How confident are you. What good books have you read recently?
The key to interviews is honesty. Even if you are not caught in a lie right now, sooner or later the truth will come to the surface. How can you be called a worthy candidate if you have to lie to get this position?
Some desperate job seekers try to make a good impression and inevitably panic when asked difficult questions. When an honest answer can kill any chance of getting a job, people start lying to somehow get out.
“Answers to some questions are best thought out in advance - in otherwise You risk ruining a great interview, says Lynn Taylor, international work environment expert and author of Taming the Office Tyrant: How to Deal with Your Boss's Childish Behavior and Succeed at Work. - In some interviews, you may be specifically asked an awkward question to test how you deal with stressful situations. When you find yourself in a difficult position, it's easy to say something you'll regret later, and some HR professionals are just looking for gaps and inconsistencies in your resume. They understand that if you calmly manage to get out of an awkward situation, then most likely you will cope well with difficulties at work.
Lynn Taylor advises to be direct and not to evade the answer. The main trick is to then "quickly translate the conversation and take control of it in your own hands."
Here's how to answer some tough interview questions without resorting to lies:
“Did you have any conflicts with your previous bosses?” or “Tell me about the worst boss you ever had and how you handled conflicts?”
Images from the TV series "Doctor Who"
“Things like this are probably going to be the most difficult because a lot of people leave because of disagreements with their superiors,” Taylor said. “By asking about things like this, HR wants to make sure you’re a team player and not a rebel.”
The question may sound different, but the essence is the same - your employer wants to present you in the worst possible way and understand how dangerous you are.
“It is best to push away the idea that you had conflicts and state all the facts without any emotion. Tell everything briefly and end your story on a positive note.
For example: "I was lucky - I had very a good relationship with the authorities. At my last job, I had a disagreement with a manager about a product launch date. But he listened to my opinion and we came to a decision that suited both of us.”
You can add the following: “I usually avoid conflicts because I build trust with my colleagues from the very beginning and try to understand what awaits me. I understand that the final decision is up to my boss, and I have to help him find the best option.
“What did you dislike about your previous job?”
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“As with other negative questions, you need to iron out the negative and answer in a positive way,” Taylor advises. “You’d better answer such questions briefly than avoid them with something far-fetched like “I liked everything!”
You could answer: “I liked most of my duties, especially A, B, and C. Perhaps the least I liked administrative duties, but over time I did this and became better at them.”
“What would your competitors say about you?”
"If you want to show an open person, do not forget that you should not push a long embarrassed speech, - says Taylor. “HR wants a short answer that will show your self-esteem and your level of self-confidence – remember that there is a fine line between the two.”
If you're having a hard time answering this question, Taylor recommends using humor to ease the tension.
For example: “I always try to work together and be friendly, so luckily I don't know if I have any rivals. But if some of them do sneak around, they would probably say that I work hard in situations where others would give up.
“So you give your answer a positive connotation. It sounds much better than "My rivals would say I'm stubborn and irritable," says Taylor.
“What happened at your previous job? Were you fired, or did you leave on your own?
The HR wants to see how honest you are about your reasons for leaving. He wants to know why you decided to leave, or why you have a gap on your resume. “Human Resources wants to find reasons why you might not meet their requirements. They need to better understand your attitude towards work,” explains Taylor.
If you were fired, it is better to explain that you and your employer have come to the conclusion that you do not suit each other for a number of reasons (if, of course, this was the case).
If the HR specialist wants details, give them to him. You can say something like, "I was fired, but both my boss and I understood that we had different views."
“In any case, you have the opportunity to turn the conversation to what kind of job you are interested in and say that the position you are applying for would be a great option,” says Taylor.
"Can you explain the gaps in your resume?"
“When an HR officer asks you about big gaps on your resume, he wants to make sure that you are not hiding a certain place of work and check your attitude to work,” Taylor explained.
No matter how you answer, you need to convince the employer that your career is still important to you. You may not have worked family circumstances or you went to study - one way or another, the employee of the personnel department must understand that all this time you somehow developed in order to return to work later.
Don't say, "I needed a six-month break to recover from the stress of a terrible ex-boss" or "I couldn't decide what I wanted to do for six months."
If that was the case, it would be better to say, “I was looking for a job, but I was very selective. In addition, I have been working project work and participated in charity, so was very busy.
“Tell me about one of your failures and how you dealt with it?”
It's best to pick some small failure rather than a major mistake that directly impacted your job or that will make your employer wary.
"He wants to see if you can learn from your mistakes," explains Taylor.
She offers this answer to this question: “I always perceive failures as an opportunity to learn something. At my last job, I somehow relied too much on a colleague, and we missed the deadline. Since then, I try to check everything several times.”
“What worries you the most about this position?”
HR people ask such sudden questions to see your reaction in stressful situation and see "the real you," Taylor says.
“It's a very subjective question,” she added. - It all depends on how the interview goes. For example, if you think that you are likely to be hired, but the salary may be a decisive factor for you, you can say so. But if this is just the beginning of the interview, then it is better to answer: “I am very interested in this job, and so far I have little to worry about. I think more about whether I can answer all the questions you ask me.”
"What is your main weakness?"
This is perhaps the most popular interview question, and the answer to it can determine the outcome of your conversation.
Therefore, many people either lie or evade a direct answer and say standard words like "I'm a perfectionist" or "I'm a workaholic."
Best-selling business author and enterprise performance expert Bernard Marr advises you to talk about a small flaw that is not directly related to the position you are applying for.
For example, if you're applying for a job as a medical record transcriber, it's better to say you're bad at public speaking than to say you're bad at meeting deadlines.
Then talk about how you are trying to deal with this problem. The employer wants to see that you know your strengths and weak sides and are ready to work on themselves.
1. Why is an ethnos called a sociobiological community? Give a reasoned answer.
Ethnos, as a sociobiological community, implies the existence of ethnicity due to a combination of social (public) and biological entities person.
2. What is the difference between the concepts of "historical homeland" and "country of origin"? Give examples.
The country of origin is the country in which you were born.
The historical homeland is the country where your ancestors come from.
For example, a Pole was born in Denmark. Denmark is his country of origin. And Poland is the historical homeland.
3. Tell us about how familiar you are with the traditions and customs of another people. Do you use items, food, clothes created by representatives of another nationality in everyday life?
In our time of universal globalization, we are getting closer and closer to other cultures and we have more and more opportunities to learn the customs and traditions of other people. They come to our world through household items, food and clothing. If culture Slavic peoples have become commonplace and no longer cause novelty, then the cultures of, for example, Asian countries are still a curiosity for us. We have an ambiguous attitude, for example, to sushi. Already exists great amount restaurants and fans of this Asian cuisine, and some even learned to eat with chopsticks. But we, nevertheless, give preference to traditional Russian cuisine.
4. What is a tribe and how does it differ from a nationality? Support your conclusion with examples from the material in this section.
Tribe - a group of people united by a common origin, language and tribal relations.
Nationality - a community of people usually consisted of several tribes, similar in origin and language, or mixed as a result of the conquest of some tribes by others.
Differences: language, religion, origin, physical appearance, culture, mores, customs and traditions.
*5. You need to compare the main features of society and the main features of an ethnic group (ethno-forming factors), outline the similarities and differences between them, and draw conclusions. For example, why is management a sign of society, but not one of the signs of an ethnos?
Ethnos is a community of people that has historically developed in a certain territory, which is characterized by the unity of origin, culture, language, as well as the consciousness of its unity.
Society is a historically developing set of relations between people that develop in the process of their joint activities.
The distinguishing features are:
Territory (society lives in a certain fixed territory. Ethnos can exist without it. For example, during World War 2, Poland was divided among themselves Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. In fact, the society of the Poles ceased to exist, but the ethnic group of the Poles remained and could settle in other territories);
The presence of signs of management (the society has a developed management system. There is a leader, his deputies. There are areas public life: economic, political, social, spiritual. This is not the case in ethnos);
Common signs are:
Openness (they are open to the emergence of something new, capable of change);
Dynamism (they do not stand still, they are not static. Society and ethnicity are constantly changing, as one generation of people is replaced by another generation, more developed);
They have regulators of behavior (morality, religion, customs, traditions, etc.).
*6. What are the similarities and differences between nation and nationality? Justify your answer.
Nation and nationality have only one thing in common - both of these categories denote large (great in number) communities of people who, as a rule, live in the same territory. They seem to denote a lot of people who have a lot in common - language, culture, history, name (self-name). The same concept also applies to "people". All these are "related", "similar" people, and this is the similarity of these concepts.
As a rule, peoples and nationalities were formed a long time ago. It is believed that at first there were tribes (nationalities), which later grew into larger ones. social education- peoples. It turns out, as it were, that the people unite several nationalities, integrate them into a new human community.
The nation integrates several peoples into one new political and social community. There is more politics, less ethnography. In a nation, several completely different peoples. As for example in America: and blacks, and whites, and the French, and Jews, and Russians.
*7. What is the role of the state in the formation of the people and the nation?
The state serves the people, makes sure that there is no chaos among the people, that everything is calm. Laws are created in the state, to which the peoples listen and follow them. Even in the states, courts are being created, there is an army and police, lawyers and prosecutors - they all protect the people from crime.
But sometimes the state prioritizes the development of only one nation, the promotion of traditions and education in this way, and the unfit peoples do their best to spread rot and genocide people. According to this principle, for example, Nazi Germany acted in World War II, led by Hitler.
Problem. What role in life modern people play national traditions and customs? Do they need to be preserved? Try to find concrete examples in defense of your opinion?
National traditions play a significant role in our life. After all, if there were no traditions and customs, then we would not know how our ancestors lived and what they believed in. After all, customs appeared a long time ago, which means they have become history. And without history, we would not have been able to become a great and powerful nation.
I think traditions should be preserved, protected and developed. And our children and grandchildren will know a little more about our life, just as we now know more about the life of our ancestors thanks to traditions and customs!
Workshop. Ethnic forms arose in the era of the Upper Paleolithic. But the nature of the ethnic group has changed in the course of history. Highest Stage its development - a nation emerging in modern times (XIX century). Large ethnic groups exist now only as a nation, while small ones, preserved from ancient times, enter into nations as ethnic minorities.
What peoples in modern Russia you could classify as nations, and which - as ethnic minorities?
Nations can be classified as peoples who have their own country. For example: English - England. And ethnic minorities are tribes and nationalities.
There are several nations: Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Bashkirs and Chuvashs, and the rest are representatives of the indigenous population of the North, Siberia and Far East- ethnic minorities.
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As a personal trainer, I use specific insightful questions to help my clients better understand themselves and to clarify their goals for me personally.
I usually ask open questions that can't be answered with a simple "yes" or "no", so the client has to dig deeper and find answers they may not have thought of before. Asking the right questions can stimulate deeper and more interesting conversations and discourses, as well as set the stage for discovering common interests, forging stronger bonds, and building mutual understanding and empathy.
Ability to ask good questions is art. Nobody wants to feel like they're in a job interview or feel like they're being sucked out of information. An important and large part of this process lies in the ability to listen carefully to the answer and perceive what lies behind the words.
Listening also includes the ability to observe body language, listen to the tone of speech, and be sensitive to what is left unsaid. It is important to be able to ask thoughtful follow-up questions and to keep the conversation going, reflecting its essence. By learning to ask good questions and listen carefully, you will create space for a closer, stronger, and more enjoyable relationship.
We bring to your attention 25 questions that will help to start an interesting deep conversation:
1. What is your best childhood memory? This question always makes people smile and often leads to humorous and emotional conversations about family, travel, holidays, traditions, hopes, dreams, and friendships. You can learn a lot about a person who will share their childhood memories with you.
2. If you had a chance to change something in your life, what would you choose? This question can give you an idea of the person's condition and who they are. You will also be able to see his weaknesses, learn about his hopes and dreams. Often, when people share their regrets or unfulfilled desires with others, it expands the range of their interactions and builds trust.
3. How did you meet? This is a great question when talking to a couple. Quite often, telling the story of a first meeting brings people together, evoking happy memories. This gives them the opportunity to share their joy and allows you to learn more about their past and how they interact with each other.
5. What kind of music do you like? The music we love helps define who we are and reflects the dreams and visions of our generation. What we listen to reflects what resonates with our soul. This most clearly and honestly reveals our inner essence and our deep convictions, which are sometimes very difficult to express in words.
6. If you could go anywhere, which place would you choose and why? This question not only allows you to discuss past travel experiences, but also helps you better understand the personality, interests, and adventurous spirit of the other person.
7. If you could only have five things, what would you choose? This question really makes people think. We are very attached to our things, but there are only a few of them that are of particular importance to us. When people are forced to define it, you can see what wealth they value the most.
8. What school teacher had on you greatest influence and why? teachers can play key role in developing our love of learning, exploring our true desires and talent discovery. These people inspire us or simply believe in us and want the best for us.
9. Have you ever wondered what will be written on your tombstone? Although this question is a little painful, it concerns important topics looking deep into the heart. What are we striving for? How do we want to be remembered and what do we want to leave behind?
10. What was the turning point in your life? This question allows you to go to a deeper level of communication. Often these moments occur when experiencing difficult life situations: death, divorce, job loss, etc. It is during such periods that we are forced to make huge mental, physical or emotional shifts.
11. Why did you choose this profession? The story of why a person chose a particular profession helps to learn a lot about him, about his motivations, interests, education and ambitions. We often spend most of our time at work. Therefore, the answer to this question also shows what a person decided to closely connect his life with.
12. How do you spend your free time? This question serves as an excellent addition to the previous one, making up a complete picture of how a person managed to organize his life. We will be able to learn about the interests, various hobbies and obligations of our interlocutor.
13. If you won the lottery, what would you do with the winnings? This funny question, revealing a person's attitude to money, work and life goals. Would the person quit their job? Would you buy your dream home? Or would you do something altruistic? Would a person be glad to receive a large monetary fortune, or would he wish to avoid such gifts of fate?
14. Who do you admire? The answer to this question will show who a person wants to be like. We admire people whose actions and character reflect what we want to see in ourselves. Knowing the answer, you can learn more about the true nature of the interlocutor.
15. Tell us about your three favorite books. Why did you choose them? Discussing favorite books creates space for interesting conversation and helps people to find mutual language. It also gives both parties the opportunity to learn something new and understand a different point of view or interests that they did not think about before.
16. What are you most afraid of? This question is meant to sound the ground, and yet it is capable of revealing a great deal. Every person is afraid of something and it is these fears and fears that show our vulnerabilities and painful points. When someone shares something like this with you, you need to respond with caution, kindness, and trust. You need to be respectful and sensitive about other people's fears so that they feel safe and can open up to you on a deeper level.
17. What do you understand by the word "love"? Each person has their own “love language”: words, behaviors, and attitudes that show how they express their love and make them feel loved. This is a great question for your significant other.
18. What are your strongest qualities? At first, most people are not entirely comfortable answering this question, as they try to be humble. But deep down we all want the recognition of our positive qualities. As a rule, people ask the same question to their interlocutor and this creates a positive connection between them.
19. Can you remember the most embarrassing moment? Do not take this question too seriously and then you can laugh heartily, remembering such moments. Most people like to tell funny stories about themselves, as long as they don't involve shame or guilt. Sometimes people may talk about something painful or embarrassing. Then it's time to show compassion and participation.
20. If you were president, what would be the first thing you would do? Through this question, you can learn a lot about political views, ideals, values and concerns of the interlocutor. If you want to avoid lengthy arguments, just be prepared to disagree with the other person's opinion. Don't forget that we are all different and that's great. Communication completes us. Be open.
21. How old do you feel now, and why? Ask this question to people over 50 and you'll get some interesting answers. With age, many people do not feel their chronological age. It is very interesting to learn how people perceive themselves internally. It is likely that their age absolutely does not coincide with their feelings.
22. If you could witness any event from the past, present or future, which would you choose? This is an awesome question for exciting conversation. You can learn about the interests and goals of the interlocutor and, perhaps, be inspired to explore your own interests more deeply.
23. What skill would you like to master and why? Most people want to constantly improve for their own satisfaction. This question will give a person the opportunity not only to talk about his desires, but also to think about why he has not yet achieved success in what he wants.
24. How do you imagine a perfect day? Thinking about this question makes us return to the memories of the wonderful days we lived. The question fills the conversation with happy notes, evoking pleasant feelings and perhaps even a desire to recreate that perfect day.
25. How would your friends describe you? This question allows the person to abstract and try to see themselves from a different perspective, bringing self-awareness and honesty with themselves into the conversation, as well as making the conversation deeper and more interesting.
By asking these questions, you can also learn a lot about yourself. You show others that you are involved, interested, and respect their personality. You create strong bonds, exchange of sincere feelings and genuine information. When others feel that you appreciate them, you create the basis for a strong, mutually beneficial, wonderful relationship.
Ethnic groups are only tribes, peoples injections. Ethnos is a rather late historical formation. He, as we found out, was preceded by another genetic chain: family, clan, clan. All of them are not numerous, they do not have an independent culture, and most importantly, they are part of a larger whole: first a tribe, and then a nationality and a nation. And in terms of time of existence, an individual family or clan usually has up to a hundred years, while an ethnos, a higher and more complex type of sociobiological chain, lasts for thousands of years. During the period of existence of an ethnic group, epochs change, states arise and fall apart, ethnic groups themselves move around the planet.
TRIBE is historically the first step in the formation of an ethnos. The tribe includes a significant number of genera and clans. They have their own language or dialect, territory, formal organization (chief, tribal council), common ceremonies.
Their number reached tens of thousands of people. The tribes were replaced by another, historically more high form ethnos - nationality. It is characteristic not of primitive society, but of the epoch of slavery and feudalism.
NATIONALITY - ethnic community which occupies a place on the ladder of social development between the tribes and the nation. It is a linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community.
The nation outnumbers the tribe. The state played a decisive role in transforming the union of tribes into a nationality. It united vast territories, establishing a closer bond between people and ethnic groups. Most often, closely related tribes are consolidated into a nationality, and often unrelated ethnic groups are also included here.
So, Old Russian people formed in the second half of the 1st millennium AD. e. from closely related East Slavic tribes. However, already at an early stage, non-Slavic ethnic groups were also involved in it: Finno-Ugric, Baltic, Turkic.
Nationalities are rather unstable ethnic formations. In the era of feudalism, they break up into smaller parts, and new ethnic groups are gradually formed from them. Such a fate befell the ancient Russian nationality, which broke up in the 12th century into three independent ethnic groups that subsequently formed - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Feudal fragmentation was also inherent in Europe, where medieval states were constantly disintegrating, but reunited already in the New Age.
On the basis of nationalities, nations are formed - the highest historical type of an ethnos.
A NATION is an autonomous political grouping, not limited by territorial boundaries, whose members are committed to common values and institutions.
The nation arises during the period of overcoming feudal disunity and the birth of capitalism. During this period, an internal market and a single economic structure, which have reached a high degree of political organization, are formed.
own literature, art. Nations are more numerous than nationalities; they number tens and hundreds of millions of people. On the basis of common territories, language and economy, a single national character and mental warehouse. Arises very strong feeling solidarity with their nation. National patriotic and national liberation movements, interethnic strife, wars and conflicts arise as a sign that a nation has been formed and is fighting for its sovereignty.
Most nations are united on the basis of peoples of the same name, while at the same time including closely related peoples in their orbit. Thus, the French united as a nation in XVII-XVIII centuries on the basis of two closely related nationalities, which took shape back in early middle ages- North French and Provencal. Russian state formed in X V -XVII centuries around Moscow, and this process is called collecting lands. In the 17th century, under Peter I, it turns into an empire and declares itself as a European superpower.
In order to give complete list characteristic features of the nation, it is necessary to add the following features to the list of ethnos features (they are named at the beginning of the paragraph):
- sustainable statehood,
- community of economic life,
- developed social structure.
Comparing two lists of features - an ethnos and a nation - we can notice the following pattern: as an ethnos evolves from a tribe and a nationality to a nation, its biological features decrease and socio-political ones increase. The XX century is considered decisive for the formation of nations.
Concepts: ethnos, ethno-forming factors, tribe, nationality, nation.
Questions and tasks
1. Why is an ethnos called a sociobiological community? Give a reasoned answer.
2. What is the difference between the concepts of "historical homeland" and "country of origin"? Give examples.
3. Tell us about how familiar you are with the traditions and customs of other people. Do you use items, food, clothes created by representatives of another nationality in everyday life?
4. What is a tribe and how does it differ from a nation? Support your conclusion with examples from the material in this section. *5. You need to compare the main features of society and the main features of an ethnic group (ethno-forming factors), outline the similarities and differences between them, and draw conclusions. For example, why is management a sign of society, but not one of the signs of an ethnos?
*6. What are the similarities and differences between nation and nationality? Justify your answer.
*7. What is the role of the state in the formation of nationality and
■Problem. What role do national traditions and customs play in the life of modern people? Do they need to be preserved? Try to find specific examples to support your opinion?
Workshop. Ethnic forms arose in the era of the Upper Paleolithic. But the nature of the ethnic group has changed in the course of history. The highest stage of its development is the nation that is taking shape in modern times (the 19th century). Large ethnic groups now exist only as a nation, while small ones, preserved from ancient times, are included in nations as ethnic minorities.
Which peoples in modern Russia could you classify as nations, and which - as ethnic minorities?
§ 22. Interethnic relations
Ethnic groups, formed in one territory, often move, coming into contact with one or several peoples. Nomadic peoples were prone to increased mobility in ancient times. Unlike farmers, they constantly migrated over a vast area, attacking foreigners. Most a prime example- movements of the Mongol-Tatar hordes in the XI-XIV centuries. Another example is the great migration of peoples of the 4th-7th centuries.
Regardless of whether peoples and tribes move from one part of the earth to another or remain in one place, they inevitably enter into a special type of social relations who are called international.
Interethnic relations include two varieties:
- relations between different nationalities within one state;
- relationship between different nation-states.
Studying the problem of interethnic relations within
one state was first put on a scientific basis in the United States, where the whites, who constitute the majority, ran into resistance from the black population.
Since America continued to attract tens of millions of migrants from all over the world throughout the 20th century, by the end of the 20th century, the number of all whites and all non-whites almost evened out. Moreover, the share of the former began to decline, while the share of the latter increased intensively. Experts began to talk about the fact that whites would soon become an ethnic minority in the United States. Today many "whites" (Italians, Albanians, Serbs, Lithuanians, etc.) demand the status of a national minority and create ethnic associations (clubs, parties).
However, the paradox lies elsewhere. For hundreds of years of slavery and the fight against it, the American Negroes have assimilated the values of white culture so much that, having long forgotten African traditions, they accepted it as their own. And not only accepted, but also began to actively defend. In an interview taken from them after the events of 1992, blacks accused Koreans and Hispanics of being unfriendly, unpatriotic, in contrast to the white Americans living next door. And if in the future whites in America are in a numerical minority, blacks will most likely defend the ideals of white culture.
The national majority treats national minorities differently. Whites have always treated Negroes as stupid and lazy slaves. The stereotype stuck, and it took generations of business, academic, and culturally successful blacks for it to disappear. But Asian-Americans immediately began to be treated differently. peculiar
Asian peoples, diligence, respectfulness and modesty were welcomed by the Americans. They began to be called "exemplary national minorities." But they lived more isolated lives, which not everyone liked. Traditions big family they demanded that a Korean or Chinese who founded his own enterprise or shop, first of all, hire relatives. It worked out even cheaper. The Americans, on the other hand, demanded that owners hire employees regardless of nationality. And they were right, because in a democratic society everything should be available to everyone, if there are no special provisions in the constitution.
Different minorities are also different cultures, which they represent. Asia has always been the center of an ancient and very high culture. In this respect, even the Europeans cannot argue with her. Africa is a different matter, where the majority of the population is very poor and illiterate. Latin America is sort of in the middle.
Another fact is also interesting: gossip, boycott, racketeering, insults and physical violence are elements of social and ethnic leveling. Who uses them more often? Of course, not the rich and educated, but the poor and uncultured. But immigrants to the US always started from scratch. It was harder for them to fight for survival. If you remember the 30s, then the mafia wave that swept America was Italian. By extorting small shopkeepers and paying tribute to residential areas of American cities, Italian emigrants not only redistributed wealth, but also showed others that in America the chances of success should be equal regardless of the period of entry into the country. In the second half of the 20th century, the Italian mafia was replaced by mafia structures of Hispanic and Asian Americans. In this way, national minorities, deprived of economic resources, status and privileges, fought for survival and success.
History knows peaceful and military forms of interaction between peoples. Modern America- an example of a peaceful way, and the ancient empires that conquered neighboring peoples, such as Assyria and Rome, serve as an example of a non-peaceful way. In one case, the invaders dissolved the conquered peoples in themselves, in the other, they themselves dissolved in them. In a violent scene
rii larger nation prohibits national minorities from using mother tongue V public life education, closes book publishers and the media.
The most civilized way of uniting different peoples is the formation of a multinational state, where the rights and freedoms of each nationality are respected. IN similar cases several languages are official, for example, in Belgium - French, Danish and German, in Switzerland - German, French and Italian. However, even under the most successful set of circumstances on everyday grounds, there are always tensions, conflicts, prejudices and hostility between representatives of different nationalities. The reason is the so-called ethnocentrism.
ETHNOCENTRISM - confidence in the correctness of one's own culture, a tendency or tendency to reject the norms of another culture as wrong, low, unaesthetic.
People often treat with disdain or arrogance towards peoples whose customs seem strange or incomprehensible to them. Tribes that decorate their noses with rings are considered savages, husbands with ten wives are considered immoral, insect dishes are disgusting. They only think their way of life is right.
Ethnocentrism causes large-scale conflicts and wars. At the individual level, it creates unnecessary difficulties in the communication of representatives different cultures and peoples. Racial and national intolerance
is a domestic variety of ethnocentrism. It is not fixed by the law of the country, is not supported by judicial and punitive bodies, but arises spontaneously in mass consciousness and behavior of people.
In 1991, in the German city of Hoyerswerda, neo-fascists and skinheads, armed with knives and gas pistols, smashed a hostel for Vietnamese and Mozambican refugees. This was repeated on an even larger scale in 1992. Outbreaks of national and racial intolerance were sharply opposed by the country's population, leading German politicians and the press. In response to the sorties of neo-fascists, more
400,000 people with candles, torches and flashlights in their hands formed a 45-kilometer chain in Munich to protest against racism and violence. The demonstration was supported by hundreds of demonstrations throughout Germany.
And now let's talk about ethnic conflicts. They arose at dawn human history. In ancient times, these were tribal wars, they were fought over the territories of hunting, fishing, gathering, i.e. for the possession of the environment. It happened that entire peoples died in them, while others were subjected to powerful assimilation by a stronger rival. Throughout human history, there has been a constant movement of ethnic groups across the territory of the Earth, and hence constant wars. It is believed that almost all known wars in history had a largely ethnic basis.
Some ethnic or national conflicts have not been resolved for many years, now and then breaking out with new force. For example, the Middle East conflict between Jews and Arabs, the Transcaucasian conflict between Armenians and Turks (Azerbaijanis).
V.A. Avksentiev. ethnic conflicts
Ancient sources have left us evidence of the largest ethnic conflicts of the early period. The Old Testament describes the deportation of Jews, i.e. forcible expulsion of people from their ethnic homeland. In 568 B.C. The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the Kingdom of Judah and evicted the bulk of the Jews outside their ethnic homeland - Palestine.
Since ancient times, such a phenomenon as the capture of alien tribesmen and their sale into slavery or use as slaves has been known. This trade was engaged in the second millennium BC. Phoenician pirates. At the same time, the Phoenicians remained in the memory of mankind as the people of the most ancient highly developed civilization. The slave trade was also a flourishing industry in the Kazan Khanate.
The 20th century is a century of unprecedented social upheavals: two world wars, during which the latest means of mass extermination of people were used, dozens of bloody
torrential regional conflicts, the collapse of world empires, the repeated redrawing of the political map of the world, social revolutions - all this is an integral feature of the century.
The beginning of the century was marked by the escalation of the Anglo-Boer War (1 8 9 9 - 1902), which was unleashed by Great Britain in order to capture the Transvaal and the Orange Republic, created in southern Africa by the Boers - the descendants of the Dutch settlers.
IN 1904 began Russo-Japanese War.
IN At the beginning of the second decade, two so-called Balkan wars took place in 1912-1913 and 1913, in which Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, Ottoman Empire. In 1915, over one and a half million Armenians were killed by the Turkish authorities. The 20th century was a century of mass genocide unprecedented after the destruction of the indigenous inhabitants of America - the Indians - by white settlers. Throughout the history of the existence of the British Empire, the struggle of the conquered peoples against the British colonizers did not stop on its territory.
The prosperous countries of the West have not escaped the ethnic conflict either: ethnic tensions in Belgium periodically become aggravated, racial problems in the USA; with great difficulty, in 1995, the integrity of Canada, a country with one of the highest living standards in the world, was preserved in Quebec.
The collapse of the socialist system and the transition to a market economy was accompanied by the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the CCCR of Czechoslovakia. In the former USSR, separatist processes gave rise to territorial claims, flows of refugees and internally displaced persons.
