Ukrainian noble families. Beautiful Ukrainian surnames: meaning and list

Where did such surnames as Yushchenko, Khmelnitsky, Gavrilyuk and Shevchenko come from? What do Tyagnibok and Zhuiboroda have in common?

This is a unique “-enko”

Surnames ending with the suffix “-enko” are considered the most typical for Ukrainians, and not because they constitute largest group, but because practical ones are not found in others Slavic peoples. The fact that such surnames have become widespread in Russia is explained by the fact that Ukrainians, after joining the Moscow State in 1654, constituted the second largest ethnic group after the Russians.

It should be noted that Ukrainian surnames came into use earlier than Russian ones. The very first mentions of a surname with the suffix “-enko” refer to XVI century. Their localization was typical for Podolia, a little less often for the Kiev region, Zhytomyr region and Galicia. Later they began to actively spread to Eastern Ukraine.

Researcher Stepan Bevzenko, who studied the register of the Kyiv regiment of the middle XVII century, notes that surnames ending in “-enko” accounted for approximately 60% of the entire list of surnames of the regiment. The suffix “-enko” is a diminutive, emphasizing the connection with the father, which literally meant “little”, “young man”, “son”. For example, Petrenko is the son of Peter or Yushchenko is the son of Yuska.

Later, the ancient suffix lost its direct meaning and began to be used as a family component. In particular, it became an addition not only to patronyms, but also to nicknames and professions - Zubchenko, Melnichenko.

Polish influence

For a long time, most of today's Ukraine was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which left its mark on the process of formation of surnames. Surnames in the form of adjectives ending in “-sky” and “-tsky” were especially popular. They were mainly based on toponyms - names of territories, settlements, water bodies.

Initially, surnames with similar endings were worn exclusively by the Polish aristocracy, as a designation of the rights of ownership of a particular territory - Potocki, Zamoyski. Later, such suffixes spread to Ukrainian surnames, being added to names and nicknames - Artemovsky, Khmelnytsky.

Historian Valentin Bendyug notes that since early XVIII centuries, “noble surnames” began to be assigned to those who had an education, primarily this concerned priests. Thus, according to the researcher’s calculations, over 70% of the clergy of the Volyn diocese had surnames with the suffixes “-tsky” and “-sky”.

The appearance in Western Ukraine of surnames with endings in “-uk”, “-chuk”, “-yuk”, “-ak” also occurred during the period of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The basis for such surnames became baptismal names, but later any others. This helped solve the problem of identification - selection specific person from society and the separation of the Ukrainian from the gentry. This is how Gavrilyuk, Ivanyuk, Zakharchuk, Kondratyuk appeared, although over time these suffixes became more widely used - Popelnyuk, Kostelnyuk.

Eastern trail

Linguists have found that the Ukrainian language has at least 4000 Turkic words. This is due to the active resettlement of some Turkic and other eastern peoples in the Black Sea and Dnieper regions in connection with the increased Islamization of the Caucasus and Central Asian regions.
All this directly affected education Ukrainian surnames. In particular, the Russian ethnologist L. G. Lopatinsky argued that widespread in Ukraine family ending“-ko” comes from the Adyghe “ko” (“kue”), meaning “descendant” or “son”.

For example, the frequently occurring surname Shevchenko, according to the researcher, goes back to the word “sheudzhen”, which the Adygs used to call Christian priests. The descendants of those who moved to the Ukrainian lands “sheudzhen” began to add the ending “-ko” - this is how they turned into Shevchenko.
It is curious that surnames ending in “-ko” are still found among some Caucasian peoples and Tatars, and many of them are very similar to Ukrainian ones: Gerko, Zanko, Kushko, Khatko.

Lopatinsky also attributes Ukrainian surnames ending in “-uk” and “-yuk” to Turkic roots. So, as evidence, he cites the names of the Tatar khans - Kuchuk, Tayuk, Payuk. Researcher of Ukrainian onomastics G. A. Borisenko supplements the list with Ukrainian surnames with a wide variety of endings, which in his opinion are of Adyghe origin - Babiy, Bogma, Zigura, Kekukh, Legeza, Prikhno, Shakhrai.

And, for example, the surname Dzhigurda - an example of Ukrainian-Circassian anthroponymic correspondence - consists of two words: Dzhikur - the name of the Zikh governor of Georgia and David - the Georgian king. In other words, Dzhigurda is Dzhikur under David.

Cossack nicknames

The environment of the Zaporozhye Cossacks contributed to the education large quantity a wide variety of nicknames, behind which serfs and representatives of other classes who escaped from addiction hid their origins for safety reasons.
“According to the rules of the Sich, new arrivals had to leave their surnames behind the outer walls and enter the Cossack world with the name that would best characterize them,” writes researcher V. Sorokopud.
Many of the bright and colorful nicknames, consisting of two parts - a verb in the imperative mood and a noun, subsequently turned into surnames without any suffixes: Zaderykhvist, Zhuiboroda, Lupybatko, Nezdiiminoga.
Some of the names can still be found today - Tyagnibok, Sorokopud, Vernigora, Krivonos. Whole line modern surnames came from one-part Cossack nicknames - Bulava, Gorobets, Bereza.

Ethnic diversity

The diversity of Ukrainian surnames is the result of the influence of those states and peoples under whose influence Ukraine has been for centuries. I wonder what for a long time Ukrainian surnames were the product of free word creation and could change several times. Only in late XVIII century, in connection with the decree of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, all surnames acquired legal status, including in the territories of Ukraine that were part of Austria-Hungary.

Professor Pavel Chuchka points out that a “Ukrainian surname” should be distinguished from a surname belonging to a Ukrainian. For example, the surname Schwartz, which is still found in Ukraine, has German roots, but its derivative Schwartzuk (son of Schwartz) is already typically Ukrainian.

Thanks to foreign influence, Ukrainian surnames often acquire a very specific sound. For example, the surname Yovban, according to Czuchka, has always been prestigious, as it comes from the name of St. Job, which in Hungarian is pronounced Yovb. But the researcher sees the surname Penzenik in the Polish word “Penzyc”, which translates as to scare.

Surnames starting with “enko” are known to be considered typically “Ukrainian”.

Although they are also common in Belarus, where the number of their speakers is 1 million people, that is, every tenth. However, these are mainly residents of Mozyr, Rechitsa, Gomel, etc. that is, where Ukraine is not far away. Therefore, the influence of the Ukrainian factor is undeniable.

In Russia, the Baltic states, etc. Moreover, almost all bearers of the surname ending with “enko” are in one way or another connected with Ukraine.

Where did they come from exactly in Ukraine? Why did this particular form become characteristic of Ukraine? But for Russia and Belarus, analogues are still rare (-yonok, -onok)

The fact is that, in essence, it was not originally a surname in the modern sense of the word, that is, a generic name (nomen in the Roman tradition), that is, a certain proper name that is passed on from father to son, identifying the clan as such.

In fact, the "enko" form is something like modern concept"patronymic" is just the opposite of "sonship" if I can put it that way.

That is, someone with the nickname Ugrin came to sign up - they wrote him as Old Ugrin. And their son was written by Ugrinenko. That is, “ugrenyonok” in the vocative case. The letter ё did not exist in the Russian language of the 17th century either. Even in the time of Pushkin, there were disputes about how to correctly say “immortal” or “immortal”.
That is, Ugrenenko is the vocative case of Ugrenenok. In modern Russian, the Polish version of “Hungarians” is used for Magyars. In traditional Russian - Ugrians, and Hungarian is, accordingly, Ugrin. That is, “Ugrinenko” is the son of a Hungarian, an Ugrin. Moskalenko is, accordingly, the son of a Muscovite (Moscow Rusyn). Lyashenko, respectively, is the son of a Lyakh (Pole) Litvinenko, respectively, is the son of a Litvin (Belarusian). It is characteristic that the surname “Ukrainchenko” somehow does not appear. Well, that's clear.

But the absence of the “Rusinenko” option is much more curious. However, this is quite understandable because the Rusyns were either Muscovites or Litvins. In principle, no other Rusyns existed. That’s why there are surnames “Litvinenko” and “Moskalenko”, but not “Rusinenko”. There is no liquid either, for obvious reasons. Nobody recorded them anywhere in any military registers.

For reasons other than military registers, there was no reason to keep records at all.

That is, when in Ukraine, which was then part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, they began to register, for example, registered Cossacks, etc. In the 17th century, fathers and sons often came. Accordingly, the father was written "as is" while the sons were written adding the traditional diminutive suffix "enk". (by the way, it is in this form that it is traditionally in Russian; in modern Ukrainian it would be “enk”). The ending "-o" is due to the fact that it is the vocative case.

By type, the Cook is a cook, the Leo is a lion cub. Malets - little boy, etc.

Moreover, for modern literary Ukrainian this suffix, even in the form “enk”, in this meaning is not very typical. For example, instead of “little fox” - “lisenya” instead of “baby elephant” - “baby elephant”, etc. However, there is “richenka”, “pussy”, etc.

Thus it is a traditional Russian suffix, but became widespread as “sonship” in 17th-century Ukraine. Especially in the Bratslov Voivodeship, that is, the Podolia region.

However, as a “surname” in modern sense This word began to spread en masse exclusively in the 30s of the 20th century during the period of mass Soviet passportization. Most peasants did not have any surnames at all.

That is why the passport offices of the Ukrainian SSR, to which exactly this “tradition” was recommended, without further ado, clung to the nickname or the name of the father or grandfather, simply this very “enko”.

Hence all these Nikolaenki, Efimenki, Fomenki, Pivovarenki and so on. Because it is clear that if these were traditional Ukrainian surnames and not a remake Soviet power, there would be Mykolenko, Yokhimenko, Khomenko, Brovarenko, etc.

It is with this Stalinist passportization that the fact is connected that on the territory of the former Ukrainian SSR, which in the 30s was part of the USSR, there is a completely prohibitive number of people bearing the surname “enko”. And not any tradition of the 17th century. In that part of Ukraine that was not part of the USSR, that is, Galicia, Volyn, etc. surnames starting with “enko” are almost exclusively migrants from more eastern regions.

This is precisely what explains the incident, why the form on “enko” is without soft sign(slightly), which is completely untypical for just modern literary Ukrainian language.

There was nothing like this in Belarus. There was no order to register all Belarusian peasants in the form of a patronymic, that is, “ovich”. Therefore, in Belarus, about one and a half million people have surnames with “ovich”, which is about 15 percent of the population. Basically, in Belarus, surnames are formed according to the same pattern as in Russia, that is, from male possessive suffix "ov" "ev" from the feminine "in".

Well, that is, from “oak” there will be “oaks” from “birch” - berezin.

Another thing is that since the Belarusian language was still different from Russian, for example, Bochkarev and Kuznetsov are not Belarusian surnames. Unlike Kovalev and Bondarev. However, in Russian it can also be a cooper. How is it possible for a farrier to come from the word forge and not from the word forge.

Initially, this form is just a patronymic. That is, Ivanov is a patronymic, that is, Ivanov’s son. While “ovich” is both a patronymic and “sonship”. "ich" is one of the oldest Slavic suffixes of "sonship".

Example. Tsarevich. That is, the son of the Tsar = the Tsar’s son + ich, that is, it is shown that it is the son and not the servant, etc.

However, later the patronymic turned into a surname, and the category of sonship in combination with the patronymic became simply a patronymic.

That is, Ivan-ov from a patronymic became a surname, that is family name(nomen)
While Ivan-ov-ich became just a patronymic.

That is, if a person bears a surname starting with “enko,” this only means that one of his ancestors male line most likely lived on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR at least in the 30s of the 20th century. It is clear that ethnically it could be anyone, just as the rest of this person’s ancestors could also be anyone.

Surnames, just like given names, in ancient times always carried a certain meaning - they provided additional important information about the origin of each individual person: what family is he from, what class does he belong to, what craft does he or his relatives work in...

Common Ukrainian surnames are no exception to this. As soon as we start talking about Ukrainian surnames, the first names to emerge from the subconscious are Shevchenko, Petrenko, Doroshenko, Timoshenko, Shinkarenko, Klimashenko.

Indeed, this is a typical family form for the Ukrainian people, the most common.

Lists of registered Cossacks of the 17th century studied by historians show 60% of the presence of people with the surname ending in -enko.

It arose more often from the names, nicknames, professions of the fathers of young Cossacks:

• “Stepanenko” is Stepan’s offspring, “Klimenko” is Klima’s, “Romanenko” is Roman’s;
• “Tkachenko” - on his father’s side with the profession of a weaver, “Skotarenko” - the son of a cattle farmer, “Goncharenko” - the son of a potter;
• “Chubenko” is the heir of Chub (most likely the owner of such a nickname was endowed with noble hair);
• “Leshchenko” - from the fish bream (perhaps the bearer came from a fishing family or the people awarded him this nickname for his characteristic similarity with this fish);
• "Pluschenko" - from the ivy vine plant.

Astrologers and numerologists have long been studying the influence of first and last names on human destiny. What can we say about the nation? If the dictionary of Ukrainian surnames is full of semantic form, which is, as it were, derivative for younger generation, then we can safely say, and you can’t argue with it: the Ukrainian people are a young, strong nation.

Flexible, freedom-loving, with a light character, ready to change (if you pronounce - Butenko, Goncharenko, Pisarenko, Guzenko - it seems as if the ball is bouncing). But at the same time with their own personalities, heroes and military acumen (Podoprigora, Vyrvidub). And also very musical (Music, Kobzar, Violin, Skripko, Sopilka, Sopilnyak).

According to scientists, the family forms of that time were not clearly defined enough, and therefore the succeeding generations could well have had different (in form) surnames, or, on the contrary, the entire village could have had the same surname.

Since the prehistory of the Ukrainian people arose during the existence Eastern Slavs, as well as the prehistory of Belarusians and Russians, then the many family forms that exist among these three peoples coincide.

The most popular and common forms after -enko are:

Suffix -eyk-: Koreiko, Lomeiko, Buteyko, Geiko.
Suffix -chk-: Burlachko, Klitschko, Skachko, Batechko.
Suffixes -y, -ey, -ay: Paliy, Geletey, Galai, Parubiy, Kalatay.

Suffixes -tsk-, -sk-: originally common among the Polish gentry, more such surnames were among noble nobles and officials: Kirovsky, Vishnevetsky, Koritsky, Skoropadsky, Zagorsky. But they could also indicate the attitude of a commoner to one or another owner (until serfdom was abolished) - Barsky, Boyarsky, or territorial affiliation - Galitsky, Polovetsky, Rivne.

Endings -la, -lo: Zamula, Minyailo, Pritula, Shatailo.
Endings -uk, -yuk: Serdyuk, Pavlyuk, Bondarchuk, Sklyaruk.
Suffixes -nik, -ar (-ar), characteristic for determining professional affiliation: Bortnik, Miller, Gonchar, Kobzar, Sexton.
Endings -da, -ba, -ta: Lagoda, Palivoda, Dzyuba, Zhuleba, Golota.
Suffixes -ich, -ych: Kuzmich, Shufrich, Zvarych, Yanukovych.
Suffixes -ak, -yak, -yk, -ik: Gopak, Tretyak, Bryk, Kulik.

Separately, we can distinguish among Ukrainian surnames those that simply convey the common noun of something, be it a thing or an animal, the name natural phenomenon: Scoop, Frying pan, Gogol (bird), Babak (marmot), Frost, Barabolya, Gorobets (sparrow), Khmara (cloud), Zozulya (cuckoo).

Male (Cossack) surnames

If we talk about surnames that are memorable and historically valuable for the Ukrainian people, then these are undoubtedly the “calls” that were used to call the Cossacks who arrived in Sich (Sich - Russian). Usually these are double words, very harsh, sometimes offensive: Tyagnibok, Netudykhata, Kuibida, Stodolya, Likhoded, Sorokopud, Pidiprigora, Golota, Perederiy, Novokhatko, Krivoruchko, Skorobogatko, Zadripaylo, Neizhsalo, Tovchigrechka.

Such funny surnames and nicknames characterize the Cossacks as strong and fearless warriors, but with a sense of humor and the ability to laugh at themselves.

Versatility and diversity historical events, which influenced the origin of Ukrainian surnames, can be traced in the following surnames: Pshigovsky, Vygotsky, Voznesensky, Miloradovich, Zarevich, Khorunzhy, Sagaidachny, Khmelnitsky, Uspensky. Here are the princely ones, royal families with a long pedigree, and surnames with church themes, and surnames of famous rebellious Sich atamans. They contain a huge layer historical era, associated with wars, captivity, revolutions. There are ways of word formation not only of the Russian people, but also of the Poles, Tatars, Germans, and Austrians.

Famous male surnames: Khmelnitsky, Shevchenko, Skovoroda, Grushevsky, Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, Dovzhenko, Klitschko, Poroshenko.

Female surnames

In the Ukrainian language, there are not many modifications of surnames based on female characteristics. These are surnames that can be classified in a morphological context as adjectives –sky, -ensky: Mogilevskaya, Vishnevetskaya; also surnames with the Russian suffix –ov, -ev, -in: Dubova, Zvereva, Spirina.

Famous female surnames: Kosach-Kvitka (Lesya Ukrainka), Lisovskaya (Roksolana), Pysanka, Lyzhichko, Klochkova, Prikhodko.

Eat linguistic feature in writing men's and female surnames with endings –о, -ко, -чко when declensional. Male surnames- they bow, but the women do not: Ivan Fedko - Ivan Fedko, but Maria Fedko - Maria Fedko. The same thing happens with the endings –iy, -ich, -ych, -ik, -uk. (Sergei Petrik, but Nastya Petrik, Svyatoslav Vakarchuk, but Alevtina Vakarchuk).

Beautiful Ukrainian surnames

I would also like to mention the beauty and melodiousness of proper names. A dictionary of Ukrainian surnames can be recited: Nalivaiko, Nightingale, Lastivka (swallow), Pysarenko, Kotlyarevsky, Kotsyubinsky, Lyzhychko, Pysanka (from easter egg- Krashanki), Lysenko, Kulchitsky, Dovzhenko, Stupka, Malvinets, Ognevich.

The list of Ukrainian surnames is rich in unusual, mystical surnames: Viyt, Stus, Mavka, Veleten, Bogatyrev, Prisukha, Lyubich, Yarilo. There are many beautiful double family combinations: Nechuy-Levitsky, Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, Dobriyvecher.

As we see, the dictionary of Ukrainian surnames has been created and transformed over centuries, absorbing the acquired wisdom of its people. It can say a lot about people, their culture, traditions and beliefs.

The surname of ex-footballer Andrei Shevchenko has become the most common in Ukraine / photo: ukraina-vpered.com

After the Ukrainian media began to actively interest in the fate of the rector of the National University of the State Tax Service, it turned out that his surname is one of the three most common in Ukraine, reports Segodnya.

The publication writes that the most popular surnames in Ukraine - Shevchenko, Melnik and Boyko. Moreover, Melniks could populate the whole of Kerch, Shevchenko would be enough for Nikopol, and Boyko would be enough for Uzhgorod.

It is curious that the surnames popular in Russia (Smirnov, Ivanov and Kuznetsov) are not even in the top ten in Ukraine. But there are still a lot of them: the same Ivanovs number about 90 thousand.

/ Today

And the most rare surnames in our country they are often difficult to pronounce. Among them: Abdugafarov, Abibulla, Alyabyeva, Bordzika, Briharya, Mkoriz, Luft, Likhogvor, Zez, Zatserklyany, Ekh, Durandina, Dudu, Dirbaba, Grob, Vier and Hegel (their representatives have less than 50 namesakes in Ukraine).

As it turned out, many representatives of the world’s most popular families live in Ukraine. For example, there are more than 100 million Chinese people with the surname Li in the world. In our country there are more than 2 thousand bearers of this surname. The second most popular surname in the world is Zhang (also about 100 million people) in Ukraine, 449 people have the surname Wang or Wang (more than 93 million people) - about 1,700 Ukrainians.

People with Vietnamese surname Nguyen (and there are more than 36 million of them in the world) in our country - about 3 thousand. In addition, the world's top ten includes the names Garcia, Gonzalez, Hernandez, Smith, Smirnov and Muller. Smirnovs, according to telephone databases, we have more than 45 thousand. In addition, 131 Muellers, 29 Garcias, 53 Gonzales, 19 Hernandezes and 46 Smiths live in Ukraine.

Among Russians there is a very large proportion of those who do not consider the Ukrainian nation to be a nation, and the Ukrainian language to be a language.

The second is explained by the fact that most of these people have never heard the Ukrainian language, and draw their knowledge from the works of Gogol, who wrote about Ukraine for St. Petersburg readers and was forced to adapt the text to understandability. So in Fenimore Cooper and Jules Verne, in their novels, the Indians scratch in English. Or closer to us - the speech of Abdullah, Said and Gyulchatay in “White Sun of the Desert”.

Assimilation also made a significant contribution. Is anyone surprised that the Chairman of the Federation Council bears a Ukrainian surname? For those who grew up in a monolingual environment, Ukrainian surnames are just a meaningless set of sounds that do not evoke any associations other than those personally associated with them. known speakers. Both Shulga and Shoigu.

At the same time, to a Ukrainian speaker the meaning of Ukrainian surnames is obvious. Equally obvious are the cases when the Russifying ending “-в” or “-ов” is added to the Ukrainian semantic root.

I was not too lazy and compiled a homemade explanatory dictionary of the most common, in my opinion, Ukrainian surnames.

Babak (derivative of Babchenko) - marmot

Babiy is a womanizer; effeminate

Bagno - silt, mud, swamp bog

Bajan - desired

Bayrak - gulley, overgrown ravine

Bakai is a pre-conscript; did not serve in the army; pit with water

Barabash - round-headed (Turkic)

Bashtan - melon

Bliznyuk - twin

Bilyk - blond, blond

Boyko (derivative of Boychenko) is a native of Bukovina.

Butko is a fat man

Velichko is a big guy, a giant

Voit (derivatives Voitenko, Voytyuk, Starovoitov, Pustovoitenko, Pustovit) - village elder

Volokha (derivatives of Voloshchenko, Voloshin) - Romanian, Moldavian

Gorban - hunchback

Gargoyle - loud, unable to speak quietly

Gritsai - Grishka

Gulko is a fan of “going left”, whore

Guz, Gudz - button

Gutnik - glass blower, generally a furnace at a melting furnace (for example, a blast furnace)

Deinega, Deineka, (distorted Daineko, Denikin) - a Cossack armed with a club (club)

Derkach - broom, twig broom

Dziuba - pockmarked, beaten with smallpox

Dovgal, Dovgan - lanky

Dotsenko - the same as Bogdanov, Dosifeev ("given by God")

Yevtushenko - the same as Yevtikhev

Zhurba - sadness

Zavgorodny - settled outside the outskirts, a resident of the settlement. Analogues - Zayarny, Zarivchatsky, Zavrazhny, Zagrebelny (behind the dam)

Zaviryukha - blizzard

Zalozny - a patient with Graves' disease, with a swollen thyroid gland

Zapashny - fragrant, fragrant

Zinchenko, Zinchuk - the same as Zinoviev (from Zinovy ​​- “living in a godly manner, respectable”)

Zozulya - cuckoo

Ishchenko - the same as Osipenko, a derivative of "Joseph"

Kaidash - shackler, convict, criminal

Kandyba, Shkandyba - lame

Kanivets is a native of Kanev, where T.G.’s grave is. Shevchenko

Karakuts - dark-haired, brunette (Turkic)

Kachur - drake

Kirpa, Kirponos - snub-nosed

Kiyashko - Cossack warrior, armed with a club (cue)

Klunny, Zaklunny - from the word “klunya” (closet)

Kovtun is a swallower, insatiable, and also a person with conspicuous involuntary swallowing movements

Kolomiets - a native of Kolomyia, Ivano-Frankivsk region

Korsun - a native of the Greek colonies of the Kherson region and Crimea

Kostenko - the same as Konstantinov

Kotelevets is a native of Kotelva, Poltava region.

Koshevoy - commander of the Zaporozhye Cossack army, colonel. Koshevoy Ataman was Taras Bulba

Kravets (derivatives of Kravchenko, Kravchuk) - cutter, tailor.

Kurennoy - commander of the kuren, Zaporozhye Cossack battalion

Kuchma - shaggy, unkempt hair; furry hat

Kushnir (derivatives Kushniruk, Kusnirenko) - furrier, furrier

Labunets comes from Labun, Khmelnitsky region.

Lanovoy - field worker (lan - niva, agricultural field)

Lantukh - bag, large sack

Levchenko is the same as Lvovich. Son of Leo, who in Ukrainian is Levko

Lisovy, Lisovy - forest

Lutsenko is the same as Lukin

Lyakh (derivatives Lyashko, Lyashenko) - Polish nobleman, generally a Pole

Mandryk, Mandryka - wanderer, tramp

Miroshnichenko - the same as Melnikov

Nechiporenko - the same as Nikiforov

Bad weather - bad weather

Oleinik - merchant vegetable oil(oil)

Onishchenko - the same as Anisimov

Opanasenko, Panasenko - the same as Afanasyev, Afonin

Osadchy - first settler, new settler, who gave the village its name

Palamarchuk - the same as Ponomarev

Pazyura - claw

Palaguta - same as Pelagein

Pinchuk - a native of Pinsk (Belarus)

Polishchuk - a native of Polesie (Ukrainian Polissya)

Priymak, Primak (derivatives of Priymenko, Primachenko) - adopted child; groom staying in the bride's family

Pritula - took root, outsider, living in someone else's family or group out of mercy

Prikhodko - treasurer, artel worker, holder of the Cossack common fund

Rudenko, Rud - the same as Ryzhov

Serdyuk - Cossack infantryman

Smagly - dark, tanned

Sklar - glazier

Stelmakh - cart maker, carriage maker, horse-drawn cart maker

Stetsenko, Stetsyuk - the same as Stepanov (Stepan in Greek - “crowned, crowned”)

Tertyshny - the same as Khlebnikov

Tesla (derivative of Teslenko) - carpenter. By the way, Tesla means the same thing in Serbo-Croatian

Timoshenko is the same as Timofeev

Titarenko - derived from titar (ktitor), church elder

Tishchenko - the same as Tikhonov

Torishny - last year

Tyutyunnik - tobacconist

Udovik (Udovenko, Udovichenko) - widower

Umanets is a native of Uman, Cherkasy region.

Kharchenko - the same as Kharitonov

Tsapok - goat

Tsekalo is a hunter, an expert at luring game by imitating its cries

Tsymbal, Tsymbalist - a musician who plays the dulcimer (a prototype of the piano)

Chepurny - dandy, fashionista

Cherevaty, Cherevatenko - the same as Puzanov, Bryukhanov

Cherednik (Cherednichenko) - shepherd of a rural herd

Chumak - salt trader, Ukrainian merchant-wholesaler

Shakhrai - swindler, swindler, rogue

Shvets (derivatives of Shevchenko, Shevchuk) - shoemaker.

Shulga (pron. Shulzhenko) is left-handed.

Shinkar (pron. Shinkarenko, Shinkaruk) - innkeeper

Shostak is the sixth child in the family

Shpak - starling

Shcherbak, Shcherban, Shcherbina - a man with gap teeth

Yushchenko is the same as Efimov

Yatsenko, Yatsenyuk - Same as Vanyushin