Concept and types of culture: artistic, physical, mass. Forms of culture

Human civilization has reached a high stage of development. And one of the defining features of this is cultural diversity.

Definition of the term

6. Elite (high) - created by professionals independently, or by order of privileged sections of society. Its types, in turn, are art, literature, classical music.

7. Mass form of culture - it can be called the opposite of elitist. Created on a large scale for wide range population. Its main tasks are entertainment and making a profit. This is one of the youngest forms of culture, which owes its appearance to the rapid development of mass communications in the 20th century. They are divided into the following types:

Media - television, newspapers, radio. They spread information, have strong influence towards society and focused on different groups of people.

Communication means - these include the Internet, cellular and telephone communications.

IN Lately Some researchers propose to highlight another type of mass culture - computer culture. Computers and tablets have practically replaced books, television and newspapers for many users. With their help, you can instantly obtain any information. In terms of its impact, this type of culture is catching up with the means mass media, and with the further spread of computers, it may soon get ahead of them.

8. Screen is one of the types of mass culture. It got its name from the way it is displayed on the screen. This includes films, computer games, television series, game consoles.

9. Folk form of culture (folklore) - unlike the elitist one, it is created by anonymous non-professionals. It can also be called amateur. This folk art, which is born from work and everyday life. Passed on from generation to generation, folk culture constantly enriched.

Features of culture of different countries and eras

Each country, ethnic group or nation has its own distinct culture. Sometimes the differences may be subtle, but more often than not they are immediately noticeable. A European will see virtually no difference between the cultures of such peoples as the Incas and the Mayans. The art of Ancient China and Japan is not very different in his eyes. But he can easily distinguish the culture of a European country from an Asian one.

An example is the heritage of Ancient China. What features does it have? This is a strict hierarchy of society, observance of rituals, and the absence of a single religion.

Functions

There is no need to prove that culture plays an important role in life individual person and society as a whole. It performs the following functions:

1. Cognitive. Culture, summarizing the experience of previous generations, accumulates valuable information about the world around us, which helps a person in his cognitive activity. An individual society will be intelligent to the extent that it studies and applies the experience and knowledge contained in the gene pool.

2. Normative (regulatory): taboos, norms, rules, morality are designed to regulate the personal and public life of a person.

3. Educational (educational) - it is culture that makes a person an individual. Being in society, we master knowledge, rules and norms, language, traditions - both of our own social community and those of the world. How much cultural knowledge a person learns will determine who he ultimately becomes. All this is achieved through a long process of upbringing and education.

4. Adaptive - helps a person adapt to the environment.

Domestic culture

The Russian Federation is a multinational country. Its development took place under the influence of national cultures. The uniqueness of Russia lies in the extraordinary diversity of traditions, beliefs, moral norms, rules, customs, aesthetic tastes, which is associated with the specifics of cultural heritage different nations.

Russian culture is dominant in the territory Russian Federation. Which is understandable, since Russians constitute the ethnic majority among other peoples of the country.

In all existing typologies, our culture is always considered separately. Domestic and Western cultural experts unanimously believe that Russian culture is a special phenomenon. It cannot be classified as one of the known types. It belongs neither to the Western nor to the Eastern, being somewhere in the middle. This borderline, dual situation led to the formation internal inconsistency Russian culture and national character.

And it was formed completely differently than in the East or West. Its development was greatly influenced by the fight against the raids of nomads, the adoption of Christianity (while Catholicism gained great power in the West), the Mongol yoke, and the unification of the devastated and weakened principalities into a single Russian state.

At the same time, Russian culture has never developed as a holistic phenomenon. Dualism has always been inherent in it. There are always two opposing principles present in it: pagan and Christian, Asian and European. The same duality is inherent in the character of the Russian person. On the one hand, this is humility and compassion, on the other, toughness.

An important feature of Russian culture was that it arose on a multi-ethnic basis. The core of the future Russian people, East Slavs, in the process of settlement they encountered Turkic and Finno-Ugric tribes, partially assimilating them and absorbing elements of the culture of these peoples.

Stages of development of Russian culture

1. Ancient period.

Speaking about the development of Russian culture, it is worth noting that at the very beginning big influence she was influenced by Slavic culture. The Slavs, before their division into three groups, lived in Central and Eastern Europe. They settled near rivers and streams, in a safe place, for example, in a remote forest. The main occupations were farming, fishing and various crafts. The Slavs were pagans and worshiped gods, spirits of nature and ancestors. The influence of Scythian tribes and ancient culture can be seen in household items, jewelry and weapons found at the excavation site.

2. Culture of Kievan Rus.

The beginning of this period is associated with the adoption of Christianity in Rus'. The material culture that existed before has changed little. But huge changes have taken place in the field of spirituality. Thanks to Orthodoxy, such types of art as painting, architecture, music, and literature received impetus for the development. The culture of this period was following features: strong influence of religion, the cult of the hero - the defender of Rus', disunity and isolation of Russian principalities, integration into the European cultural space. At this time, crafts and folklore developed, the first epics appeared, a unified written language emerged, and the first schools were opened.

3. Culture XIII-XVII centuries, which is divided into two periods: the culture of Moscow Rus' and Russian Empire.

During Muscovite Rus', the country began to lag far behind Western states as a result of the Mongol yoke. While the first manufactories appeared in Europe, Russia had to engage in the restoration of crafts.

The beginning of the Russian Empire (Petrine era, or the period of the “Russian Enlightenment”) is characterized by the transition from the ancient heritage to the culture of the New Age.

4. Soviet culture.

The 20th century was a time of great upheaval for the whole world, but most of all global changes touched the Russian Empire. Revolution, change of state system, formation of the USSR... Culture, forms of culture in Russia were changed in the most powerful way. The main features of this period: the emergence of a new, socialist culture, the diversity of its forms. During these years, such remarkable personalities as Mayakovsky, Blok, Zoshchenko, Bulgakov, Sholokhov, Gorky worked.

Regarding culture modern Russia, then after a difficult transition period as a result of the collapse of the USSR, it begins its gradual revival. This is largely facilitated by government policy. Various projects are being developed and implemented. For example, federal program"Culture of Russia", which operates from 2012 to 2018. It helps implement many creative non-profit projects by providing subsidies to its authors.

Modern Russian culture is a multitude of national cultures that are in constant interaction. Gradually she moves further and further away from traditional culture, and her image is increasingly associated with the space age and environmental ideas of humanity. For modern man It becomes common to be dissatisfied with your current situation and lifestyle. He looks for a way out in the “green” movement, becomes a fan of natural nutrition, or actively begins to practice yoga. All these are the sprouts of a new, alternative culture, which is replacing the one that existed during the transition period of Russia's development.

1. The concept of culture

Culture is a diverse concept. This scientific term appeared in Ancient Rome, where the word “cultura” meant cultivation of the land, upbringing, education. At frequent use this word has lost its original meaning and began to mean the most different sides human behavior and activities. The sociological dictionary gives the following definitions of the concept “culture”: “Culture is a specific way of organizing and developing human life, represented in the products of material and spiritual labor, in the system of social norms and institutions, in spiritual values, in the totality of people’s relationships to nature, among themselves and to ourselves."

Culture is phenomena, properties, elements human life, which qualitatively distinguish man from nature. This difference is associated with the conscious transformative activity of man.

The concept of “culture” can be used to characterize the behavior of people’s consciousness and activities in certain areas of life (work culture, political culture). The concept of “culture” can capture the way of life of an individual (personal culture), a social group (national culture) and society as a whole.

Culture can be divided into various signs on different types:

1) by subject (bearer of culture) into public, national, class, group, personal;

2) by functional role - into general (for example, in the general education system) and special (professional);

3) by genesis - into folk and elite;

4) by type - material and spiritual;

5) by nature - religious and secular.

From all of the above, it is clear that culture plays important role in the life of society, which consists primarily in the fact that culture acts as a means of accumulation, storage and transmission of human experience.

This role of culture is realized through a number of functions:

Educational function. We can say that it is culture that makes a person a person. An individual becomes a member of society, a personality, as he socializes, i.e., masters knowledge, language, symbols, values, norms, customs, traditions of his people, his social group and all humanity. The level of a person’s culture is determined by his socialization - familiarization with cultural heritage, as well as the degree of development of individual abilities. Personality culture is usually associated with developed creative abilities, erudition, understanding of works of art, fluency in native and foreign languages, accuracy, politeness, self-control, high morality, etc. All this is achieved in the process of upbringing and education.

Integrative and disintegrative functions of culture. E. Durkheim paid special attention to these functions in his research. According to E. Durkheim, the development of culture creates in people - members of a particular community a sense of community, belonging to one nation, people, religion, group, etc. Thus, culture unites people, integrates them, and ensures the integrity of the community. But while uniting some on the basis of some subculture, it contrasts them with others, separating wider communities and communities. Cultural conflicts may arise within these broader communities and communities. Thus, culture can and often does perform a disintegrating function.

Regulatory function of culture. As noted earlier, during socialization, values, ideals, norms and patterns of behavior become part of the individual’s self-awareness. They shape and regulate her behavior. We can say that culture as a whole determines the framework within which a person can and should act. Culture regulates human behavior in the family, school, at work, in everyday life, etc., putting forward a system of regulations and prohibitions. Violation of these regulations and prohibitions triggers certain sanctions that are established by the community and enforced by force. public opinion And various forms institutional coercion.

The function of broadcasting (transferring) social experience is often called the function of historical continuity, or information. Culture, which is a complex sign system, transmits social experience from generation to generation, from era to era. Apart from culture, society does not have other mechanisms for concentrating the entire wealth of experience that has been accumulated by people. Therefore, it is no coincidence that culture is considered the social memory of humanity.

The cognitive (epistemological) function is closely related to the function of transmitting social experience and in in a certain sense flows out of it. Culture, concentrating the best social experience of many generations of people, acquires the ability to accumulate the richest knowledge about the world and thereby create favorable opportunities for its knowledge and development. It can be argued that a society is intellectual to the extent that it fully utilizes the wealth of knowledge contained in the cultural gene pool of humanity. All types of society that live on Earth today differ significantly primarily in this regard.

The regulatory (normative) function is primarily associated with the determination (regulation) of various aspects, types of public and personal activities of people. In the sphere of work, everyday life, and interpersonal relationships, culture in one way or another influences people’s behavior and regulates their actions and even the choice of certain material and spiritual values. The regulatory function of culture is supported by such regulatory systems like morality and law.

Sign function is the most important in the cultural system. Representing a certain sign system, culture presupposes knowledge and mastery of it. Without studying the corresponding sign systems, it is impossible to master the achievements of culture. Thus, language (oral or written) is a means of communication between people. Literary language acts as the most important means of mastering national culture. Specific languages ​​are needed to understand the world of music, painting, and theater. Natural sciences also have their own sign systems.

The value, or axiological, function reflects the most important qualitative state of culture. Culture as a certain value system forms very specific value needs and orientations in a person. By their level and quality, people most often judge the degree of culture of a person. Moral and intellectual content, as a rule, acts as a criterion for appropriate assessment.

Social features culture

The social functions that culture performs allow people to carry out collective activities, optimally satisfying their needs. The main functions of culture include:

social integration - ensuring the unity of humanity, a common worldview (with the help of myth, religion, philosophy);

organization and regulation of the joint life activities of people through law, politics, morality, customs, ideology, etc.;

providing people with the means to live (such as cognition, communication, accumulation and transfer of knowledge, upbringing, education, stimulation of innovation, selection of values, etc.);

regulation of certain spheres of human activity (culture of life, culture of recreation, culture of work, culture of nutrition, etc.).

Thus, the cultural system is not only complex and diverse, but also very mobile. Culture is an integral part of the life of both society as a whole and its closely interconnected subjects: individuals, social communities, social institutions.

Structure of culture. Culture as social institution

Culture in sociological knowledge

Types and forms of culture.

Structure of culture. Culture as a social institution.

Culture in sociological knowledge.

Plan

There are more than 150 definitions of the concept “culture”.

Culture (originally from Latin cultura) - “cultivation”, “processing” (from “cultivation of the land” in Ancient Rome to “upbringing and education of a person.” Gradually, the term “culture” acquires not only personal, but also social meaning.

Culture– a system of values ​​shared by members of society, normative and other regulators of social interactions;

This is a way of organizing and developing human life, presented in its material and intangible products, passed on from generation to generation.

Society and culture are quite difficult to distinguish, since they “live” in each other, and their interpenetration is multifaceted.

This can be confirmed by cultural subjects, which are the main types of social communities - society (if it is considered as a type of the broadest community), nation, social group.

So, for example, we can talk about Russian and American cultures as the cultures of their respective societies; about the Tatar Chuvash cultures How national cultures; youth culture, teaching culture, etc. as cultures of specific social groups (demographic, professional, etc.).

Society and culture, meanwhile, may not coincide with each other, which makes it possible to separate these phenomena.

This is confirmed by the following:

1) not all members of society share its cultural values ​​and norms;

2) some cultural patterns extend beyond the borders of a particular country and are accepted in other countries (for example, Roman law);

3) cultures that are sometimes significantly different from each other can coexist in one society.

The structure of culture, its main elements: values, norms, customs, language, activities.

Social values – significant phenomena, objects, processes as patterns accepted in a given environment, with the help of which people relate their interactions in a social community. Values, as the “core” of culture, unite material and intangible culture. Values ​​act as social-normative regulators of social life and people’s behavior. Values ​​are the basis for norms and standards of behavior.

Norms are rules of conduct, expectations and standards that govern interactions between people. There are norms: moral (socially accepted rules of behavior that require the performance of certain actions and prohibit others, for example, the 10 commandments), institutional (carefully developed, in contrast to moral, with established rules following them, because each institution has its own regulatory framework), legal (strengthened formalized norms that require strict implementation, which is ensured by coercion from the state), norms of etiquette, everyday behavior, etc.

Customs– patterns of behavior accepted in society (communities) (inherited stereotypical modes of behavior), which are constantly reproduced and are familiar to its members. IN traditional societies are the main regulators, and their violation is severely punished. IN modern societies There are more customs, their violation is not punished very harshly and concerns, first of all, elementary norms of behavior (how to eat, sit, say hello, etc.). Customs include taboos - prohibitions.

Language- a system of communication carried out on the basis of sounds and symbols that have conventional but reasonable meanings. Language serves as the main means of translation and transmission of culture, because To a large extent, her creations are presented in symbolic form.

There is a special “language of culture”, i.e. in order to penetrate into the essence of a work, it is necessary to master its language (the profession of a composer, artist, sculptor, etc.).

Language is a social phenomenon, i.e. Language cannot be acquired outside of social interaction.

Language, like culture, develops generally accepted meanings that make up the content of oral and written speech. Language is objective, but speech is subjective; language is social in nature, and speech is individual.

Activity consists in the creation (production), assimilation (consumption), preservation, dissemination (distribution) of cultural goods, values, norms. Activities in the field of culture in sociology come down to the following types: reading, visiting movies, theaters, watching television, participating in creative activities (art, music, etc.). etc.

Cultural activities in a broad sense - (self) realization of a person’s essential powers, his abilities, talents, needs and interests. Thus, cultural content can be identified in any sphere of social activity - work, family, everyday life, education, politics, leisure.

Culture as a social institution performs the following functions:

1) spiritual production(providing the necessary prerequisites for spiritual creativity, creation of spiritual values);

2) preservation, replication and broadcast of newly created or reproduced values ​​(in an effort to make them mass property - the work of publishing houses, printing houses, film studios, etc.);

3) socio-regulatory (regulation of the process of creation, preservation, distribution of spiritual goods with the help of normative and value mechanisms - traditions, customs, symbols);

4) communicative (organization of interaction between institutions and groups of people during the production, preservation and distribution of spiritual values);

5) social control over how the creation and distribution of products of cultural institutions is carried out.

Types of culture:

1. Material and immaterial (spiritual) culture

Material culture refers to physical objects, or artifacts, created by people, which are given certain meaning(car, building, furniture, etc.).

Intangible (spiritual) culture includes spiritual values, language, beliefs, rules, customs, government system, science, religion.

2. Civilization, cultural-historical type, those. culture as an integral historical phenomenon (the so-called “great cultures” - ancient, Indian, Chinese, European, etc.): characterizes certain historical eras, or specific societies, nationalities, nations. These are ethnic, territorial, economic, linguistic, political, psychological communities “extending” in time and space, going through stages of origin, development, prosperity and decline.

3. Subculture- a system of activities, values ​​and norms that distinguish the culture of a certain social community from the culture of the majority of society. The subculture does not reject the majority culture, but deviates from it ( youth subcultures, subculture of doctors, subculture of students, etc.).

4. Counterculture- a subculture that is in conflict with the dominant culture. Counterculture creates norms and values ​​that contradict the main aspects of culture. Sometimes counterculture values ​​permeate the mainstream culture and become less controversial.

Forms of culture:

Elite (high) culture, the works of which are perceived by a relatively small segment of the population; a set of cultural creations that are complex in content and difficult to understand to an untrained person, for example, fine arts, classic literature and music;

Folk culture is a set of myths, legends, tales, songs, dances, created, as a rule, by anonymous authors;

Mass culture- a generally accepted set of cultural patterns and ideas supported by the media, e.g. pop culture, rock culture.

1. STRUCTURE OF CULTURE

1.1 Cultural traits

2. AGENTS AND SOCIAL CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES

4. TYPES OF CULTURES

4.1 Dominant culture

4.2 Subculture and counterculture

4.3 Rural culture

4.4 Urban culture

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. STRUCTURE OF CULTURE

Culture (from the Latin culture - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, reverence) is a specific way of organizing and developing human life, represented in projects of material and spiritual labor, in the system of social norms and institutions, in spiritual values, in the totality of people’s attitudes towards nature, among themselves and to themselves. Culture is inherent in any form human existence as its characteristic and obligatory feature, a necessary attribute of any society.

The structure of culture is presented in two main parts: cultural statics and cultural dynamics. The first describes culture in a state of rest, the second - in movement. Cultural statics include internal structure culture - a set of oasis elements or features and forms of culture - configurations, characteristic combinations of such elements.

Dynamics includes those means, mechanisms and processes that describe the transformation of culture, its change. Culture originates, spreads, is preserved, and many metamorphoses occur with it. The basic units of culture are the elements or traits of culture. They are of two types - material And intangible. Tangible cultural monuments are more durable; they store more information than intangible ones. Modern culture can be judged by the material and intangible elements of culture, but ancient culture - only by material ones.

Material culture includes physical objects made by human hands. They are called artifacts (steam engine, book, temple, house, tie, decoration, dam and much more). Artifacts are distinguished by the fact that they have a certain symbolic meaning, perform intended function and are of known value to the group or society.

Intangible or spiritual culture is formed by norms, rules, samples, standards, models and norms of behavior, laws, values, ceremonies, rituals, symbols, knowledge, ideas, customs, traditions, language. They are also the result of human activity, but they were created not by hands, but rather by the mind. Intangible objects exist in our minds and are maintained by human communication.

1.1 Cultural traits

Basic units cultural statics are called elements or features of culture. Cultural traits are divided into universal, general and specific.

Universal features of culture inherent in everything to the human race and distinguish it from other types of living beings. First of all, ggo sociobiological features, in particular, a long period childhood, the constant (and not seasonal) nature of the reproductive function and the complex structure of the brain, the inherent need for all people to raise their offspring for a long time and carefully, and the attachment of children to their parents. Social universals include collective life, food distribution, and family formation.

General features of culture inherent in a number of societies and peoples, which is why they are also called regional. There are several reasons for the regional similarities. The first is that some peoples communicate and exchange cultural achievements among themselves more actively than with other peoples. The second reason is common ethnic ancestors. The third reason for the similarity is explained by identical, but independent cultural inventions made simultaneously by different peoples.

Specific features of culture often called exotic, unusual or not generally accepted. In some cultures, it is believed that funerals should be lavish, not people's name days. Other cultures think differently. Differences in approaches to the same event among different peoples can be explained by cultural factors.

Along with these cultural features, there are nine more fundamental ones inherent in all cultures, namely: speech (language); material features; art; mythology and scientific knowledge; religious practice; family and social system; own; government; war. They can be called universal patterns (structures, patterns) of culture. Otherwise the patterns are called cultural themes. For example, some cultures are built around themes such as equality and social justice, others around individual responsibility and monetary success, others around military prowess and hunting, and so on.

Cultural complex- a set of cultural traits or elements that arose on the basis of the original element and are functionally related to it. An example is sports game hockey.

The stadium, the fans are connected with him, sportswear, puck, tickets and much more. A cultural complex can be galleries and museums, exhibition halls, private collections of paintings and antique items, art styles and directions, scientific theories and schools, religious teachings, etc.

In cultural statics, elements are delimited in time and space. And since a cultural complex is a functionally interconnected set of cultural elements, then, consequently, it can also be spatial And temporary.

Under the spatial cultural complex in in this case is understood cultural area, and under temporary - cultural heritage.

Cultural area - a geographical region that includes a number of societies endowed with the same or similar features or sharing a dominant cultural orientation. (For example, polygamy is a distinctive feature of the countries of the East that profess Islam.) For example, Slavic culture includes Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Belarusian and some other subcultures or national cultures.

2. AGENTS AND SOCIAL CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

TO cultural agents relate big social groups, small social groups, individuals.

Small social groups are divided into:

- voluntary professional associations, uniting cultural creators, promoting their professional growth, protecting their rights and promoting the dissemination of cultural values;

- specialized associations and circles;

- circle of fans individual species art, for example a musical group;

- cultural sections, representing an indefinite set of people belonging to the intelligentsia and providing spiritual support either to culture as a whole, or to its individual types and directions;

- families, in which the primary socialization of a person occurs.

Large social groups are divided into:

- ethnic groups(tribe, nationality, nation), which are stable intergenerational communities of people, united by a common historical destiny, common traditions, culture, peculiarities of life, unity of territory and language;

- professional groups creators, researchers, curators and performers of artistic works (in particular, ethnographers, philologists, philosophers, critics, restorers, architects, censors, musicologists);

- non-professional groups, those involved in culture in one form or another (for example, fans, viewers, readers);

- audience(spectator, reader).

It should be noted that a special category of cultural subjects are investors- people who contributed to positive changes in culture. This category breaks down into several groups:

Creators of works of art: composers, artists, writers, poets;

Patrons, sponsors, that is, cultural investors;

Disseminators of cultural values: publishers, lecturers, speakers;

Consumers of cultural values: public, audience;

Censors: literary editors, editors-in-chief, literary censors who enforce the rules;

Organizers: Minister of Culture, Mayor of the city.

TO cultural institutions should include institutions and organizations that create, perform, store, distribute artistic works, as well as sponsor and educate the public cultural values, in particular, schools and institutions, academies of sciences, ministries of culture and education, lyceums, galleries, libraries, theaters, educational complexes, stadiums, etc.

3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES

Branches of culture are called such sets of norms, rules and models of human behavior that include a relatively closed area as part of the whole.

Types of culture such sets of norms, rules and patterns of behavior of people are considered that constitute relatively closed areas, but are not parts of one whole.

Any national or ethnic group is classified as a cultural type. They are not only regional ethnic entities, but also historical and economic ones.

Forms of culture refer to such sets of rules, norms and patterns of human behavior that cannot be considered completely autonomous entities; nor are they constituent parts of any whole. High or elite culture, folk culture and mass culture are called cultural forms because they represent a special way of expressing artistic content.

Types of culture are called such sets of rules and behavior patterns that are varieties of more general culture. The main types of culture include:

a) dominant (national) culture, subculture and

counterculture;

b) rural and urban culture;

c) ordinary and specialized culture.

There are the following cultural sectors:

Economic culture. It includes a culture of production, a culture of distribution, a culture of exchange, a culture of consumption, a management culture, and a work culture. When an enterprise produces defective products, they speak of low production standards. When contracting parties do not fulfill their obligations and let each other down when concluding and implementing a deal, they speak of a low culture of exchange. When the interests of the consumer in society are ignored, when the buyer cannot return or exchange low-quality goods in a store, or when sellers are incorrect, they speak of a low consumer culture.

Concept of culture originally in ancient Rome meant agriculture. Marcus Porcius Cato the Elder back in the 2nd century BC. wrote a treatise on agriculture, De Agri Cultura. Culture began to be used as an independent term in the 17th century and meant “good breeding” and “education.” IN Everyday life culture has retained this meaning.

Culture - it is a set of various manifestations of human activity, including self-expression, self-knowledge, accumulation of skills and abilities. Simply put, culture is everything that is created by man, that is, not nature. Culture as an activity always has a result. Depending on the nature of this result (related to material values ​​or spiritual), culture is distinguished into material and spiritual.

Material culture.

Material culture- this is everything that is related to the material world and serves to satisfy the material needs of a person or society. Essential elements:

• items(or things) - what is primarily meant by material culture(shovels and Cell phones, roads and buildings, food and clothing);
• technologies- methods and means of using objects in order to create something else with their help;
• technical culture- a set of practical skills, abilities and abilities of a person, as well as experience accumulated over generations (an example is a borscht recipe passed down from generation to generation from mother to daughter).

Spiritual culture.

Spiritual culture- This is an activity associated with feelings, emotions, as well as intellect. Essential elements:

• spiritual values(the main element in spiritual culture, as it serves as a standard, ideal, role model);
• spiritual activity(art, science, religion);
• spiritual needs;
• spiritual consumption(consumption of spiritual goods).

Types of culture.

Types of culture are numerous and varied. For example, according to the nature of the attitude towards religion, culture can be secular or religious, according to its distribution in the world - national or global, according to its geographical nature - eastern, western, Russian, British, Mediterranean, American, etc., according to the degree of urbanization - urban, rural , rural, as well as traditional, industrial, postmodern, specialized, medieval, ancient, primitive, etc.

All these types can be summarized in three main forms of culture.

Forms of culture.

1. High culture (elite). fine art high level, creating cultural canons. It is non-commercial in nature and requires intellectual decoding. Example: classical music and literature.
2. Mass culture (pop culture). A culture consumed by the masses, with a low level of complexity. It is commercial in nature and aimed at entertaining a wide audience. Some consider it a means to control the masses, while others believe that the masses themselves created it.
3. Folk culture. Culture of a non-commercial nature, the authors of which, as a rule, are unknown: folklore, fairy tales, myths, songs, etc.

It should be borne in mind that the components of all these three forms constantly penetrate each other, interact and complement each other. Ensemble " Golden ring"is an example of both mass and folk culture.