fly live in the forests. Goldfish swim in the rivers, and birds sing amazing melodies.
Love and peace reign everywhere. There are no nights in this country. Only - light sunny days as well as the mood of its inhabitants. Among the mountains there is a castle in which there are many mirrors. It is through them that wizards learn about people's lives and send them their help.
There is a legend that wizards are the same people, but only able to work miracles. The legend says that those people who never wished harm to others, knew how to love and brought only good to the world, do not die, but move to a magical country, gaining the gift of magic. The queen gives them this gift.
Everything was fine in the country of wizards until black magicians came to their land. A dark fog hung over the country, eclipsing the sun, enveloping the forests and rivers. Having captured the magical land, the magicians first of all broke the mirrors and began to subjugate the magicians to their power, using their gift for their own black purposes.
They wanted to seize the earth with all its countries and cities, destroy all life, creating their own empire. But their strength was not enough. Then they began to look for people with evil thoughts and, like a sponge, they absorbed everything negative that was in the thoughts of a person, thereby replenishing their power and strengthening their power.
Magic was powerless before the magic of destruction and evil. It had no effect on mages. The forces were not equal, and the wizards despaired. Calling their queen, they asked for advice.
“In order for the black fog to dissipate, the help of people is needed,” said the queen, “without them we are powerless.
"People," the wizards were surprised. What can they do when they themselves need help?
- In people there is kindness, compassion, love. And this is the most powerful weapon against the evil that lives in magicians. They feed on it and turn it against those who bring it. Only in this is their strength, because magicians live according to the law of the boomerang.
The wizards looked at each other.
- We do not know such a law.
- It has existed for thousands of years. If you think about the bad, wish someone evil, sooner or later it will return to you like a boomerang and vice versa. Magicians intercept evil thoughts, and when they gather as much as they need to achieve their goal, they will have enough power to destroy people with their own help.
- But how to notify people of the danger that threatens them? How to explain that their thoughts can turn against them? After all, the magicians broke all the mirrors. Maybe send someone?
And the queen sent wonderful birds to the world of people so that they would save people from gloomy thoughts with their magical singing, and goldfish appeared in lakes and rivers to delight everyone with their beauty.
But among the people there were those who caught the birds and put them in cages, and sold the goldfish to other countries.
Then the black fog thickened even more over the wizards' castle. And people lost their help.
The magicians laughed: "Soon the whole Earth will be ours, and you will serve us."
"Wizards will never be in the service of evil," said the queen, and waved her wand. All wizards turned into a white cloud. The wind blew, and in the morning people saw a whole sea of cirrus clouds in the sky.
- What a beauty! - they said admiringly, and looking at the sky, they thought about how beautiful the world is.
“Look, mommy, the clouds are smiling,” the little girl remarked. - How beautiful they are.
The girl waved her hand at them, and at that moment a star fell from the sky.
“If you make a wish, it will surely come true,” Mom smiled.
- Let everyone now be good and fun.
These words sounded like a spell. The black fog cleared. The wizards returned to their country again, and the magicians, turning into black clouds, flew off into the unknown. Now they are doomed to eternal wandering, because never before has evil been able to defeat good.
The legend is a fiction, but, like in a fairy tale, there is a depth of knowledge in it. Good could never exist without evil.
Probably, with the advent of humanity on Earth, evil appeared second, and only after - good, eradicating this evil. I believe that just as good cannot exist without evil, so evil cannot exist without good. Good and evil are everywhere, and every day we are confronted with these two manifestations in Everyday life. So Russian writers often reflected the problem of good and evil in their works and always wanted to show people, using the example of their heroes, what evil, self-interest and envy leads to, and, of course, what gives us good. A.A. Fet also spoke about this
Two worlds rule from the ages
Two equal beings:
One embraces a man,
The other is my soul and thought.
And as in a dewdrop, a little noticeable
You will recognize the whole face of the sun,
So merged in the depths of the cherished
You will find the whole universe.
Not deceitful young courage:
Bend over fatal labor -
And the world will reveal its blessings;
But to be not a thought of a deity.
And even in the hour of rest.
Lifting a sweaty brow
Don't be afraid of bitter comparison
And distinguish between good and evil.
But if on the wings of pride
You dare to know like a god
Do not bring into the world of shrines
Your slave anxieties.
Pari is all-seeing and all-powerful,
And from unstained heights
Good and evil, like grave dust,
In the crowds of people will disappear.
Works of fiction, in my opinion, always reflect the reality of life. Life itself is an irreconcilable struggle between good and evil. This is evidenced by the statements of many philosophers, thinkers, writers.
-Not the smart one who knows how to distinguish good from evil, but the one who knows how to choose the lesser of two evils. Arabic saying
-Do not think good deeds, but do good. Robert Walser
-Don't let the ingratitude of many discourage you from doing good to people; for besides the fact that doing good in itself and without any other purpose is a noble deed, but doing good, you sometimes meet in one person so much gratitude that it rewards all the ingratitude of others. Francesco Guicciardini
-Kindness and modesty are two qualities that should never tire a person. Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson
An excess of evil breeds good. Percy Bysshe Shelley
-Nature arranged so that insults are remembered longer than good deeds.
When, having done evil, a person is afraid that people will find out about it, he can still find a way to good. When, having done good, a person tries to make people know about it, he generates evil. Hong Zicheng
Good and evil are united only in the fact that in the end they always return to the person who made them. Baurzhan Toyshibekov
-If you do good, people will accuse you of hidden selfishness and selfishness. And still do good. Mother Teresa
I will start my research with an analysis of CNT products.
Everything is in a fairy tale
There is evil and good in it,
Yes, it just didn't happen.
For evil to triumph over good.
A fairy tale... It seems that the word itself glows and rings. It rings with a silver magical ringing, like the bell of a troika that takes us to wonderful world beautiful and dangerous adventure, fantastic miracles. The poet Surikov wrote:
I listen to a fairy tale -
The heart is dying;
And in the pipe angrily
The evil wind sings...
Why does the heart skip a beat? Yes, fear for life fairytale heroes, after all, both the snakes Gorynych and Koschey the Immortal tried to destroy them. Yes, and Baba Yaga Bone Leg is a very insidious person. However, bold strong heroes always ready for exploits, fighting against evil and deceit.
Russian folk tale "Ivan - peasant son and Miracle Yudo"
The problem of good and evil
Goodness in the fairy tale is represented in the image of Ivanushka. He is ready to die, but to defeat the enemy. Ivanushka is very smart and resourceful. He is generous and modest, does not tell anyone about his exploits.
“No,” says Ivanushka, “I don’t want to stay at home and wait for you, I’ll go and fight with a miracle!”
“I came to see you, the enemy force, to try your fortress ... I came to fight with you to the death, to save good people from you, damned!”
But evil in this work is presented in the image of Miracle Yuda. Miracle Yudo is a monster that tried to destroy all life on earth and remain victorious.
“The news suddenly spread in that kingdom-state: the filthy miracle Yudo is going to attack their land, exterminate all the people, burn all the towns and villages with fire ...
“The miracle Yudo villain ruined everyone, plundered, betrayed a fierce death.”
“Suddenly, the waters were agitated on the river, the eagles screamed on the oaks - a miracle Yudo with nine heads was driving up.”
The representatives of the power of evil in the fairy tale are three miraculous wives and a mother, an old snake.
“And I,” says the third, “I will let sleep and slumber on them, and I myself will run ahead and turn into a soft carpet with silk pillows. If the brothers want to lie down, rest, then we will burn them with fire!
Conclusion:
Good has triumphed over evil in this story. Ivanushka defeated Yudo's miracle, and everyone began to live happily ever after.
“In the meantime, Ivan the peasant son got out of the ground, contrived, cut off the fiery finger of the miraculous Yudu and let's chop off his head. He knocked every single one, cut his body into small parts, threw it into the Smorodina River ”
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
Russian folk tale "Vasilisa the Beautiful"
The problem of good and evil
“The stepmother takes out the evil on Vasilisa with beatings ..”
Good and evil in this tale is presented in the faces of the young princess and her stepmother. People draw a young girl as smart, inquisitive and courageous. She works hard, patiently enduring all the insults that her stepmother and her daughter inflict on her.
“Vasilisa endured everything resignedly ... Vasilisa herself, it used to be, would not eat, and she would leave the most tidbit to the doll ...
"It's me, grandmother, stepmother's daughters sent me for fire to you."
"My mother's blessing helps me,"
But the stepmother is an evil character, she tried to get rid of her stepdaughter with her actions. Her envy knew no bounds, and her main actions were - loading Vasilisa with work, as well as the constant resentment of the girl.
“The merchant married a widow, but was deceived and did not find in her a good mother for his Vasilisa ... The stepmother and sisters envied her beauty, tormented her with all kinds of work, so that she would lose weight from labor, and turn black from the wind and sun; there was no life at all!”
Conclusion: Good in this tale prevailed over evil. The stepmother and her daughters turned into coal, and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the king in contentment and happiness.
“Then the king took Vasilisa by the white hands, seated him next to him, and there they played a wedding ... She took the old woman Vasilisa to her, and at the end of her life she always carried the doll in her pocket.”
“You have to follow the fire,” both sisters shouted. Go to Baba Yaga ... "
Literary tale A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs"
The problem of good and evil
Admiring the richness of fiction, the high moral principles of folk tales, Pushkin enthusiastically exclaims: “What a charm these tales are! Each is a poem!
The magnificent Pushkin tales, in which the genius of the people and the genius of the great Russian poet were combined, appeared in the 1930s. They are not written for children, and in them, as in many other Pushkin's works, bitterness and sadness, mockery and protest, good and evil sound. They reflected the poet's deep love for the common people, Pushkin's inexhaustible faith in the victory of reason, goodness and justice.
The main opposition in this work runs along the lines of the young princess and her stepmother. The poet draws a young girl as kind, meek, hardworking and defenseless. Her outer beauty corresponds to the beauty of the inner. The princess has a special tact, grace, femininity. Let us pay attention to the fact that Pushkin helps to understand the character of the princess, resorting only to verbs:
The princess walked around the house,
Removed everything,
Lit a candle to God
Fired up the stove hot
I climbed up on the floor
And quietly subsided ...
It is difficult for her to live in a world where there is evil, envy and deceit. A completely different queen-stepmother appears before us. She is also beautiful, but "angry", and jealous, and envious.
And the queen laugh
And shrug your shoulders
And wink your eyes
And snap your fingers
And spin around,
Looking proudly in the mirror...
"Nothing to do. She is full of black envy ... "
...the evil queen
Threatening her with a slingshot
Decided or not to live,
Or destroy the princess ...
The thought that this beauty is not good without good permeates the whole fairy tale. Many loved the young princess. The question arises, why did they not save her? Yes, because only Prince Elisha loved her truly sincerely and devotedly. Only true love Prince Elisha saves the princess, awakening her from a dead sleep.
Conclusion: Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. These Pushkin showed the internal failure and doom of evil.
Literature of the 19th century. A.S. Pushkin. The novel "Eugene Onegin"
The problem of good and evil
In this work, Tatyana is the good and bright side. She is a very gentle and pure character. Her soul is open to everyone. In the depths of her soul, Tatyana remained the same Russian woman, ready at any moment to escape from the bustle of the city and go somewhere far away and devote herself to rural life.
Tatyana is that Russian woman who could go to Siberia for her beloved
Tatiana, dear Tatiana...
... I love my dear Tatyana so much! ..
For ... that in sweet simplicity
She knows no lies
And he believes in his chosen dream.
For what... that loves without art,
Obedient to the attraction of feelings,
How trusting she is
What is gifted from heaven
rebellious imagination,
Mind and will alive,
And wayward head
And with a fiery and tender heart.
She is one of those whole poetic natures who can only love once.
Long hearted languor
It pressed her young breast;
The soul was waiting... for someone.
Tatyana could not fall in love with any of the young people around her. But Onegin was immediately noticed and singled out by her:
You just entered, I instantly found out
All numb, blazed
And in her thoughts she said: here he is!
Pushkin sympathizes with Tatyana's love, worries with her.
Tatiana, dear Tatiana!
With you now I shed tears ...
Her love for Onegin is a pure, deep feeling.
Tatyana loves not jokingly
And surrender unconditionally
Love like a sweet child.
Lensky is another bright character. He is kind and fair man ready at any moment to give a helping hand to his comrade. This is a very spiritual and poetic young man. A. S. Pushkin talks with mild irony about Lensky, this enthusiastic romantic who
... sang separation and sadness,
And something, and that manna far away.
And also, with some mockery, he speaks of how Lensky wrote:
So he wrote, dark and sluggish
(What we call romanticism,
Although there is no romanticism here
I don't see...).
Romanticism has already passed away, as does Lensky. His death is quite logical, it symbolizes a complete rejection of romantic ideas. Lensky does not develop over time, he is static. Different from those people among whom he is forced to live (and in this he is similar to Onegin), Lensky was only capable of quickly breaking out - and fading away. And even if Onegin had not killed him, most likely, in the future, Lensky would have an ordinary life that would have cooled his ardor and turned him into common man, which
Drank, ate, missed, got fat, sickly
And finally in your bed
I would die among the children,
Crying women and doctors.
Such a path, a point of view, is not viable, which Pushkin proves to the reader.
A completely different point of view of Onegin. It is somewhat similar to the author's point of view, and therefore at some point they become friends:
I liked his features
Dreams involuntary devotion ...
They both converge in their attitude to the light, both flee from it.
Onegin is a skeptic and at the same time an intellectual. Onegin does not believe in love, does not believe in happiness, does not believe in anything like that. The years spent in the false world were not in vain for him. After so many years of living in a lie, Eugene cannot truly love. His soul is full of passions. This explains his understanding of Tatyana. But, having received a letter from Tatyana, he shows nobility, because "... he was vividly touched" by inexperience and a sincere feeling of her love: "your sincerity is dear to me." His rebuke to Tatyana is dictated by his concern for the young girl:
But he didn't want to cheat.
The trust of an innocent soul.
In his soul there still remained the remnants of conscience, not burned by the fire of passions, surprisingly combined with egoism. Therefore, he says to Tatyana:
Whenever life is around the house
I wanted to limit
That's right, except for you alone
The bride was not looking for another ...
Once upon a time, in his early youth, Onegin probably believed in the possibility of high love for life. But his whole subsequent life, filled with passions, killed this faith - and even the hope of its return:
Dreams and years have no return:
I won't renew my soul...
Here it is - the main tragedy of Onegin: "I will not renew my soul"! Of course, from his point of view, he is right, he acts nobly: not believing in the possibility of love, he refuses it, so as not to deceive the girl, not to put her to shame.
As much as I love you,
Having got used, I will stop loving immediately;
Start crying: your tears
Don't touch my heart
And they'll just piss him off...
Why is Onegin so sure that there can be no other "family happiness"? Because he saw too many similar examples in the light:
What could be worse in the world
Families where the poor wife
Sad for an unworthy husband
And day and evening alone;
Where is the boring husband, knowing her price
(Fate, however, cursing),
Always frowning, silent,
Angry and cold-jealous!
The author gradually moves away from Onegin. When Onegin goes to a duel, frightened public opinion, and kills Lensky on it, when it turns out that his point of view is not based on solid moral principles, the author completely moves away from his hero. A. S. Pushkin shows us Onegin's point of view, for example, his attitude to the theater:
...to the stage
I looked in great confusion,
Turned away - and yawned
Onegin's attitude to love:
How early could he be hypocritical,
Hold hope, be jealous ... -
it just doesn't have the right to exist.
Onegin, being a “genius” of the science of love, missed the opportunity for happiness for himself, turned out to be incapable of true feeling (at the beginning). When he was able to fall in love, he still did not achieve happiness, it was already too late. This is the true tragedy of Onegin. And his path turns out to be wrong, unreal.
Conclusion:
Kind, pure, sincere Tatyana evokes in us, readers, only tender and noble feelings. Girls want to be like her. We compare our actions with the actions of Tatyana. I so want this girl to be happy, and her love is mutual.
Readers' opinions about Onegin change precisely at the moment when he cold-bloodedly takes the life of Lensky. Anger, arrogance drive his act. I can not believe that a young man can be so cruel and treacherous.
A.S. Pushkin loves his heroine, Tatyana, very much, but Onegin is opposite. The closer Pushkin is to Tatyana, the more he moves away from Onegin, who is morally much lower than her. And only when Onegin is capable of high feeling when he falls in love with Tatyana, the critical assessments of A. S. Pushkin will disappear.
The image of Onegin opens a gallery of portraits of "superfluous people" in Russian literature. Following him, Lermontov's Pechorin, Turgenev's Rudin, Goncharov's Oblomov will appear... The fate of these heroes is also "spoiled by the world", by upbringing, and they suffer from the fact that they cannot find a use for themselves, be useful to society. In their characters there is arrogance, and coldness and anger. But this is not only their personal tragedy, it is also the tragedy of the society in which they exist.
A.S. Pushkin "The Stationmaster"
The problem of good and evil
The story of the story "The Stationmaster" is colored with sadness and compassion. Irony in the epigraph, in the name of the protagonist: a small, powerless man is named after biblical hero. According to M. Gershenzon's definition, the heroes of the story became victims of "walking morality", some literary models.
“Before I had time to pay off my old coachman, Dunya returned with a samovar. The little coquette noticed at a second glance the impression she made on me; she lowered her big blue eyes; I began to talk to her, she answered me without any timidity, like a girl who has seen the light. I offered her father a glass of punch; I gave Dunya a cup of tea, and the three of us began to talk, as if we had known each other for a century.
“So you knew my Dunya? he began. Who didn't know her? Oh, Dunya, Dunya! What a girl she was! It used to be that whoever passes by, everyone will praise, no one will condemn. The ladies gave her, the one with a handkerchief, the other with earrings. Gentlemen, the travelers stopped on purpose, as if to dine or supper, but in fact only to look at her longer. It used to happen that the master, no matter how angry he was, would calm down in her presence and talk graciously to me. Believe me, sir: couriers, couriers talked to her for half an hour. She kept the house: what to clean up, what to cook, she managed to do everything. And I, the old fool, do not look enough, it used to be, I do not get enough; did I not love my Dunya, did I not cherish my child; did she not have a life? No, you won’t get rid of trouble; what is destined, that will not pass"
The main character himself is endowed by the author with good human qualities:
“I see, as now, the owner himself, a man of about fifty, fresh and vigorous, and his long green frock coat with three medals on faded ribbons.”
“A real martyr”, “a trembling caretaker”, “peaceful, helpful people, prone to cohabitation”, “modest in claims to honors”, “not too greedy”).
The fact that Dunya did not leave her parental home with a light heart is evidenced by only one mean phrase: “The coachman ... said that Dunya was crying all the way, although she seemed to be driving according to her own desire”).
Samson Vyrin is waiting for the return of the prodigal daughter, and he is ready to accept and forgive her, but he did not wait, he died. Dunya, according to the model of the parable, allows in the future to return with a dissection to native home, and she returns, but it turns out that there is nowhere to return. Life is simpler and tougher than many old parables. The whole point is in this "wonderful transformation" of Dunya: after all, it only aggravates the miserable position of the caretaker. Yes, Dunya became a rich lady, but her father was not even allowed on the threshold of the capital's house, where Minsky placed Dunya. The poor didn't just stay poor; he was also insulted, he was trampled human dignity.
“It was definitely Samson Vyrin; but how old he is. While he was about to rewrite my roadmap, I looked at his gray hair, at the deep wrinkles of his long unshaven face, at his hunched back - and could not be surprised how three or four years could turn a vigorous man into a frail old man.
And the family, female, maternal happiness of the daughter, visible to outsiders, only exacerbates the grief of the old father in the eyes of the reader. Why, she, at the end of the story, clearly bends under the weight of belated repentance.
Conclusion: The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, inherent in her character loving parents, disappear under the influence of another feeling. Whatever Minsky's feelings toward Duna, in the end he still personifies evil. This evil destroyed the family, this evil made Dunya unhappy, led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri"
The problem of good and evil
Exiled in the spring of 1837 to the Caucasus, Lermontov traveled along the Georgian Military Highway. Near the Mtskheta station, near Tiflis, there was once a monastery.
Here the poet met a decrepit old man wandering among the ruins and gravestones. It was a highlander monk. The old man told Lermontov how, as a child, he was taken prisoner by the Russians and given up for education in this monastery. He recalled how he missed his homeland then, how he dreamed of returning home. But gradually he got used to his prison, was drawn into the monotonous monastic life and became a monk. The story of the old man, who in his youth was a novice in the Mtskheta monastery, or in Georgian "mtsyri", answered Lermontov's own thoughts, which he had nurtured for many, many years.
Eight years have passed, and Lermontov embodied his old idea in a poem
"Mtsyri". Home, fatherland, freedom, life, struggle - everything is united in one radiant constellation and fills the reader's soul with a languid longing for a dream. A hymn of high "fiery passion", a hymn to romantic burning - this is what the poem "Mtsyri" is:
I knew only one thought power,
One - but a fiery passion ...
Undoubtedly, in the poem "Mtsyri" feelings of kindness and mercy are obvious. The monks took and tamed the poor sick boy, they took him out, cured him, surrounded him with attention and care, one might say, gave him life ... And that's all good. However, the monks deprived Mtsyri of the most important thing - freedom, they forbade him to return to his relatives, friends, find them, find them again ... The monks thought that Mtsyri was ready to give up life, but he only dreamed of life. A long time ago he decided to run away to find his homeland, his relatives and friends:
Find out if the earth is beautiful
Find out for freedom or prison
We will be born into this world.
In the first chapter of the poem, the tragic contradictions between mental strength young men and life circumstances that drove him into the narrow framework of monastic life. In the cramped dark church, during the early morning service, there stood a thin, weak boy, not quite awake yet, awakened by a deafening bell ringing from a sweet morning dream. And it seemed to him that the saints looked at him from the walls with a gloomy and mute threat, as the monks looked. And up there, on the latticed window, the sun played:
Oh how I wanted to go there
From the darkness of the cell and prayers,
Into that wonderful world of passions and battles...
I swallowed bitter tears
AND children's voice mine was trembling
When I sang the praise
Who on earth is me alone
Instead of a homeland, he gave me a prison...
And so, when the young man has to take a vow, he disappears under the cover of night. He's been away for three days. He is found exhausted and exhausted. "And his end was near; Then a black man came to him." The dying confession begins - eleven chapters, telling about the three days of freedom, containing all the tragedy and all the happiness of his life.
Mtsyri's confession turns into a sermon, an argument with the confessor that voluntary slavery is lower than the "wonderful world of worries and battles" that opens up with freedom. Mtsyri does not repent of his deed, does not speak about the sinfulness of his desires, thoughts and actions. Like a dream, the image of his father and sisters stood before Mtsyri, and he tried to find his way home. For three days he lived and enjoyed the wilderness. He enjoyed everything he was deprived of - harmony, unity, brotherhood. The Georgian girl he met is also a part of freedom and harmony, merged with nature, but he loses his way home. On his way, Mtsyri met a leopard. The young man already felt all the power and joy of freedom, saw the unity of nature, I enter into battle with one of her creations. It was an equal rivalry, where each Living being defended the right to do what nature prescribed for him. Mtsyri won, while receiving mortal wounds from the claws of the leopard. Found unconscious. Having come to his senses, Mtsyri is not afraid of death, he is saddened only by the fact that he will be buried in his native land.
Mtsyri, who saw the beauty of life, does not regret the short duration of his stay on earth, he made an attempt to break out of his bonds, his spirit is not broken, free will lives in a dying body. M. Yu. Lermontov with this poem made it clear to us that the aspirations of people are feasible, you just need to passionately desire something and not be afraid to take a decisive step. Many, like the old man who met Lermontov, do not find the strength to make an attempt to regain their freedom.
Conclusion:
Unfortunately, in this work evil wins, because a person died without gaining freedom. Goodness is evident in mercy and compassion for one's neighbor. However, this overly obsessive kindness turns into suffering, grief and, ultimately, death for Mtsyri. You can look for excuses for monks, delving into religious concepts and traditions, but it seems to me that christian religion was based on freedom and faith. And Mtsyri believed in his freedom. It turns out that the monks "wanted to do the best, but it turned out as always."
N.A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
The problem of good and evil
Ostrovsky contrasts the spiritualized rich nature Katerina:
“Why don’t people fly! I speak, why people do not fly like birds? Sometimes I feel like I'm a bird. When you stand on a mountain, you are drawn to fly. That's how I would have fled, raised my hands and flown" - the malicious life of a small Volga town, where some "tyrannize", while others dutifully obey. main character plays Katerina marked strong character, she is not used to humiliation and insults and therefore conflicts with the cruel old mother-in-law. In her mother's house, Katerina lived freely and easily. In the House of Kabanovs, she feels like a bird in a cage.
The images of domestic tyrants are shown in the play in a vital and convincing manner. " Cruel morals, sir, in our city, cruel! In philistinism, sir, you will see nothing but rudeness and bare poverty. And we, sir, will never get out of this bark! Because honest labor will never earn us more daily bread. And whoever has money, sir, he tries to enslave the poor, so that for his free labors more money make money. Do you know what your uncle, Savel Prokofich, answered the mayor? The peasants came to the mayor to complain that he would not read any of them by the way. The mayor began to say to him: “Listen,” he says, “Savel Prokofich, you count the peasants well! Every day they come to me with a complaint!” Your uncle patted the mayor on the shoulder and said: “Is it worth it, your honor, to talk about such trifles with me! man, I have thousands of this, so it is; it’s good for me! That's how, sir! And among themselves, sir, how they live! They undermine each other's trade, and not so much out of self-interest, but out of envy. They quarrel with each other; they get drunken clerks into their tall mansions, such, sir, clerks, that there is no human sight on him, a human appearance is lost "" - (Kuligin; tradesman, self-taught watchmaker, looking for a perpetuum mobile).
Kabanikha believes that the main thing in the family is not love, but fear.
The boar eats domestic animals in order to kill their will, any ability to resist. She supports
superstitions and prejudices, strictly observes the old customs and practices:
“Why are you standing there, don’t you know the order? order
wife - how to live without you!
A boar is a domineering, proud, wayward woman, accustomed only to unquestioning obedience and humiliation
others:
"Well, well, give orders! So that I can hear what you order her!”
“In the night, in the night,” he orders Tikhon.
This is not a woman, but a heartless, cruel executioner. Even at the sight of Katerina's body pulled out of the Volga, she remains icy calm. The boar understands that only fear can keep people in subjection, prolong the reign of petty tyrants. To the words of Tikhon, why should his wife be afraid of him, Kabanikha exclaims in horror:
“Why be afraid! Yes, you're crazy, right? You will not be afraid, and even more so me.
She defends the law, according to which the weak must be afraid of the strong, according to which a person should not have his own will. After
Katerina's confession, she loudly, triumphantly says to Tikhon:
“What, son! Where will the will lead? I told you, so you
did not want to listen. That's what I've been waiting for!"
Everything comes in ignorance, in fear of anything new. Katerina fell in love with Boris - weak-willed and weak. He is much lower in the spiritual qualities of his chosen woman. Sensitive and sincerely pure Katerina cannot live, sinning on the sly: “I don’t know how to deceive, I can’t hide anything.” Last words Katerina before her death turned to her beloved: “My friend! My joy! Goodbye!"
Ostrovsky in the play "Thunderstorm" showed the tragic fate of a young woman who dared to have a free feeling and was lonely in her aspiration.
Conclusions:
In this work, evil triumphs over good. It would seem that young a beautiful couple. No matter what, live in love and happiness. So after all, evil cannot see the happiness of others. Katerina dies, from hopelessness she rushes into the Volga ... She did not want to put up with the reality that kills human dignity, she could not live without moral purity, love and harmony, and therefore she got rid of suffering in the only way possible in those circumstances. “... Just as a human being, it is gratifying for us to see Katerina’s deliverance - even through death, if it’s impossible otherwise ... A healthy person breathes a gratifying, fresh life on us, finding in herself the determination to end this rotten life at all costs !..” - says N.A. Dobrolyubov. And therefore, the tragic finale of the drama - Katerina's suicide - is not a defeat, but an affirmation of the strength of a free person, - this is a protest against Kabanov's concepts of morality, "proclaimed under domestic torture, and over the abyss into which the poor woman rushed", this is "a terrible challenge to the tyrannical force ". And in this sense, Katerina's suicide is her victory.
N.A. Ostrovsky "Dowry"
The problem of good and evil
Larisa - meaningful name, like any name from Ostrovsky: translated from Greek - a seagull. Larisa is prone to various types of art, she loves everything beautiful. Women with the name Larisa are charming, smart, neat, always in the spotlight, especially among men. Such is Larisa at Ostrovsky's. Dreamy and artistic, she does not notice the vulgar sides in people, sees them through the eyes of the heroine of the Russian romance and acts in accordance with it. For her there is only a world of pure passions, selfless love, charm.
This play is a vivid protest against the power of money in society. Larisa is surrounded by people who are ready to either buy or sell. She grows up in an atmosphere of venality - her mother, preoccupied with how to accommodate her daughters, shamelessly takes money from merchants, without thinking about deer and without inspiring any moral principles daughters. Merchants Knurov and Vozhevatov initially treat Larisa as a thing. Paratov, adored by her, can afford a feeling, just to have fun. He broke Larisa's life, but did not give up his goal of becoming the owner of the gold mines. Disgraceful person. He did not find it necessary to refuse cruel fun. Knurov says about her: “It’s nice to see her alone more often, without interference ...” Or: “Larisa was created for luxury ...”
His opinion is also shared by Larisa’s longtime friend, Vozhevatov: “the young lady is pretty, she plays the different instruments, sings, circulation is free, it pulls. How sensitive! He does not like Larisa and Karandyshev - it is important for him to rise above others due to the "possession" of such an enviable wife as Larisa.
Bargaining for Larisa covers all the male characters of the play. A whole circle of contenders forms around her. But what do they offer her? Knurov and Vozhevatov - content. Karandyshev - the position of an honest married woman and miserable existence. Paratov wants to spend the last days of his bachelor's freedom in style. Larisa is just a strong hobby for him. Who didn't get involved? That is his philosophy.
The main thing for Larisa is love. She completely trusts her chosen one and is ready to follow him to the ends of the world:
"Paratov. Now or never.
Larisa. Let's go.
Paratov. How do you decide to go beyond the Volga?
Larisa. Wherever you please."
In such an unbearable living situation, Larisa still retains spirituality, sincerity, the ability to love.
The deepest disappointment for Larisa is that all people treat her like a thing. “Thing… yes, thing! They are right, I am a thing, not a person. I am now convinced that I have tested myself ... I am a thing! She wanted something completely different: “I was looking for love and did not find it. They looked at me and look at me as if they were fun. No one ever tried to look into my soul, I did not see sympathy from anyone, I did not hear a warm, heartfelt word. But it's so cold to live ... "
In a fit of desperation, Larisa challenges the world of profit: “Well, if you are a thing, then there is one consolation - to be expensive, very expensive.”
Larisa herself is not capable of a more decisive step, but Karandyshev's shot is perceived by her as a boon. This is probably the only act committed not by calculation, the only manifestation of a living feeling. Larisa dies with words of forgiveness on her lips: “My dear, what a blessing you have done for me! Pistol here, here on the table! It’s me myself… Oh, what a boon!”
Knurov Vozhevatov Paratov
"Significant people of the city" "Brilliant gentleman"
Yes, you can do business with money. Good for someone ... who has a lot of money.
“Find people who will promise you tens of thousands for free, and then scold me.
- If I say: the eagle, then I will lose, the eagle, of course, you. - You have to pay for pleasures, they are not given for free ...
- I know what a merchant's word is.
- What I promised, I will fulfill: for me the word is the law, what is said is holy.
- Every product has a price. - I am a man with rules, marriage is sacred to me.
- I myself am the same hauler.
What is "sorry" I don't know. I have nothing treasured; I will find a profit, so I will sell everything, anything.
- I have a rule: do not forgive anyone for anything ...
- After all, I almost married Larisa - if only I would make people laugh.
- Gentlemen, I have a weakness for artists.
Conclusion:
The work ended sadly and tragically. An amazing girl has good beginnings in herself: she loves her mother, sisters, she is obedient, she is attentive to people, she is noble. And only when she is driven to despair, she protests. There is something of martyrdom in her image.
Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death is the only worthy way out, because only in death will she cease to be a thing. That is why the heroine thanks the killer for the shot.
Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The problem of good and evil
The main philosophical question of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment is the boundaries between good and evil. The writer seeks to define these concepts and show their interaction in society and in the individual. In Raskolnikov's protest, it is difficult to draw a clear line between good and evil. Raskolnikov is unusually kind and philanthropic: he passionately loves his sister and mother; pities the Marmeladovs and helps them, gives the last money for the funeral of Marmeladov; does not remain indifferent to the fate of the drunk girl on the boulevard. Raskolnikov's dream of a horse slaughtered to death emphasizes the hero's humanism, his protest against evil and violence.
At the same time, he shows extreme selfishness, individualism, cruelty and ruthlessness. Raskolnikov creates an anti-human theory of "two categories of people", which determines in advance who will live and who will die. He owns the justification of the "idea of blood in conscience", when any person can be killed for the sake of higher goals and principles. Raskolnikov, loving people, suffering for their pain, commits the villainous murder of an old pawnbroker and her sister, meek Lizaveta. Having committed a murder, he tries to assert the absolute moral freedom of a person, which in essence means permissiveness. This leads to the fact that the boundaries of evil cease to exist.
But Raskolnikov commits all the crimes for the sake of good. A paradoxical idea arises: good is laid at the foundation of evil. Good and evil are fighting in the soul of Raskolnikov. Evil, brought to the limit, brings him closer to Svidrigailov, good, brought to self-sacrifice, makes him related to Sonya Marmeladova.
In the novel, Raskolnikov and Sonya are a confrontation between good and evil. Sonya preaches kindness based on Christian humility, Christian love for one's neighbor and for all who suffer.
But even in Sonya's actions, life itself blurs the line between good and evil. She takes a step full of Christian love and kindness towards her neighbor - she sells herself in order not to let her sick stepmother and her children die of hunger. And to herself, to her conscience, she causes irreparable harm. And again good is at the root of evil.
The interpenetration of good and evil can also be seen in Svidrigailov's nightmare before suicide. This hero completes the chain of malicious crimes in the novel: rape, murder, child molestation. True, the author does not confirm the fact that these crimes were committed: they are mainly Luzhin's gossip. But it is absolutely known that Svidrigailov arranged for the children of Katerina Ivanovna, helped Sonya Marmeladova. Dostoevsky shows how a complex struggle between good and evil takes place in the soul of this hero. Dostoevsky tries to draw a line between good and evil in the novel. But human world too complex and unfair, it erases the boundaries between these concepts. Therefore, Dostoevsky sees salvation and truth in faith. Christ for him is the highest criterion of morality, the bearer of true goodness on earth. And this is the only thing the writer does not doubt.
Conclusion: on the pages of the novel, good and evil go hand in hand. But, oddly enough, superiority is on the side of evil. Evil in the novel is primarily a social system that creates unbearable living conditions for people, leads to endless suffering, morally corrupts people, distorts human nature. The writer showed the truth about humiliated people, about malice and cruelty, about social contradictions.
3. Comparison and classification table
Works of Russian literature Images personifying good Images personifying evil triumph of good triumph of evil
Russian folk tale "Ivan the peasant son ..." Ivan Chudo-Yudo
Serpents - the wives of the Miracle Yuda + -
Russian folk tale "Vasilisa the Beautiful" Princess Evil Stepmother + -
Literary tale A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" Princess, Prince Elisha. Queen stepmother + -
A.S. Pushkin. The novel "Eugene Onegin" Tatiana, Lensky Larin family Eugene Onegin
Metropolitan nobility - +
A.S. Pushkin "The Stationmaster" Samson Vyrin, Dunya Minsky
social order - +
A.S. Pushkin
"Dubrovsky" Vladimir, Masha, peasants Troekurov,
Social layers - +
A.S. Pushkin
The Captain's Daughter Petr Grinev, Masha Mironova
Captain Mironov Shvabrin
Pugachev
Catherine's era -
+ _
+
M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri" Mtsyri Monks - +
M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" Bela
Maksim Maksimovich
Vera Azamat
Pechorin, Kazbich
"water society"
Grushnitsky - +
M.Yu.Lermontov
"A song about...
merchant Kalashnikov" Merchant Kalashnikov,
Alena Ivanovna Epoch, Ivan the Terrible,
Kiribeich - +
N.V. Gogol
"Inspector" Khlestakov Image of the people - +
N.V. Gogol
"Dead Souls" Simple people Chichikov Korobochka,
Nozdrev
Sobakevich
Plushkin
officials _ +
I.S. Turgenev
"Fathers and Sons" Odintsov
N.P. Kirsanov
Bazarov P.P. Kirsanov
Bazarov - +
N.A. Nekrasov
“Who in Rus' should live well” Grisha Dobrosklonov,
travelers,
Matrena Timofeevna
Savely Pop
Obolt-Obolduev
Prince Utyatin
German Vogel _ +
N.A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" Katerina, Kabanikha
Wild - +
N.A. Ostrovsky "Dowry" Larisa Merchants Knurov and Vozhevatov, Paratov, Karandyshev - +
A.I. Goncharov
"Oblomov" Stolz
Olga Ilinskaya
Wheat Oblomov
Zakhar - +
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
Fairy tales Russian people Landlords
officials - +
Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Sonya, Marmeladov, Katerina Ivanovna, Raskolnikov
Luzhin
Svidrigailov - +
Conclusion:
I studied about twenty works of Russian classics. All these works program cycle. With the exception of fairy tales, all are examples of Russian realistic prose and lyrics. They fully reflect reality. In each of the studied works of art there is a problem of good and evil. Moreover, good is in constant confrontation with evil. My assumptions about what is in each work of art classical literature, there is a confrontation between two phenomena of life - good and evil - confirmed. However, the second hypothesis put forward by me regarding the victory of good over evil turned out to be refuted. In almost all the studied works, evil turned out to be at the peak of fame. The only exceptions are fairy tales. Why? Perhaps because people's dreams of an eternal happy life are embodied in fairy tales. What about reality??? moral values the ability to make choices in life???? be responsible for what you have done
Prospects for the project: The work made me wonder if there are concepts of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature, or is there only the concept of evil in modern literature, and good has completely eradicated itself?
Bibliographic list
1. N.I. Kravtsov History of Russian literature. Enlightenment M.-1966
2. All works of the school curriculum (in summary) M.-1996
3. E. Borokhov Encyclopedia of aphorisms M. - 2001
4. History of Russian literature of the 19th century. M. Enlightenment, 1987
5. Russian classical literature comp. D. Ustyuzhanin.
M. - Enlightenment, 1969
The confrontation between good and evil in the works of Russian literature
Project author: 10th grade student Daria Sayapina Meadow Swamp High School problem question
How does it happen in life: good or evil wins?
Target
to find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this fight?
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My assumptions
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.
The results of the social survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
Daria Sayapina Meadow Swamp High School problem question
How does it happen in life: good or evil wins?
Target
to find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this fight?
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My assumptions
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.
The results of the social survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
problem question
How does it happen in life: good or evil wins?
Target
to find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this fight?
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My assumptions
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.
The results of the social survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My assumptions
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.
The results of the social survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
The results of the social survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
- frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
The work on the project led to the idea:
Are there concepts of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature, or is there only the concept of evil in modern literature, and good has completely eradicated itself?
Social significance of the project:
materials of the work can be used in literature lessons, extracurricular activities. The work needs to be continued: studies of the problem of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature 
Gorshkova Elena Pavlovna
Download:
Preview:
Good and evil in the works of Russian literature
Scientific work
Completed by: Gorshkova Elena Pavlovna
11th grade student A of school No. 28
Checked by: Sabaeva Olga Nikolaevna
Russian language teacher and
literature school number 28
Nizhnekamsk, 2012
1. Introduction 3
2. "Life of Boris and Gleb" 4
3. A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" 5
4. M.Yu. Lermontov "Demon" 6
5. F.M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov" and "Crime and Punishment" 7
6. A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" 10
7. M.A. Bulgakov " white guard"and" The Master and Margarita "12
8. Conclusion 14
9. List of used literature 15
1. Introduction
My work is about good and evil. The problem of good and evil is an eternal problem that has worried and will worry humanity. When fairy tales are read to us in childhood, in the end, good almost always wins in them, and the fairy tale ends with the phrase: "And they all lived happily ever after ...". We grow, and over time it becomes clear that this is not always the case. However, it does not happen that a person is absolutely pure in soul, without a single flaw. In each of us there are shortcomings, and there are many of them. But that doesn't mean we're evil. We have a lot of good qualities. So the theme of good and evil arises already in ancient Russian literature. As they say in the “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”: “... Think, my children, how merciful and merciful God is to us. We are sinful and mortal people, and yet, if someone harms us, we are ready, it seems, to pin him right there and take revenge; and the Lord to us, the Lord of life (life) and death, bears with us our sins, although they exceed our heads, and throughout our life, like a father who loves his child, and punishes, and again draws us to Himself. He showed us how to get rid of the enemy and defeat him - with three virtues: repentance, tears and alms ... ".
"Instruction" is not only a literary work, but also important monument social thought. Vladimir Monomakh, one of the most authoritative Kyiv princes, trying to convince contemporaries of the perniciousness of internecine strife - Rus', weakened by internal hostility, will not be able to actively resist external enemies.
In my work, I want to trace how this problem has changed for different authors in different times. Of course, I will dwell in more detail only on individual works.
2. "The Life of Boris and Gleb"
We meet a pronounced opposition of good and evil in the work ancient Russian literature"The Life and Destruction of Boris and Gleb", written by Nestor, a monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery. The historical basis of events is as follows. Dies in 1015 old prince Vladimir, who wanted to appoint his son Boris, who was not in Kyiv at that time, as the heir. Boris's brother Svyatopolk, plotting to seize the throne, orders to kill Boris and him. younger brother Gleb. Near their bodies, abandoned in the steppe, miracles begin to happen. After the victory of Yaroslav the Wise over Svyatopolk, the bodies were reburied and the brothers were proclaimed saints.
Svyatopolk thinks and acts at the instigation of the devil. The “historiographical” introduction to life corresponds to the ideas of the unity of the world historical process: the events that took place in Rus' are only a particular case of the eternal struggle between God and the devil – good and evil.
"The Life of Boris and Gleb" - a story about the martyrdom of the saints. The main theme also determined the artistic structure of such a work, the opposition of good and evil, the martyr and the tormentors, dictated a special tension and “poster” directness of the culminating scene of the murder: it should be long and moralizing.
A.S. Pushkin looked at the problem of good and evil in his own way in the novel “Eugene Onegin”.
3. A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
The poet does not divide his characters into positive and negative ones. He gives each of the characters several conflicting assessments, forcing them to look at the characters from several points of view. Pushkin wanted to achieve maximum lifelikeness.
The tragedy of Onegin lies in the fact that he rejected Tatyana's love, fearing to lose his freedom, and could not break with the world, realizing its insignificance. In a depressed state of mind, Onegin left the village and "began wandering." The hero, who returned from a journey, does not look like the former Onegin. He will no longer be able, as before, to go through life, completely ignoring the feelings and experiences of the people he encountered, and think only about himself. He has become much more serious, more attentive to others, now he is able to strong feelings that completely captivates him and shakes his soul. And then fate again brings him to Tatyana. But Tatyana refuses him, because she was able to see that selfishness, that selfishness that lay at the basis of his feelings for her .. In Tatyana, offended feelings speak: it was her turn to reprimand Onegin for not being able to see the full depth in her in time her soul.
In Onegin's soul, there is a struggle between good and evil, but, in the end, good wins. We do not know about the further fate of the hero. But perhaps he would have become the Decembrists, to which the whole logic of the development of character, which had changed under the influence of a new circle of life impressions, led.
4.M.Yu. Lermontov "Demon"
The theme runs through all the work of the poet, but I want to dwell only on this work, because. in it the problem of good and evil is considered very sharply. Demon, personification of evil, loves earthly woman Tamara and is ready to be reborn for good for her sake, but Tamara, by her nature, is not able to return his love. The earthly world and the world of spirits cannot converge, the girl dies from one kiss of the Demon, and his passion remains unquenched.
At the beginning of the poem, the Demon is evil, but by the end it becomes clear that this evil can be eradicated. Tamara initially represents good, but she causes suffering to the Demon, since she cannot answer his love, which means that for him she becomes evil.
5.F.M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov"
The history of the Karamazovs is not just a family chronicle, but a typified and generalized image of contemporary intellectual Russia. This epic work about the past, present and future of Russia. In terms of genre, this is a complex work. It is a fusion of "life" and "novel", philosophical "poems" and "teachings", confessions, ideological disputes and court speeches. The main problem is the philosophy and psychology of "crime and punishment", the struggle between "God" and "devil" in the souls of people.
Dostoevsky formulated the main idea of the novel "The Brothers Karamazov" in the epigraph "Truly, truly, I say to you: if a grain of wheat, falling into the ground, does not die, it will bear much fruit" (Gospel of John). This is the thought of the renewal that inevitably takes place in nature and in life, which is invariably accompanied by the dying of the old. The breadth, tragedy, and irresistibility of the process of renewing life are explored by Dostoevsky in all their depth and complexity. The thirst for overcoming the ugly and ugly in consciousness and actions, the hope for a moral rebirth and familiarization with a pure, righteous life overwhelm all the heroes of the novel. Hence the "anguish", the fall, the frenzy of the heroes, their despair.
At the center of this novel is the figure of a young commoner, Rodion Raskolnikov, who succumbed to new ideas, new theories, circulating in society. Raskolnikov is a thinking man. He creates a theory in which he tries not only to explain the world, but also to develop his own morality. He is convinced that humanity is divided into two categories: one - "they have the right", and others - "trembling creatures" that serve as "material" for history. The schismatics came to this theory as a result of observations of contemporary life, in which everything is allowed to the minority, and nothing to the majority. The division of people into two categories inevitably raises in Raskolnikov the question of what type he himself belongs to. And to clarify this, he decides on a terrible experiment, he plans to sacrifice an old woman - a pawnbroker who, in his opinion, brings only harm, and therefore deserves death. The action of the novel is built as a refutation of Raskolnikov's theory and his subsequent recovery. By killing the old woman, Raskolnikov placed himself outside society, including even his beloved mother and sister. The feeling of cut off, loneliness becomes a terrible punishment for the criminal. Raskolnikov is convinced that he was mistaken in his hypothesis. He experiences the anguish and doubts of the "ordinary" criminal. At the end of the novel, Raskolnikov takes the Gospel in his hands - this symbolizes the hero's spiritual turning point, the victory of the good in the hero's soul over his pride, which gives rise to evil.
Raskolnikov, it seems to me, is generally a very controversial person. In many episodes modern man it is difficult to understand him: many of his statements are refuted by each other. Raskolnikov's mistake is that he did not see in his idea the crime itself, the evil that he committed.
Raskolnikov's condition is characterized by the author with such words as "gloomy", "depressed", "indecisive". I think this shows the incompatibility of Raskolnikov's theory with life. Although he is convinced that he is right, this conviction is something not very sure. If Raskolnikov was right, then Dostoevsky would describe the events and his feelings not in gloomy yellow tones, but in bright ones, but they appear only in the epilogue. He was wrong in taking on the role of God, having the courage to decide for Him who should live and who should die.
Raskolnikov constantly oscillates between faith and unbelief, good and evil, and Dostoevsky fails to convince the reader even in the epilogue that the gospel truth has become Raskolnikov's truth.
Thus, Raskolnikov’s own doubts, internal struggles, disputes with himself, which Dostoevsky constantly leads, were reflected in Raskolnikov’s searches, mental anguish and dreams.
6. A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
A.N. Ostrovsky in his work "Thunderstorm" also touches on the theme of good and evil.
In The Thunderstorm, according to the critic, “the mutual relations of tyranny and voicelessness are brought to the most tragic consequences. Dobrolyubov considers Katerina a force that can resist the bone old world, a new force brought up by this kingdom and its amazing foundation.
The play Thunderstorm contrasts two strong and solid characters of Katerina Kabanova, a merchant's wife, and her mother-in-law Marfa Kabanova, who has long been nicknamed Kabanikha.
The main difference between Katerina and Kabanikha, the difference that separates them into different poles, is that following the traditions of antiquity for Katerina is a spiritual need, and for Kabanikha it is an attempt to find the necessary and only support in anticipation of the crash patriarchal world. She does not think about the essence of the order that she protects, she emasculated from it the meaning, content, leaving only the form, thereby turning it into a dogma. beautiful essence ancient traditions and customs she turned into a meaningless rite, which made them unnatural. It can be said that the Kabanikha in The Thunderstorm (as well as the Wild One) personifies a phenomenon inherent in the crisis state of the patriarchal way of life, and not inherent in it initially. The deadening effect of boar and wild on living life manifests itself with special obviousness precisely when life forms are deprived of their former content and are already preserved as museum relics .. Katerina, on the other hand, is best qualities patriarchal life in their original purity.
Thus, Katerina belongs to the patriarchal world - all other characters in it. The artistic purpose of the latter is to describe the reasons for the doomedness of the patriarchal world as fully and multi-structured as possible. Thus, Varvara learned to deceive and seize the opportunity; she, like Kabanikha, follows the principle: “do whatever you want, if only it was sewn and covered.” It turns out that Katerina in this drama is good, and the rest of the characters are representatives of evil.
7.M.A. Bulgakov "The White Guard"
The novel tells about the events of 1918-1919, when Kyiv was abandoned by the German troops, who surrendered the city to the Petliurists. The officers of the former tsarist army were betrayed at the mercy of the enemy.
In the center of the story is the fate of one such officer's family. For the Turbins, a sister and two brothers, the fundamental concept is honor, which they understand as service to the fatherland. But in the ups and downs of the Civil War, the fatherland ceased to exist, and the usual landmarks disappeared. Turbines are trying to find a place for themselves in the world that is changing before our eyes, to preserve their humanity, the goodness of the soul, not to become embittered. And the heroes succeed.
In the novel, there is an appeal to the Higher Forces, which must save people in a period of timelessness. Alexei Turbin has a dream in which both the Whites and the Reds go to heaven (Paradise), because both are loved by God. So, in the end, good must win.
The devil, Woland, comes to Moscow with a revision. He watches the Moscow philistines and passes sentence on them. The culmination of the novel is Woland's ball, after which he learns the history of the Master. Woland takes the Master under his protection.
After reading a novel about himself, Yeshua (in the novel he is a representative of the forces of Light) decides that the Master, the creator of the novel, is worthy of Peace. The master and his beloved are dying, and Woland accompanies them to the place where they now have to live. This is a pleasing house, the very embodiment of an idyll. So a person who is tired of the battles of life gets what he aspired to with his soul. Bulgakov hints that in addition to the posthumous state, defined as "Peace", there is another higher state - "Light", but the Master is not worthy of Light. Researchers are still arguing why the Master is denied the Light. In this sense, the statement of I. Zolotussky is interesting: “It is the Master himself who punishes himself for the fact that love has left his soul. The one who leaves the house or whom love leaves does not deserve the Light ... Even Woland is lost in front of this tragedy of fatigue, the tragedy of the desire to leave the world, leave life ”
Bulgakov's novel about the eternal struggle between good and evil. This is a work dedicated not to fate certain person, families or even groups of people somehow connected with each other - he considers the fate of all mankind in his historical development. The time interval of almost two millennia, separating the action of the novel about Jesus and Pilate and the novel about the Master, only emphasizes that the problems of good and evil, the freedom of the human spirit, its relationship with society are eternal, enduring problems that are relevant for a person of any era.
Bulgakov's Pilate is not at all shown as a classic villain. The procurator does not want the evil of Yeshua, his cowardice led to cruelty and social injustice. It is fear that makes good, intelligent and brave people a blind weapon of evil will. Cowardice is an extreme expression of inner subordination, lack of freedom of spirit, dependence of a person. It is especially dangerous also because, once reconciled to it, a person is no longer able to get rid of it. Thus, the powerful procurator turns into a miserable, weak-willed creature. On the other hand, the vagabond philosopher is strong in his naive faith in the good, which neither the fear of punishment nor the spectacle of general injustice can take away from him. In the image of Yeshua, Bulgakov embodied the idea of goodness and unchanging faith. Despite everything, Yeshua continues to believe that evil, bad people not in the world. He dies on the cross with this faith.
The clash of opposing forces is most vividly presented at the end of A.N. Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, when Woland and his retinue leave Moscow. What do we see? "Light" and "darkness" are on the same level. Woland does not rule the world, but Yeshua does not rule the world either.
8.Conclusion
What is good and what is evil on earth? As you know, two opposing forces cannot but enter into a struggle with each other, therefore the struggle between them is eternal. As long as man exists on earth, there will be good and evil. Through evil we understand what good is. And good, in turn, reveals evil, illuminating the path to truth for a person. There will always be a struggle between good and evil.
Thus, I came to the conclusion that the forces of good and evil in the world of literature are equal in rights. They exist in the world side by side, constantly opposing, arguing with each other. And their struggle is eternal, because there is no person on Earth who has never committed a sin in his life, and there is no such person who has completely lost the ability to do good.
9. List of used literature
1. S.F. Ivanova "Introduction to the temple of the word." Ed. 3rd, 2006
2. Big school encyclopedia, volume 2. 2003
3. Bulgakov M.A., plays, novels. Comp., intro. and note. V.M.Akimov. True, 1991
4. Dostoevsky F.M. "Crime and Punishment": Roman - M .: Olympus; TKO AST, 1996
Good and evil... Eternal philosophical concepts that disturb the minds of people at all times. Arguing about the difference between these concepts, it can be argued that good, of course, brings pleasant experiences to people close to you. Evil, on the contrary, wants to bring suffering. But, as is often the case, it is difficult to distinguish good from evil. “How can this be,” another layman will ask. It turns out it can. The fact is that good is often embarrassed to say about its motives for an act, and evil - about its own. Good even sometimes disguises itself as a little evil, and evil can do the same. But it trumpets that it is a great good! Why is this happening? Just a kind person, as a rule, is modest, it is a burden for him to listen to gratitude. Here he says, having done a good deed, that it, they say, did not cost him anything at all. Well, what about evil? Oh, this evil ... It loves to accept words of gratitude, and even for non-existent good deeds.
Indeed, it is difficult to figure out where is light and where is darkness, where is real good and where is evil. But as long as a person lives, he will strive for good and for the taming of evil. You just need to learn to understand the true motives of people's actions and, of course, fight evil.
Russian literature has repeatedly addressed this problem. Valentin Rasputin did not remain indifferent to her. In the story "French Lessons" we see the state of mind of Lydia Mikhailovna, who really wanted to help her student get rid of constant malnutrition. Her good deed was "disguised": she played with her student for money in "chika" (the so-called game for money). Yes, it is not ethical, not pedagogical. The director of the school, having learned about this act of Lidia Mikhailovna, dismisses her from work. But after all, the French teacher played with the student and succumbed to the boy, because she wanted him to buy food for himself with the money he won, not to go hungry and continue to study. This is truly a good deed.
I would like to recall another work in which the problem of good and evil is raised. This is a novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". It is here that the author speaks of the inseparability of the existence of good and evil on earth. This is the written truth. In one of the chapters, Matthew Levi calls Woland evil. To which Woland replies: “What would your good do if evil did not exist?” The writer believes that the real evil in people is that they are by nature weak and cowardly. But evil can still be defeated. To do this, it is necessary to approve the principle of justice in society, that is, the exposure of meanness, lies and sycophancy. The standard of goodness in the novel is Yeshua Ha-Nozri, who sees only the good in all people. During interrogation by Pontius Pilate, he talks about how he is ready to bear any suffering for faith and goodness, and also about his intention to expose evil in all its manifestations. The hero does not give up his ideas even in the face of death. " Evil people not in the world, there are only unhappy people,” he says to Pontius Pilate.
Thus, the eternal problem - what is good and what is evil - will always excite the minds of people. The only task is to ensure that the advantage is always on the side of good!
