Insignificant peoples of Russia - a list. The smallest people in Russia
in the Russian Federation, such peoples are recognized as living in the territories of the traditional settlement of their ancestors, preserving their way of life, managing and crafts, numbering less than 50 thousand people in the Russian Federation and recognizing themselves as independent ethnic communities. A single list of K. m. n. The Russian Federation is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the authorities state power subjects of the Russian Federation in whose territories these peoples live.
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INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
concept used in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to Art. 69, the Russian Federation guarantees the rights of indigenous peoples in accordance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties RF. The Constitution of the Russian Federation also uses the concept of "small ethnic communities". For example, paragraph "m" of Article 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation refers to the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation "protection of the original habitat and traditional way of life of small ethnic communities."
In international documents, the concepts " indigenous people", "indigenous people": for example, in International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention 107 "On the Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries" (1957); in ILO Convention 169 " On Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989). However, their interpretations in these documents and in Russian science and practice are somewhat different. International documents are more focused on peoples who have lost their traditional places of residence or have problems in terms of using them, as if incapable of self-organization in the form of national-territorial and other formations. It's about rather, it is about raising the standard of living and the standard of living in the country as a whole.
In Russia, the equality of all peoples, the possibilities of their self-organization were consolidated from the very beginning, including with the use of forms of national-territorial autonomy, the creation of national regions, village councils, etc. Opportunities for the use of the language, the development of writing, etc., were constantly created. the problems of the organization of life and life K. of medical science gradually accumulated, especially in areas of the North and the Northeast. Technical progress influenced the use by some peoples traditional types industries, and the industrial development of oil and gas fields, in its own way, had even more negative impact. Great Definition
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Small nations, not small! It's time to put the law in order!
On January 29, the draft law No. 984312-6 “On Amending the the federal law dated April 30, 1999 No. 82-FZ "On Guarantees of the Rights of the Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation" and separate legislative acts. The issue that is intended to regulate this bill is the creation of a register of persons belonging to the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation .
This is a fairly old topic. The category of people, which is classified as an indigenous people in the Russian Federation, has certain rights that are more extended in relation to other citizens. For example, the right to lead a traditional way of life, priority use of nature, the implementation of crafts, as well as in the field of education and culture. There are also a number of social guarantees, which are specified in the law "On Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation". But due to the fact that nationality is no longer indicated in the passport, and the state is increasingly trying to record relations with citizens, it became necessary to confirm nationality. Otherwise, it is simply impossible to use the guaranteed rights. The Constitution of the Russian Federation says that everyone has the right to determine and indicate their nationality. At the same time, there is no legislative mechanism for the implementation of this right.
Back in 2007, a set of priority measures was approved for the preparation and holding in the Russian Federation of the Second International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples, which provided for the development of a normative act of documentary confirmation nationality persons from among the indigenous peoples. Unfortunately, this point was never implemented, and subsequently completely excluded. And until recently, the question of the procedure for confirming nationality at the level of the Government was not raised.
IN last years the situation worsened. For example, indigenous minorities have the right to a preferential pension, they reach retirement age 5 years earlier, but it is difficult to get it if you do not confirm your nationality. The same applies to the issue of setting a special mark in the hunting license for indigenous peoples giving the right to hunt without permits. There is a practice that these people are forced to go to court and individually prove that they belong to indigenous peoples. Today, in some cases, only after receiving judgment people can exercise their rights. But only a part of citizens can confirm their nationality in court. This is due to the lack of access to the courts due to the remoteness of residence, ignorance of the procedure for applying, lack of funds for the road to appear in court.
We have repeatedly said that the Government should approve the procedure for confirming nationality. Many services objected, for example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs refused to issue inserts to the passport or put a seal on nationality. Therefore, there is no official order today.
On July 8, 2015, the President of the Russian Federation approved a list of instructions No. K 503 on the implementation of additional measures aimed at implementing state policy in the field of improving the quality of life and preserving the original culture of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation, which were instructed to provide until March 1 2016, the development of legislative and other regulatory legal acts aimed at improving the procedure for classifying citizens as small peoples, including those leading a traditional way of life in places of traditional residence, and their accounting.
As part of the implementation these instructions, we summarized regional experience, there are regions where passport inserts are issued, regions where registries are maintained, we studied international experience and came to the conclusion that the procedure for maintaining a register is more appropriate for our current reality.
The draft law proposes to amend the federal laws: “On guarantees of the rights of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation” dated April 30, 1999 No. 82-FZ, “On general principles organizations local government in the Russian Federation” of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ, expanding the powers of federal government bodies, giving them the opportunity to approve the regulation on the formation and maintenance of the register of persons belonging to the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation.
Local self-government bodies are empowered by the draft law to form and maintain a register of persons belonging to the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation living in the territory of a municipal district or urban district included in the List of places of traditional residence and traditional economic detail of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation.
The draft law also proposes to amend the conceptual apparatus of the federal law "On Guarantees of the Rights of the Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation" by defining what is meant by the register of persons belonging to the indigenous minorities of the Russian Federation.
Giving local governments the right to form and maintain a register of persons belonging to indigenous peoples living in the territory of a municipal district or urban district included in the List of places of traditional residence and traditional economic detail of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation will return to the previously existing practice and minimize costs persons belonging to indigenous peoples to confirm their nationality, since they will have the opportunity to obtain an extract from the register and present it at the place of demand.
It is assumed that the registry data will be formed on the basis of information obtained from different sources: birth certificates, extracts from household books, references public organizations and communities of indigenous peoples, other sources on the basis of personal applications of citizens of the Russian Federation, the procedure for submitting which will be determined by the regulation on the maintenance of the register, approved by a specially authorized federal government body.
The law is expected to adopt normative act who will establish the procedure for maintaining the register, the criteria for referring to indigenous peoples. The register itself can provide for three categories of citizens:
1. Persons belonging to indigenous peoples who lead a traditional way of life and traditional management constantly;
2. Persons who belong to indigenous peoples, but lead a traditional way of life not permanently, but auxiliaryly. As a rule, these are people living in countryside and working in social sphere, school, local authorities;
3. Persons who do not belong to indigenous peoples, but who permanently reside and lead a similar lifestyle. As a rule, these are family members in mixed marriages as well as the old-timer population. Such people should and can enjoy the rights to priority use of natural resources on an equal basis with indigenous peoples.
Depending on the category, it is possible that the scope of rights will be determined, so, for example, the first category will have the ability to fully use all statutory preferences.
Currently, given order registry is under development. FADN plans to gather experts, the public, representatives of interested authorities in the near future and discuss this document. After that, we plan to circulate it for wider discussion.
The procedure for passing a law is quite lengthy. And much depends on the position of the Government of the Russian Federation. If the Government agrees that it should be adopted as soon as possible, the process will accelerate. Now it is necessary to collect feedback from the authorities, including from the regions, consider their position and make the necessary adjustments, taking into account their opinions. I believe that if the law passes and a register appears, then many problems for indigenous peoples will be removed.
You can get acquainted with the draft federal law No. 984312-6 "On Amendments to the Federal Law of April 30, 1999 No. 82-FZ "On Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation" and individual legislative acts" and materials to it can be found at the link: http ://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=984312-6
Yulia Yakel, Honorary Advocate, Director of the Legal Center of the Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation, ANO "Keepers"
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES - in the Russian Federation special groups population living in the territories of traditional settlement of their ancestors, preserving the traditional way of life, management and crafts.
In Russia, one of the first for-no-dative acts, on-the-right-len-nyh to protect the rights of indigenous peoples, was the Charter on the management foreigners of 1822. In the 1920s, in the sta-nov-le-ni-yah and de-re-taches of the Soviet prav-vi-tel-st-va (for example, in de-re-those of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of October 25, 1926 of the year “On the approval of the Time of the-men-no-go-of-the-same-nation on the management of the terrestrial-we-by-clan-no-stay-mi and the tribe -on-mi-north-ok-ra-in ") sfor-mi-ro-van for-covered trans-re-chen, first-on-initial-but including 24th floor -nicheskie obsh-no-sti.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 (Article 69) introduced the concept of “indigenous peoples”. In the Russian Fe-de-ra-tion, dey-st-vu-et is a Unified re-re-chen of indigenous small-number-len-n-th peoples of the Russian Federation (2000), and also Pe-re-chen of the root of small-number-len-nyh on-ro-dov of Se-ve-ra, C-bi-ri and Far-not-go East of the Russian Federation (2006). A single re-re-chen does not include 40 on-ro-dov Se-ve-ra, Si-bi-ri and Dal-ne-go Vos-to-ka (ale-uty, alu -tor-tsy, vep-sy, dol-ga-ny, itel-me-ny, kam-cha-da-ly, ke-re-ki, ke-you, ko-rya-ki, ku-man-din -tsy, man-si, na-naytsy, nga-na-sa-ny, not-gi-dal-tsy, nenets-tsy, niv-hi, oro-ki, oro-chi, saa-we, sel-ku -py, soy-o-you, ta-zy, te-len-gi-you, te-le-uty, to-fa-la-ry, tu-ba-la-ry, tu-vin-tsy-tod -zhin-tsy, ude-gey-tsy, ul-chi, khan-ty, chel-kan-tsy, chu-van-tsy, chuk-chi, chu-lym-tsy, shor-tsy, even-ki, ewe -ny, en-tsy, es-ki-mo-sy, yuka-gi-ry), as well as aba-zin, be-ser-myan, vod, Izhor-tsev, na-gai-ba-kov, shap-su-gov and 14 on-ro-dov Da-ge-sta-on.
According to the Russian za-ko-no-da-tel-st-vu, in order to recognize on-ro-da-ko-ren-nym-lo-number-len-nym, he must: to be aware of oneself as a self-standing ethnic community (sa-mo-iden-ti-fi-qi-ro-vat-sya), save the original environment of obi-ta-niya (ter-ri-to-riyu), nat. pro-mys-ly, i.e. especially combat eco-no-mich. space-country-st-in, sa-mo-everyday-cultural-tu-ru, a common native language and have a number on the territory of Russia less than 50 thousand people. Fatherly for-ko-no-da-tel-st-vo about sta-tu-se and protection of the rights of national minorities ba-zi-ru-et-xia on the international-du-folk-nor- max, inter-go-su-darstvo. to-go-in-rakh of Russia about the rights of a person-lo-ve-ka and for the protection of those rights of the nat. minorities
Indigenous peoples you-de-la-yut-sya into a separate group-pu-na-rod-dov for the purpose of a special fight for-shchi-you from the side of go-su-dar-st-va, they are on-de-le-ny with a special-sta-tu-som, have a number of for-but-yes-tel-but for-cre-p-lyon-ny benefits (pre-imu-sche-st -ven-noe pol-zo-va-nie bio-re-sur-sa-mi, more early retirement, for-me-on military service al-ter -on-tiv-noy, in the re-re-chen pro-fess-something-swarm-in-on-pa-st-ba deer-her; os-in-bo-zh-de-nie from pla - you are for the earth, etc.). Complex-but questions in the field of protecting the rights of national minorities ure-gu-li-ro-va-ny Fe-de-ral-nym for-ko-nom “Oh ha -ran-ti-yah of the rights of the indigenous small-number-len-ny peoples of the Russian Federation ”(1999).
At the fe-de-ral-nom level, dey-st-vu-yut also fe-de-ral-nye laws “On the general principles-qi-pah o-ga-ni-za -tions of the communities of the root small-numbers of the peoples of Se-ve-ra, C-bi-ri and the Far East of the Russian Federation "(2000 year), “About the ter-ri-to-ri-yah tra-di-qi-on-no-go pri-ro-do-pol-zo-va-niya ko-ren-nyh ma-lo-numbers -nyh peoples of Se-ve-ra, C-bi-ri and Far East of the Russian Federation ”(2001); ut-verzh-de-na Con-cep-tion of the fe-de-ral-noy target-le-how of the program “Eco-no-mi-ches-something and so-qi-al-noe development -thie co-ren-nyh small-number-len-nyh on-ro-dov Se-ve-ra, Si-bi-ri and Dal-ne-go Vo-hundred until 2015-yes ”( 2007). In addition to that, subject-ek-you Fe-de-ra-tion sa-mo-standing-tel-but re-sha-yut pro-ble-we nat. minorities living on their ter-ri-to-ri-yah.
Only on the territory of Russia there are 65 small peoples, and the number of some of them does not exceed a thousand people. There are hundreds of similar peoples on Earth, and each carefully preserves its customs, language and culture.
Our top ten today includes smallest nations in the world.
This small nation lives on the territory of Dagestan, and its number is only 443 people as of the end of 2010. For a long time, the Ginukh people were not singled out as a separate ethnic group, since the Ginukh language was considered only one of the dialects of the Tsez language common in Dagestan.
9. Selkups
Until the 1930s, representatives of this West Siberian people were called Ostyak-Samoyeds. The number of Selkups is slightly more than 4 thousand people. They live mainly on the territory of the Tyumen, Tomsk regions, as well as the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
8. Nganasans
This people lives on the Taimyr Peninsula, and its number is about 800 people. Nganasany - the most northern people in Eurasia. Until the middle of the 20th century, people led nomadic image life, overtaking herds of deer over long distances, today the Nganasans live settled.
7. Orochons
The place of residence of this small ethnic group is China and Mongolia. The population is about 7 thousand people. The history of the people has more than a thousand years, the Orochons are mentioned in many documents related to the early Chinese imperial dynasties.
6. Evenki
This indigenous people of Russia lives in Eastern Siberia. This people is the most numerous in our ten - its number is quite sufficient to populate a small town. There are about 35 thousand Evenks in the world.
5. Kets
Kets live in the north Krasnoyarsk Territory. The number of this people is less than 1500 people. Until the middle of the 20th century, representatives of the ethnic group were called Ostyaks, as well as Yeniseis. The Ket language belongs to the group of Yenisei languages.
4. Chulyms
The number of this indigenous people of Russia is 355 people as of 2010. Despite the fact that most of the Chulyms recognize Orthodoxy, the ethnic group carefully preserves some traditions of shamanism. Chulyms live mainly in the Tomsk region. Interestingly, the Chulym language does not have a written language.
3. Basins
The number of this people living in Primorye is only 276 people. The Taz language is a mixture of one of the Chinese dialects with the Nanai language. Now less than half of those who identify themselves as Taz speak this language.
2. Livy
This extremely small people lives on the territory of Latvia. From time immemorial, the main occupations of the Livs were piracy, fishing and hunting. Today, the people are almost completely assimilated. According to official figures, only 180 Livs remained.
1 Pitcairnians
This people is the smallest in the world and lives on the small island of Pitcairn in Oceania. The number of Pitcairns is about 60 people. They are all descendants of the sailors of the British warship Bounty, who landed here in 1790. The Pitcairn language is a mixture of Simplified English, Tahitian and Maritime vocabulary.
minorities
Indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the small peoples of the North) - peoples numbering less than 50 thousand people living in the northern regions of Russia, Siberia and the Russian Far East in the territories of the traditional settlement of their ancestors, preserving the traditional way of life , management and crafts and self-conscious ethnic communities.
general information
Indigenous peoples of the Far North, Siberia and the Far East - this is the official name, more briefly they are usually called the peoples of the North. The birth of this group refers to the very beginning of the formation Soviet power, by the 1920s, when a special resolution “On Assistance to the Peoples of the Northern Outskirts” was adopted. At that time, it was possible to count about 50, if not more, different groups that lived in the Far North. They, as a rule, were engaged in reindeer herding, and their way of life was significantly different from what the first Soviet Bolsheviks saw for themselves.
As time went on, this category continued to remain as a special category of accounting, gradually this list crystallized, more accurate names of individual ethnic groups appeared, and in post-war period, at least since the 1960s, especially in the 1970s, this category began to include 26 peoples. And when they talked about the peoples of the North, they meant 26 indigenous peoples of the North - they were called back in their time the small peoples of the North. These are different language groups, people who speak different languages, including those whose close relatives have not yet been found. This is the language of the Kets, whose relations with other languages are quite complex, the language of the Nivkhs, and a number of other languages.
Despite the measures taken by the state (at that time it was called the Communist Party Soviet Union And Soviet government), adopted separate resolutions on economic development these peoples, how to facilitate their economic existence - after all, the situation remained rather complicated: alcoholism was spreading, there were a lot of social diseases. So gradually we lived until the end of the 1980s, when it suddenly turned out that 26 peoples did not fall asleep, did not forget their languages, did not lose their culture, and even if something happened, they want to restore it, reconstruct it, and so on, want to use in their modern life.
At the very beginning of the 1990s, this list suddenly began to take on a second life. Some peoples of Southern Siberia were included in it, and so there were not 26, but 30 peoples. Then gradually, during the 1990s - early 2000s, this list expanded and expanded, and today it is about 40-45 ethnic groups, starting from the European part of Russia and ending with the Far East, a significant number of ethnic groups are included in this the so-called list of indigenous peoples of the north of Siberia and the Far East.
What does it take to be on this list?
First of all, you as a people are officially forbidden to be fruitful and multiply in the sense that, let it sound rude, you should not be more than 50,000 people. There is a size limit. You must live on the territory of your ancestors, engage in traditional farming, preserve traditional culture and language. Everything is actually not so simple, not just to have a special self-name, but you must consider yourself an independent people. Everything is very, very difficult, even with the same self-name.
Let's try to look at, say, the Altaians. Altaians themselves are not included in the list of indigenous peoples. AND for a long time in Soviet ethnography, Soviet science, it was believed that this is a single people, formed, however, from different groups, but they formed into a single socialist nationality. When the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s came, it turned out that those who made up the Altaians still remember that they are not quite Altaians. Thus, new ethnic groups appeared on the map of the Republic of Altai and on the ethnographic map: Chelkans, Tubalars, Kumandins, Altai proper, Telengits. Some of them were included in the list of indigenous peoples of the North. Was very a difficult situation- the 2002 census, when the authorities of the Republic of Altai were very afraid that due to the fact that a significant part of the former Altaians suddenly enrolled in indigenous peoples, the population of the republic, that is titular people, will decrease significantly and then their portfolios will be taken away - there will be no republic, and people will lose their positions. Everything turned out well: in our country there is no such direct correlation between the titular ethnic group and the status of the entity in which it lives - it can be a republic, an autonomous region, or something else.
But as far as ethnic identity is concerned, the situation is much more complicated. We said that several groups of these Altaians emerged. But if we take each of them, we find that each of them consists of 5, 10, maybe 20 divisions. They are called genus, or, in Altaic, “sok” (‘bone’), some of them have a very ancient origin. In the same 2002, the leaders of the clans - they are called zaisans - when they learned that the people's response would not affect the status of the republic in any way, they said: “Oh, how good. So, maybe now we will sign ourselves as Naimans, Kipchaks (by the name of the genus). That is, it really turns out that a person is generally an Altaian, but at the same time he can be a representative of some ethnic group as part of the Altaians. He may be one of a kind. If you dig, you can find even smaller ones.
Why should you be on this list?
Once there is a list, you can get into it, you can sign up for it. If you are not included in this list, then you will not have any benefits. People usually say about benefits: "They signed up because they want benefits." Of course, there are some benefits, if you know about them and can use them. Some people don't know what they are. These are benefits for medical care, for getting firewood (relevant in villages), it can be preferential admission of your children to the university, there is some other list of these benefits. But that's really not the most important thing. There is such a moment: you want to live on your own land, and you have no other land. If you are not included in this list of indigenous peoples of the North, then you will be treated like everyone else, although you are already a citizen of the Russian Federation. Then you will not have additional leverage in terms of protecting the territory where you and your ancestors lived, hunted, fished, and were engaged in the traditional way of life, which is very important to you.
Why is it very important? Sometimes with laughter, sometimes without laughter, they say: “Well, what can we take from him? Even if he is a white-collar worker, it’s time for a season or to collect cones in the taiga, he goes to the taiga to collect cones or a season, disappears into the sea and fishes.” A man works in an office, but he cannot live without it. Here they are told with laughter or even disdain. If we find ourselves, say, in the United States, then we will simply find that self-respecting companies will give a person a vacation for this time, because they understand that he cannot live without it, and not because it is his whim, that he wants to go fishing, as any of us might want to go somewhere for the weekend to relax. No, this is something sitting in the blood that drives a person from the office back to the taiga, to the lands of their ancestors.
If you do not have the opportunity to additionally protect this land, then various complex life situations. It is no secret that the territory inhabited by small indigenous peoples of the North is rich in minerals. It can be anything: gold, uranium, mercury, oil, gas, coal. And these people live on lands that are very important from the point of view of the strategic development of the state.
7 smallest peoples of Russia
Chulyms
Chulym Turks or Iyus Kizhiler ("Chulym people") live on the banks of the Chulym River in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and have their own language. In former times, they lived in uluses, where dugouts (odyg), semi-dugouts (kyshtag), yurts and chums were built. They were engaged in fishing, hunting for fur-bearing animals, mined medicinal herbs, pine nuts, grew barley and millet, harvested birch bark and bast, wove ropes, nets, made boats, skis, sleds. Later they began to grow rye, oats and wheat and live in huts. Both women and men wore trousers made of burbot skins and shirts trimmed with fur. Women braided many braids, wore pendants made of coins and jewelry. Dwellings are characterized by chuvals with open hearths, low clay ovens (kemega), bunks and chests. Some Chulymchi adopted Orthodoxy, others remained shamanists. The people have preserved traditional folklore and crafts, but only 17% of 355 people speak their native language.
Oroks
Indigenous people of Sakhalin. They call themselves Uilta, which means "deer". The Orok language is unwritten and is spoken by almost half of the 295 remaining Oroks. The Oroks were nicknamed by the Japanese. The Uilta are engaged in hunting - sea and taiga, fishing (they get pink salmon, chum salmon, coho salmon and sim), reindeer herding and gathering. Now reindeer husbandry has declined, and hunting and fishing are under threat due to oil developments and land problems. Scientists evaluate the prospects for the further existence of the nationality with great caution.
Enets
Enets shamanists, they are Yenisei Samoyeds, call themselves Encho, Mogadi or Pebay. They live in Taimyr at the mouth of the Yenisei in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. traditional dwelling- conical plague. Of the 227 people, only a third speaks their native language. The rest speak Russian or Nenets. The national clothes of the Enets are a parka, fur pants and stockings. For women, the parka is oar, for men it is one-piece. Traditional food is fresh or frozen meat, fresh fish, fishmeal - porsa. From time immemorial, the Enets have been hunting reindeer, reindeer herding, and fox hunting. Almost all modern Enets live in stationary settlements.
Tazy
Tazy (tadzy, datzy) is a small and rather young people living on the Ussuri River in Primorsky Krai. First mentioned in the 18th century. The Tazy originated from a mixture of Nanai and Udege with the Manchus and Chinese. The language is similar to the dialects of northern China, but very different. Now there are 274 Tazis in Russia, and almost none of them speak their native language. If in late XIX century it was known to 1050 people, but now it is owned by several elderly women in the village of Mikhailovka. The Tazy live by hunting, fishing, gathering, farming and animal husbandry. IN Lately seek to revive the culture and customs of their ancestors.
Izhora
The Finno-Ugric people Izhora (Izhora) lived on the eponymous tributary of the Neva. The self-name of the people is Karyalaysht, which means "Karelians". The language is close to Karelian. They profess Orthodoxy. During the Time of Troubles, the Izhors fell under the rule of the Swedes, and fleeing the introduction of Lutheranism, they moved to Russian lands. The main occupation of the Izhors was fishing, namely, the extraction of smelt and herring. The Izhors were carpenters, weavers and basket weavers. IN mid-nineteenth century, 18,000 Izhors lived in the St. Petersburg and Vyborg provinces. The events of the Second World War catastrophically affected the population. Part of the villages burned down, the Izhors were taken to the territory of Finland, and those who returned from there were transported to Siberia. Those who remained in place disappeared among the Russian population. Now there are only 266 Izhors left.
Vod
The self-name of this Orthodox Finno-Ugric disappearing people of Russia is vodyalain, waddyalaizyd. In the 2010 census, only 64 people identified themselves as Vod. The language of the people is close to the southeastern dialect of the Estonian language and to the Liv language. From time immemorial, Vod lived south of the Gulf of Finland, on the territory of the so-called Vodskaya Pyatina, which is mentioned in the annals. The nation itself was formed in the 1st millennium of our era. Agriculture was the basis of life. They grew rye, oats, barley, raised cattle and poultry, and were engaged in fishing. They lived in rigs, similar to Estonian ones, and since the 19th century - in huts. The girls wore a sundress made of white canvas, a short "ihad" jacket. Young people chose their own bride and groom. married women they cut their hair short, and the elderly shaved their heads and wore a “paykas” headdress. In the rites of the people, many pagan remnants have been preserved. Now the Vodi culture is under study, a museum has been created, and the language is being taught.
Kereki
Disappearing people. Only four of them remained on the entire territory of Russia. And in 2002 there were eight. The tragedy of this Paleo-Asiatic people was that since ancient times they lived on the border of Chukotka and Kamchatka and found themselves between two fires: the Chukchi fought with the Koryaks, and the Ankalgakku got it - that's what the Kereks call themselves. In translation, it means "people living by the sea." Enemies burned houses, women were taken into slavery, men were killed.
Many Kereks died during epidemics that engulfed the lands in late XVIII century. The Kereks themselves led a settled way of life, they got food by fishing and hunting, they beat sea and fur-bearing animals. They were engaged in reindeer herding. The Kereks contributed to dog riding. Harnessing dogs in a train is their invention. The Chukchi harnessed the dogs "fan". The Kerek language belongs to the Chukchi-Kamchatka. In 1991, there were three people left in Chukotka who spoke it. To save it, a dictionary was written, which included about 5000 words.
What to do with these people?
Everyone remembers the movie "Avatar" well and that nasty character who said that "they are sitting on my dough." Sometimes one gets the impression that those firms that are trying to somehow regulate relations with people living in places where something can be mined and sold treat them that way, that is, these are people who simply get in the way. The situation is quite complicated, because everywhere, in all cases, where something like this happens (it could be some kind of sacred Lake Nouto, where the Khanty or Forest Nenets live, it could be Kuzbass with its coal deposits, it could be Sakhalin with its oil reserves), there is a certain clash of interests, more or less clearly expressed, between the indigenous peoples of the North, between the local population, in principle, everything in general. Because what's the difference between you, a native, and a Russian old-timer who behaves in exactly the same way, lives on the same land, does the same fishing, hunting, and so on, and suffers from dirty water and others negative consequences extraction or development of some minerals. The so-called stakeholders, in addition to the natives, include government agencies and companies themselves that are trying to extract some profit from this land.
If you are not included in this list of indigenous peoples of the North, then it will be much more difficult for you to defend your land and your rights to the lifestyle that you want to lead. It is important to preserve your culture, because if you do not have the territory where you live compactly with your fellow tribesmen, then it will be very difficult to ensure that your children study mother tongue transmission of some traditional values. This does not mean that the people will disappear, disappear, but in the way you perceive the situation, there may be such an idea that if my language disappears, I will cease to be some kind of people. Of course you won't stop. All over Siberia great amount The peoples of the North have lost their languages, but this does not mean that they do not speak any language. Became native somewhere Yakut language, almost everyone speaks Russian. However, people keep their ethnic identity, they want to develop further, and the list gives them this opportunity.
But there is one interesting twist here, which no one has thought about yet. The fact is that more and more often one hears among younger generation among the indigenous peoples of the North, which, in fact, have lost their ethnic specificity (they all speak Russian, do not wear traditional clothes): “We are indigenous peoples, we are indigenous peoples.” A certain commonality appears, perhaps it is a class identity, as in tsarist Russia. And in this sense, it seems to make sense for the state to take a closer look at the processes that are currently taking place in the North, and, perhaps, if we talk about assistance, it may not be for specific ethnic groups, but for that new estate community called the indigenous peoples of the North. .
Why are northern peoples disappearing?
Small nations differ from large ones not only in numbers. It is more difficult for them to maintain their identity. A Chinese man can come to Helsinki, marry a Finnish woman, live there with her all his life, but he will remain a Chinese until the end of his days, and he will not become a Finn. Moreover, even in his children, there will probably be a lot of Chinese, and this manifests itself not only in appearance, but much deeper - in the characteristics of psychology, behavior, tastes (even just culinary ones). If someone from the Sami people gets into a similar situation - they live on the Kola Peninsula, in Northern Norway and in Northern Finland - then, despite the proximity to their native places, after some time they will essentially become a Finn.
So it is with the peoples of the North and the Far East of Russia. They preserve their national identity while they live in villages and are engaged in traditional farming. If they leave their native places, break away from their own people, then they dissolve into another and become Russians, Yakuts, Buryats - depending on where they end up and how life goes. Therefore, their number is almost not growing, although the birth rate is quite high. In order not to lose national identity, you need to live among your people, in their original habitat.
Of course, small peoples have intelligentsia - teachers, artists, scientists, writers, doctors. They live in the district or regional center, but in order not to lose touch with their native people, they need to spend a lot of time in the villages.
In order to preserve the small peoples, it is necessary to maintain the traditional economy. This is the main difficulty. Reindeer pastures are declining due to growing oil and gas production, seas and rivers are polluted, so fishing cannot develop. The demand for reindeer meat and furs is falling. The interests of the indigenous population and the regional authorities, large companies, it's just that local poachers come into conflict, and in such a conflict, power is not on the side of small peoples.
At the end of the XX century. the leadership of the districts and republics (especially in Yakutia, in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts) began to pay more attention to the problems of conservation national culture. Festivals of the cultures of small peoples have become regular, at which storytellers perform, rituals are performed, and sports competitions are held.
All over the world, the well-being, standard of living, preservation of the culture of small national minorities (Indians in America, Aborigines of Australia, Ainu of Japan, etc.) are included in business card countries serve as an indicator of its progressiveness. Therefore, the significance of the fate of the small peoples of the North for Russia is incommensurably greater compared to their small number, which is only 0.1% of the country's population.
State policy
It is customary for anthropologists to criticize the state policy towards the small peoples of the North.
Policy towards the peoples of the North in different years changed. Before the revolution, they were a special estate - foreigners who had self-government within certain limits. After the 1920s culture, economy and society of the northerners, like the rest of the country, have undergone major transformations. The idea of developing the peoples of the North and bringing them out of the state of "backwardness" was adopted. The economy of the North has become subsidized.
In the late 1980s - early 1990s. ethnographers have formulated a rationale for the direct interdependence of traditional cultural identity, traditional economy and traditional habitat. Economy and language were added to the romantic thesis of soil and blood. The paradoxical idea that the condition for the preservation and development of ethnic culture - language and customs - is the conduct of a traditional economy in a traditional habitat. This de facto concept of hermetic traditionalism became the ideology for the SIM movement. It was the rationale behind the alliance between the ethnic intelligentsia and the nascent business. In the 1990s romanticism received a financial base - first, grants from charitable foreign foundations, and then from mining companies. The industry of ethnological expertise was enshrined in the same law.
Anthropologists' research today shows that management can exist and develop without preserving the language. At the same time, languages can also come out of live family communication when managing a household. For example, Udege, Saami, many dialects of Evenki and many other indigenous languages no longer sound in the taiga and tundra. However, this does not prevent people from engaging in reindeer herding, hunting, and fishing.
Except cultural figures and businessmen, an independent layer of leaders and political activists has formed among the indigenous peoples of the North,
There is a point of view among SIM activists that benefits should not be selective, but should be extended to all representatives of the SIM, wherever they live and whatever they do. As arguments, for example, arguments are offered that the need for fish in the diet in the body is laid down at the genetic level. A solution to this problem is proposed to expand the areas of traditional residence and traditional economy throughout the region.
The countryside in the Far North is not an easy place to live. IN agriculture people of various ethnic backgrounds work there. They use the same technologies, overcome the same difficulties, face the same challenges. This activity should receive state support also regardless of ethnic background. The state guarantee of the protection of the rights of the peoples of Russia is primarily in the guarantee of the absence of any discrimination based on ethnic and religious grounds.
As the analysis shows, the Law “On Guarantees of the Rights of the Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation” stands out in its approach from the entire Russian legal system. This law considers nations as subjects of law. The impossibility of leading provides the basis for the formation of an estate - a group of people endowed with rights due to their ethnicity. Law enforcers on the ground will for a long time face attempts to legally close a fundamentally open social system.
The principal way out of this situation may be to overcome the romanticism of traditionalism and to separate the policy of support economic activity and support for ethno-cultural activities. In the socio-economic part, it is necessary to extend benefits and subsidies to the indigenous peoples of the North to the entire rural population of the Far North.
In the ethno-cultural part, the state can provide the following types of support:
- Scientific support, represented by research organizations and universities, in the development of programs and training of specialists.
- Legal support in the form of development and adoption of norms for the preservation and development of ethno-cultural heritage.
- Organizational support in the form of development and implementation of ethno-cultural programs of cultural institutions and educational institutions.
- Financial support for NGOs developing ethno-cultural initiatives in the form of grant support for promising projects.
