Heartlessness, spiritual callousness are the arguments of the Unified State Examination. Unified State Exam Russian language

“Argumentation. Attraction literary material" is one of the main criteria for assessing the final essay. Using wisely literary sources, the student demonstrates his erudition and deep understanding of the problem posed. At the same time, it is important not only to provide a link to the work, but also to skillfully include it in the discussion, analyzing specific episodes that correspond to the chosen topic. How to do it? We offer you, as an example, arguments from literature in the direction of “Indifference and Responsiveness” from 10 famous works.

1. The heroine of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova is a person with a sensitive heart. Thanks to her intervention, the carts, originally intended for moving and loaded with things, were given over to transport wounded soldiers. Another example of a caring attitude towards the world and people is Platon Karataev. He goes to war, helping younger brother, and, although he doesn’t like fighting at all, even in such conditions the hero remains kind and sympathetic. Plato “loved and lived lovingly with everything that life brought him together,” helped other prisoners (in particular, he fed Pierre when he was captured), and took care of a stray dog.
2. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" many heroes manifest themselves as pronounced altruists or egoists. The first, of course, includes Sonechka Marmeladova, who sacrifices herself to provide for her family and then goes into exile after Raskolnikov, trying to save his soul. We must not forget about Razumikhin: he is poor and lives hardly better than Raskolnikov, but he is always ready to help him - he offers his friend a job, buys him clothes, gives him money. In contrast to these noble people, for example, the image of Luzhin is presented. Luzhin “loved and valued ... his money more than anything in the world”; he wanted to marry Raskolnikov’s sister Duna, pursuing a base goal - to take a poor wife who would be forever indebted to him. It is noteworthy that he does not even bother himself with ensuring that the future bride and her mother reach St. Petersburg comfortably. Indifference to the fate of the closest people results in the same attitude towards the world and characterizes the hero with negative side. As we know, fate rewarded sympathetic characters, but punished indifferent characters.
3. The type of person who lives for himself is depicted by I.A. Bunin in the story "Mr. from San Francisco". The hero, a certain wealthy gentleman whose name we never learn, goes on a journey “solely for the sake of entertainment.” He spends time among his own kind, and divides other people into service staff and the annoying “interference” with his pleasure are, for example, the commission agents and ragamuffins on the embankment, as well as the inhabitants of the miserable houses that the gentleman from San Francisco has to see along the way. However, after his sudden death, he himself, from a supposedly respected and revered person, becomes a burden, and the same people, in whose devotion he believed, because “he was generous,” send his corpse to his homeland in a soda box. With this crude irony I.A. Bunin illustrates the famous folk wisdom: as it comes back, so it will respond.
4. An example of dedication is the hero of the collection of stories by M.A. Bulgakov "Notes of a Young Doctor". A young doctor named Bomgard, recently graduated from university, goes to work in a rural hospital, where he is faced with harsh living conditions, human ignorance, terrible diseases and, finally, death itself. But, despite everything, he fights for every patient; goes to the sick day and night, not sparing himself; constantly learns and improves her skills. It is significant that Bomgard is not heroic personality, he is often unsure of himself and, like everyone else, experiences fear, but at the decisive moment the sense of professional duty overcomes everything else.
5. The indifference of people to each other is especially scary when it, like a virus, covers the entire society. This situation occurred in the story of V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka" It contrasts life path the heroine and the attitude towards her from others, from family to society as a whole. Lyudochka is a village girl who moves to the city in search of better life. She works hard at work, meekly takes care of the housework instead of the woman from whom she rents an apartment, endures the rudeness of the “youth” around her, until last minute comforts a dying man in the hospital... She is too different from the stupid, spoiled herd of people she is forced to be surrounded by, and this leads her to trouble over and over again. Alas, no one, not even her own mother, extended a helping hand to her at the right moment, and the girl committed suicide. The saddest thing is that for society this situation is in the order of things, which is reflected in the dry but terrible statistics.
6. The image of a kind-hearted, sympathetic person is key in the work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin's Dvor". Matryona’s fate cannot be called enviable: she was a widow, buried six children, worked for many years on a collective farm “for workdays,” did not receive a pension, and remained poor in her old age. Despite this, the heroine retained her cheerful disposition, sociability, love of work and willingness to help others, without demanding anything in return. The apogee of her self-sacrifice is a tragic accident on the railway, which ends in the death of the heroine. What’s surprising is that her face, untouched by the terrible accident, was “intact, calm, more alive than dead” - just like the face of a saint.
7. In the story “Gooseberry” by A.P. In Chekhov we meet a hero obsessed with a base material goal. This is the narrator’s brother, Nikolai Chimsha-Himalayan, who dreams of buying an estate, and certainly with gooseberry bushes. For this, he stops at nothing: he lives stingily, is greedy, marries an old rich widow and torments her with hunger. He is indifferent to people, so he is ready to sacrifice their interests for his own. Finally, his dream comes true, he feels happy and does not notice that the gooseberries are sour - to such an extent he has renounced real life. This terrifies the narrator, he addresses the “happy man” with a fiery speech, urging him to remember “that there are unfortunate people, that no matter how happy he is... trouble will befall... and no one will see or hear him, just as now he does not see or hear hears others." The narrator discovered that the meaning of life is not in personal happiness, “but in something more reasonable and greater.” “Do good!” - this is how he concludes his speech, hoping that young people who still have the strength and opportunity to change something will not follow the path of his brother and will become responsive people.
8. It can be difficult for a person with an open and sympathetic soul to live in the world. This happened with Chudik from the story of the same name by V.M. Shukshina. As an adult man, the hero thinks and behaves like a child. He is drawn to people, loves to talk and joke, strives to be on good terms with everyone, but constantly gets into trouble due to the fact that he does not look like a “proper adult.” Let's remember one episode: on the plane, Chudik asks his neighbor to buckle up, as the flight attendant ordered; he perceives his words with obvious displeasure. The landing is not entirely successful: Chudik’s neighbor falls from his chair, so much so that he loses his false jaw. The weirdo rushes to his aid - but in response he again receives a portion of irritation and anger. And this is how everyone treats him, from strangers to family members. Chudik’s responsiveness and society’s reluctance to understand someone who does not fit into the framework are two sides of the same problem.
9. The story of K.G. is devoted to the topic of indifference to one’s neighbor. Paustovsky "Telegram". The girl Nastya, secretary of the Union of Artists, devotes all her strength to her work. She worries about the fate of painters and sculptors, organizes exhibitions and competitions, and never finds time to see her old sick mother who lives in the village. Finally, having received a telegram that her mother is dying, Nastya sets off, but it is too late... The author warns readers against making the same mistake, the guilt for which will probably remain with the heroine for life.
10. Manifestations of altruism in times of war are of particular importance, since we are often talking about life and death. T. Keneally's novel “Schindler's Ark” is a story about a German businessman and NSDAP member Oskar Schindler, who during the Holocaust organizes production and recruits Jews, thereby saving them from extermination. This requires Schindler great effort: he has to keep in touch with the right people, bribe, forge documents, but the result - more than a thousand lives saved and the eternal gratitude of these people and their descendants - is the main reward for the hero. The impression of this selfless act is enhanced by the fact that the novel is based on real events.

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• Heartlessness manifests itself even towards very close people
• The thirst for profit often leads to heartlessness and dishonorable acts.
• A person’s spiritual callousness complicates his life in society
• The reasons for a heartless attitude towards others lie in upbringing
• The problem of heartlessness and mental callousness may be characteristic not only to an individual, but also to society as a whole
• Difficult life circumstances can make a person heartless
• Often, spiritual callousness manifests itself in relation to moral, worthy people
• A person admits that he was heartless when nothing can be changed
• Mental callousness does not make a person truly happy
• The consequences of a callous attitude towards people are often irreversible

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin “Dubrovsky”. The conflict between Andrei Dubrovsky and Kirilla Petrovich Troekurov ended tragically due to the callousness and heartlessness on the part of the latter. The words spoken by Dubrovsky, although they were offensive to Troekurov, were certainly not worth the abuse, dishonest trial and death of the hero. Kirill Petrovich did not spare his friend, although in the past they had a lot of good things in common. The landowner was driven by heartlessness and a desire for revenge, which led to the death of Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. The consequences of what happened were terrible: officials burned, people were left without their real master, Vladimir Dubrovsky became a robber. The manifestation of the spiritual callousness of just one person made the lives of many people miserable.

A.S. Pushkin “The Queen of Spades”. Hermann, the protagonist of the work, is driven to act heartlessly by the desire to get rich. To achieve his goal, he presents himself as an admirer of Lizaveta, although in fact he does not have feelings for her. He gives the girl false hopes. Penetrating into the countess's house with the help of Lizaveta, Hermann asks the old woman to tell him the secret of the three cards, and after her refusal, he takes out an unloaded pistol. Graphia, very frightened, dies. The deceased old woman comes to him a few days later and reveals the secret on the condition that Hermann will not play more than one card per day, in the future will not play at all and will marry Lizaveta. But the hero does not have a happy future: his heartless actions serve as a reason for retribution. After two wins, Hermann loses, which causes him to go crazy.

M. Gorky “At the Bottom”. Vasilisa Kostyleva does not feel any feelings for her husband except hatred and complete indifference. Wanting to inherit at least a small fortune, she very easily decides to persuade the thief Vaska Pepel to kill her husband. It's hard to imagine how heartless a person would have to be to come up with such a plan. The fact that Vasilisa was not married out of love does not in the least justify her action. A person must remain a person in any situation.

I.A. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco”. The theme of the death of human civilization is one of the main ones in this work. The manifestation of the spiritual degradation of people lies, among other things, in their spiritual callousness, heartlessness, and indifference towards each other. Sudden death The gentleman from San Francisco evokes not compassion, but disgust. During his life, he is loved for his money, and after his death, they heartlessly put him in the worst room, so as not to spoil the reputation of the establishment. They cannot even make a normal coffin for a person who dies in a foreign country. People have lost true spiritual values, which have been replaced by a thirst for material gain.

K.G. Paustovsky “Telegram”. A life full of activities and events captivates Nastya so much that she forgets about the only person truly close to her - her old mother Katerina Petrovna. The girl, receiving letters from her, is glad that her mother is alive, but does not think about anything else. Nastya doesn’t even read and perceive the telegram from Tikhon about Katerina Petrovna’s poor condition right away: at first she doesn’t understand at all who they are talking about. Later, the girl realizes how heartless her attitude towards her loved one was. Nastya goes to Katerina Petrovna, but does not find her alive. She feels guilty before her mother, who loved her so much.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”. Matryona is a person you rarely meet. Without thinking about herself, she never refused to help strangers and treated everyone with kindness and compassion. People didn't answer her in kind. After the tragic death of Matryona, Thaddeus thought only about how to win back part of the hut. Almost all relatives came to cry over the woman’s coffin only as an obligation. They did not remember Matryona during her lifetime, but after her death they began to lay claim to the inheritance. This situation shows how callous and indifferent human souls have become.

F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”. Rodion Raskolnikov's heartlessness was expressed by his desire to test his terrible theory. Having killed the old pawnbroker, he tried to find out who he belonged to: “trembling creatures” or “those with the right.” The hero failed to maintain composure, to accept what he did as right, which means that he is not characterized by absolute spiritual callousness. The spiritual resurrection of Rodion Raskolnikov confirms that a person has a chance for correction.

Y. Yakovlev “He killed my dog.” The boy, showing compassion and mercy, brings a stray dog ​​into his apartment. His father doesn’t like this: the man demands that the animal be thrown back onto the street. The hero cannot do this, because “she was already kicked out.” The father, acting completely indifferent and indifferent, calls the dog to him and shoots him in the ear. The child cannot understand why an innocent animal was killed. Together with the dog, the father kills the child’s faith in the justice of this world.

ON THE. Nekrasov “Reflections at the front entrance.” The poem depicts the harsh reality of that time. The life of ordinary men and officials who spend their lives only in pleasure are contrasted. High-ranking people are heartless because they are indifferent to problems ordinary people. And for common man An official's solution to even the most insignificant issue can be a salvation.

V. Zheleznikov “Scarecrow”. Lena Bessoltseva voluntarily took responsibility for a very bad act to which she had nothing to do. Because of this, she was forced to endure humiliation and bullying from her classmates. One of the most difficult tests for the girl was loneliness, because being an outcast is difficult at any age, and even more so in childhood. The boy who actually committed this act did not have the courage to confess. Two classmates who learned the truth also decided not to interfere in the situation. The indifference and heartlessness of those around him made the man suffer.

Problem

Arguments from literature.

MORAL ISSUES

The problem of subservience to dignitaries,veneration .

1. “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov

Molchalin’s credo is to please everyone. the goal is “to achieve known degrees.” He serves, seeks the patronage of dignitaries. Maxim Petrovich “knew honor before everyone” thanks to servility and sycophancy.

Chatsky is brave, noble, decisive. He is independent: he does not recognize any ranks or authorities. He values ​​the personal merits and dignity of people, protects the right of every person to have his own beliefs.

2 . "Thick and Thin" by Chekhov.

3. “Chameleon” by Chekhov

He laughs at respect for rank, at the guardian of order’s fear of his superiors, even if they deserve censure for something. This fear forces him to endlessly change his point of view and line of behavior, which causes the author's irony.

Problemmercy (loss of mercy),humane relationships to each other.

1. “The Captain's Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin.

Pugachev was cold, Grinev warmed him up. Not so much warmed as touched by human touch. In his eyes it was a gesture of mercy. The hare sheepskin coat becomes a symbol of Christian charity, human relationship to each other. And in turn, Pugachev demonstrates humanity and the ability to be generous. Pugachev pays mercy for mercy. Debt good turn deserves another. The hare sheepskin coat becomes a symbol of Christ's mercy, humane attitude towards each other.

Mercy that binds the most different people in our world, is a universal human feeling, thanks to which we remain human even in the most difficult moments.

2. “The Wonderful Doctor” by A. Kuprin.

3. Gorky. Not a day (Luke)

4. Crime and punishment.

D.’s “poor people” do not evoke any emotions other than deep compassion and sympathy for their fate.

Motivated only by love for her loved ones, only by the desire to save them from starvation, Sonechka Marmeladova is forced to sell her body. In this choice of hers, according to the author, there is no sin, since it is justified by a humane goal.

“Cordiality is the same gift as beauty and intelligence”

The problem of spiritualdegradation

1. Chekhov's stories: “Ionych”, “Gooseberry”

In the story “Ionych” the author also explores the process of man’s spiritual fall. The hero of Chekhov's story "Ionych" Startsev lost all the best that was in him, exchanged living thoughts for a well-fed, self-satisfied existence. Where is the power that should have helped Startsev preserve his youthful ideals? It lies in the spirituality and character of a person. And he had such power, but he lost it, sacrificing his principles, and ultimately lost himself.

But Raskolnikov managed to be spiritually reborn. By this Dostoevsky expresses the hope that a person can be saved from moral destruction.

"Dead Souls" by Gogol.

By portraying Plyushkin, the author shows what a person can turn into. The feeling of death is present, it seems, in the atmosphere itself. His frugality borders on madness. His soul is so dead that he has no feelings left. “A person could condescend to such insignificance, pettiness, and disgustingness! - exclamation. Author.

3. V. Rasputin. Live and remember

The problem of spiritual and moralcleanliness

1. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment

High moral qualities are not given to a person from birth, but can be cultivated in him. It is very important to have before oneself an appropriate ideal with which a person could compare himself in search of truth.

Sonya Marmeladova appears as an example of spiritual and moral purity in the novel. Earning money in a “low” way, she does it solely for the sake of saving her neighbors. Without her help, they would have faced starvation. Huge, selfless love to her father, readiness for self-sacrifice and compassion - this is what morally elevates Sonya.

Problem of good And evil .

Goethe. Faust

Master and Margarita

The depiction of world evil in the guise of the Devil, Satan is traditional for fiction. in Bulgakov's novel, Woland evokes involuntary sympathy. If he punishes someone, it is completely deserved, and he does not commit evil at all.

In my opinion, good and evil exist within man himself. Everyone is free to choose between them. Woland tests people by giving them a choice (a session of black magic). B. Punishes those who have a bad conscience and who do not want to admit their guilt. He exposes and punishes various manifestations of evil, existing vices, and corrects corrupt morals.

The confrontation between good and evil is an eternal theme.

“A handful of good deeds is worth more than a barrel of knowledge.”

“Every good deed has its own reward.”

“Good is the only garment that never wears out.”

The problem of family (The role of family in the formation of personality)

In familyRostov everything was built on sincerity and kindness, that’s why the children are Natasha. Nikolai and Petya became truly good people, and in the familyKuraginykh, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists.

Problemmoral revival person

1. "Pre" offense and punishment."

Following his idea, the hero crosses the line and becomes a murderer. R.'s spiritual rebirth, which began at the end of the novel, expresses D.'s hope for the possibility of saving a person from moral death. The author sees in love for one's neighbor higher form humanism and at the same time the path to salvation.

The Problem of Atonementsin

"Storm".

K. Paustovsky. Warm bread

Problemuniversal unity, brotherhood of people.

"War and Peace".

"Quiet Don"

L.N. Tolstoy. Prisoner of the Caucasus

Problemcruelty .

1. Gorky Larra.

The problem of relationships between teenagers is especially relevant in our time. We often ask ourselves: why are today's teenagers so cruel to some of their peers? And this is not only physical cruelty, but also mental cruelty. There are many examples proving this: they write about it in newspapers and show it on TV. This is what the text is about...

See problem (126). As punishment for his harshness and pride, L. is deprived of his human destiny: he does not die, but is doomed to forever hover above the earth as an ethereal cloud. He doesn't even succeed in trying to kill himself. All that remains of L. is the shadow and name of an outcast.

Probleminferiority complex.

This problem is as eternal as the world. Probably 90% of all people have experienced or are experiencing an inferiority complex to some extent. But for some it becomes driving force on the path to perfection, and for others - a source of constant depression.

What is this – an inferiority complex? Perpetual brake or perpetual motion machine? Curse or grace?

“War and Peace” (Marya Bolkonskaya)

Problemmoral choice (How to be? What to be? How to preserve the human in yourself?)

A person is born with free will, the ability to choose between good and evil, between living according to conscience or opportunism, between service to a cause or service to individuals, his free will is to give preference to spiritual concerns or carnal ones. But this one is freely made moral choice determines the entire future life of a person: this is what people mean when they say that a person is the master of his destiny. Artists different countries and devoted time great attention the topic of moral choice.

1. V. Bykov. Sotnikov

This is very difficult questions…

Finding themselves in a situation of choice, people behave differently: some commit betrayal in exchange for their miserable life, others show perseverance and courage, preferring to die with a clear conscience. The story contrasts two partisans - Rybak and Sotnikov.

During interrogation, afraid of torture, Rybak answered the truth, i.e. issued a detachment. He not only agreed to serve in the police, but even helped hang Sotnikov in order to confirm to his enemies his willingness to serve them. The fisherman chose the path to save his life, while Sotnikov did everything to save others.

2. V. Rasputin. Live and remember.

3. Life and work of Bulgakov.

PontiusPilate feels that Yeshua ha-Nozri haswith enormous spiritual strength, and am humanly grateful to him for getting rid of a painful headache. On top of everything, having understood his case, the procurator is convinced of his innocence. But at the decisive moment, when he was faced with the problem of choice, he could not act according to his conscience and, in order to preserve his own power, sacrificed the life of Yeshua.

Method problemearning money money

Problemteachers Andstudents

V. Rasputin. French lessons.

The problem of human powerspirit

V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.

B. Polevoy. The story of present people

Problemhumane relationship to "brothers ourssmaller »

1. G. Troepolsky. White Bim Black Ear. “You are forever responsible for everyone you have tamed.”Ivan Ivanovich, despite good attitude to Bim, despite his wonderful qualities - such as kindness, mercy, compassion, sensitivity - he did not do everything he could for his friend and thereby marked the beginning of the tragedy of a devoted, trusting, loving and tamed creature. Kind, compassionate, sensitive Ivan Ivanovich, who knew that sooner or later he would have to lie down operating table to remove the bullet, and knowing that during his absence Bim would be left alone, did not worry in advance about the fate of the dog he had tamed.We are forever responsible for those we have tamed - responsible for any Living being which has become attached to you.

Take care of these lands, these waters,
Loving every little epic.
Take care of all animals within nature -
Kill only the beasts within yourself.

Compassion for animals is so closely related to kindness. Character that we can confidently say that someone who is cruel to animals cannot be kind.

Is it easy to be young ?

1. "Farewell to Matera" V. Rasputina (Andrey, Daria’s grandson) is going to the construction of a hydroelectric power station, which will eventually flood Matera. “It’s a pity for Matera, and I feel a pity too, she’s dear to us... We would have had to rebuild anyway, but new life move on... Don't you understand? .. Not everyone stayed here... The young ones cannot be stopped. That's why they are young. They strive for something new. It is clear that we go first to where it is more difficult..."

Problemhonor and human dignity.

Pushkin. Captain's daughter.

A problem that deeply worried Pushkin is raised.

Pushkin-Dantes

Lermontov-Martynov

« Fathers and Sons"

Duel between Bezukhov and Dolokhov.

V.Shukshtn. Vanka Teplyashin

What's happened real friendship?

Friendship between Pushkin and Pushchin.

The problem of friendship and betrayal worries people in any era. And in the history of mankind we come across many examples of both great selfless friendship and terrible betrayal. These are eternal questions eternal themes, which will always be reflected in modern literature.

I.I. Pushchin occupies a very special place among P.’s friends. It was to him that the poet, more willingly than others, confided all the doubts and anxieties of his young heart during the lyceum. It was Pushchin who first visited P. in exile. Years later, now P. sends his message to Pushchin, exiled to Siberia: “My first friend,...”

Friendship carried through the years becomes the moral guideline to which everyone involuntarily strives, who has at least once thought about the meaning of friendship in a person’s life.

Film "Officers"

Problemfeelings of duty to a loved one (spiritual nobility)

Pushkin. Eugene Onegin.

T. Still loves Onegin and is confident in his love, but she resolutely refuses possible happiness. She is characterized by high spiritual nobility. She cannot break a promise she made to another person, even an unloved one. The subordination of all one’s actions to a sense of duty and the inability to deceive form the basis of T.’s philosophy.

Wives of the Decembrists, who voluntarily followed their husbands into exile, to a life full of hardships and suffering. Among them were those who walked not only out of love for their husband, but out of consciousness of their duty, their responsibility towards a loved one.

Problemselfless and selfless love.

See problem (124) Love is unselfish, selfless, not waiting for reward... The one about which it is said “strong as death”... the kind of love for which you can perform any feat, give your life, go to torment... Isn’t this Zheltkov’s love?

Problemspirituality/lack of spirituality.

Bitter. Old woman Izergil (Larra).

This character is the embodiment of lack of spirituality. He uncontrollably sows death and opposes himself to life. He strives to achieve his goal at any cost, drags out an existence devoid of past and future. He only considers himself perfect, but destroys those he doesn’t like.

Ostrovsky. Storm.

Problem conscience

1. "Thunderstorm"

2. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment.

The writer poses to us the question of the need to live in harmony with our conscience and the interests of other people. The crushing collapse of theory R, ​​which does not contain a moral principle and does not take into account the highest values ​​of the world - human life and freedom - confirms the rightness of the writer. Raskolnikov’s torment of conscience, his emotional experiences due to the sin he committed became peculiar moral guide. The writer convincingly shows what would have happened to the hero if he had not gone through repentance. Torment of conscience, emotional distress due to the sin committed became moral punishment for R.

3. “The Master and Margarita.”

“Do not think that if you have done something bad, you can hide, because if you hide from others, you cannot hide from your conscience.”

Conscience is not an executioner, but a person’s eternal companion, showing him the path to the truth, serving as a true moral guide.

Fear for his life and career does not allow Pontius Pilate to pardon a man who denies the authority of Caesar. However, when announcing the verdict, Pilate understands that he is pronouncing it on himself.The hero's judge is his conscience.

“Hero of our time (Grushnitsky)

Problemopportunism

1. The story “Ionych”

2. “The Thunderstorm” by Ostrovsky

3. “Woe from Wit” by Gris boedova

Problemkindness (what does it mean to be a kind person?)

Pierre Bezukhov.

"In inner world a person’s kindness is the sun,” said V. Hugo. In fact, it is unlikely that anything else can compare in terms of impact with this quality. Everyone is drawn to a kind person, basking in his warmth and attention, and then they themselves become a source of bright spiritual energy. This was also noticed by the writer... who, using an example from life, makes us think seriously about the problem...

Oblomov

“A big heart, like the ocean, does not freeze.”

“A good person is not one who knows how to do good, but one who does not know how to do evil.”

“Of all the virtues and virtues of the soul, the greatest virtue is kindness.”

“Kindness is a quality, the excess of which does not harm.”

Problemduality human nature

1. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”

LANGUAGE, CULTURE

The problem of careless attitude towards Russianculture , native language. (loss of language culture)

1. "Woe from Wit" (admiration for the West, careless attitude towards Russian culture, native language, slavish imitation of foreigners - aren’t these problems of modern Russian society?). almost 2 centuries ago they worried the great citizen of Russia A.S.grib. Now time puts them before us. Chatsky advocates for the preservation of the Russian spirit and morals. He speaks out in defense of “holy antiquity.”

Our society, which in many ways has not yet come to the norms of community life, has already felt the need for a culture of behavior and communication. In lyceums, colleges, gymnasiums, schools, electives with the names “Etiquette”, “ Business Etiquette”, “Diplomatic etiquette”, “Etiquette business communication”, “Culture of speech communication”, etc. This is due to the need of people to know how to behave in a given situation, how to correctly establish and maintain speech, and through it business, friendly, etc. contact.

The problem of corruption and impoverishment of the Russianlanguage (caring attitude).

Problemdevelopment and preservation of Russianlanguage

Conclusion :

1) What is the Motherland? This is the whole people. This is his culture, his language. Each nation has its own, different from others, recognizable. What makes the Russian language different? Of course, its extraordinary imagery and majesty. No wonder A.N. Tolstoy compared the Russian language. in brightness with a rainbow after a spring shower, in accuracy - with arrows, in sincerity - with a song over the cradle. But, unfortunately, sometimes we spoil it and don’t take care of it. Many people forget that Russian is the language. – great and powerful, using profanity, belittling the status of the Russian language. Everyone’s job is to preserve it.See (7)

N. Gal “The Living and the Dead Word.” The famous translator discusses the role of the spoken word, which can hurt a person’s soul with its thoughtlessness; about borrowings that distort our speech; about bureaucracy that kills living speech;

O careful attitude to our great heritage - the Russian language.

Problemabuse foreign words.

Conclusion:

1) Ours modern life– this is a cycle of affairs, meetings, problems, experiences. We don't have time to stop and think about what is happening to our language now. We must not forget that we ourselves are spoiling it. This problem affects...(see problem (3)

2) We have no power over the speech of others, but we can be more attentive to what we ourselves say, we can think about whether we are polluting our language. And if we watch our speech, do not utter rude and dirty words, and respect our interlocutor, we will help cleanse our language.

3) To conclude my essay, I would like to quote the words of N. Rylenkov:

The language of the people is both rich and precise,

But there are, alas, inaccurate words,

They grow like weeds

On poorly plowed roadsides.

So let's do everything to ensure that there is as little weed as possible.

(see below)

The problem of the meaningless, artificialmixing languages

Compiled by " Explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language” V. Dal wrote: “We do not anathematize all foreign words from the Russian language, we stand more for the Russian warehouse and turn of phrase, but why insert into every line: moral, original, nature, artist, grotto, press, garland, pedestal and hundreds of similar ones, when without the slightest stretch you can say the same thing in Russian? Is moral, genuine, nature, artist, cave worse? Not at all, but it’s a bad habit to go to French for Russian words. and the German dictionary does a lot of evil.” (see above)

Environmental problemculture

Preservation cultural environment– a task as significant as preserving the environment. Failure to comply with the laws of biological ecology kills a person biologically, but non-compliance with the laws of cultural ecology can kill a person morally. “By working only for material benefits, we build our own prison. And we lock ourselves in alone, and all our riches are dust and ashes, they are powerless to give us something worth living for” (Antoine de Saint-Exupéry).

Language is part of the national culture, a cultural monument. And as a cultural monument it needs protection and preservation. Turn on the TV: tongue-tiedness and lack of internal culture. Cool words and expressions that are not included in Ushakov’s dictionary, but rather correspond to criminal music, are heard everywhere. Backbiting and even profanity have become almost the norm in television series.

The problem of anxiety about leaving with20th century culture

Problemcultural person (what qualities form the concept “ cultured person»?)

What is the true culture of man? I think that this is one of the most difficult questions that Shakespeare wrote about in his sonnets. In our view, a cult person is an educated person, with good manners and taste, competent speech... But even behind external silence and inconspicuousness a truly cult person can be hidden. This is exactly what he writes about...

Who among us has not encountered people who, behind external gloss, behind ostentatious erudition, behind superficial knowledge, hide inner lack of culture and ignorance? The unreliability of such people is alarming. Not like that...

MAN AND SOCIETY, FATE, HAPPINESS, FREEDOM, MEANING OF LIFE, LONELINESS, RESPONSIBILITY

Relationship problemperson and society

Bitter. At the bottom. The Legend of Lara.

N.V.Gogol. Overcoat.

Bashmachkin is an “eternal titular adviser”, whom his colleagues laugh at and make fun of. He needs understanding and sympathy.

The problem of humanhappiness (what's his secret?)

1. “Gooseberry” by Chekhov.

2. I. Goncharov. Oblomov.

For Oblomov, human happiness is complete calm and plentiful food.

Nekrasov. “Who lives well in Rus'.”

A person will always lack something for complete happiness. Life is especially difficult in the modern world, when from the pages

Newspapers and TV screens bombard us with a stream of negative information about disasters, wars, murders, reforms...

Is it possible to feel happy from the most earthly joys? And it depends on the person himself! Some people don’t even notice the primroses, others have forgotten when last time He threw his head back into the starry sky, but there are those who see the reflection of the sky in a tiny forget-me-not flower, in a floating cloud - a small boat in the boundless sea, in the ringing of drops they hear the music of spring. In my opinion, you need to enjoy every day you live, be friendly, not hold grudges in your soul and just love life!

Who doesn't dream of happiness?

Problemfreedom as the highest value

1. M. Gorky. Makar Chudra.

In his romantic productions. D. Raises the problem of freedom as the highest value. However, the desire for it often contradicts other human values, and people are forced to decide what is more valuable to them. Loiko and Rada’s thirst for personal freedom is so strong that they even look at their own feelings as a chain that fetters their independence. Loiko kills Radda and then himself. Death gives them liberation from the choice between love and freedom.

In his works, G. admires a free person, believing in his inner strength and courage.

Problemresponsibility behindfate another man.

1. "Dowry."

Paratov is not able to bear responsibility for the fate of another person. All his life he searched for feelings that brought him pleasure. He deceives Larisa, obeying his own whim, and does not think about her future fate.

2. N. Karamzin. Poor Lisa

3. “Hero of our time.”

Problemresponsibility for theiractions ( loss responsibility)

1. V. Rasputin. Live and remember

2. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita.

Imbued with respect and interest for the “wandering philosopher,” sensing a truth unknown to him in his words, Pilate decides to save Yeshua Ha-Nozri from death. But the most terrible vice– cowardice – makes him change his mind. Fear for his life and career does not allow the procurator to pardon a person who denies the authority of Caesar. Now, sitting in his chair, Pilate, more than anything else in the world, hated his immortality and unheard-of glory, which turned out to be an eternal reminder for him of a moral crime, of betrayal. There is no excuse for him.

V. Bykov. Sotnikov.

"Crime and Punishment".

The problems raised by the writer in the novel are still relevant today. Loss generosity, compassion, a sense of responsibility for one’s thoughts and actions can lead to spiritual emptiness, discord with oneself, and loss of spirituality - the basis of human existence.

Relationship problemperson and fate.

"Hero of our time".

Man controls fate or fate controls peoplea sheep? Who is the person – the victim, the darling or the master of circumstances? In Lermontov's depiction, man and fate are inseparable.

Throughout the entire novel we see how Pechorin argues with fate and how fruitless his efforts are. While suffering himself, he causes suffering to others because he persists in his selfishness.

The problem of meaning human existence

1. “Hero of our time.”

Pechorin, being in constant tossing and not finding his place in life, cannot be happy.

2. “Dowry” by Ostrovsky

The world is dominated by cruelty, lies, and calculation. The highest value is money, not a person's personality. The purpose of their life is to accumulate wealth.

3. “Gooseberry” by Chekhov.

4. V. Rasputin. Live and remember.

5. L. Tolstoy. War and Peace

IN noble family The Kuragins' purpose of existence is idle pastime and easy money. It is not surprising that vulgarity, evil, hypocrisy, and lies reign in their home. But in the Rostov family, the author notes love, simplicity of relationships, respect for each other, for other people.

6. “Old Woman Izergil”, “Chelkash”.

7. V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.

What is a sense of life? How many copies have been broken on this issue! What sense can we talk about if labor is not put at the forefront. Everyday, everyday, honest work. Take away a person’s opportunity to work, and all the blessings of life will lose meaning.

Only when a person does not do anything good in his life, does not perform a good deed, does he die. The most real, the most terrible disease. A person who has not beautified the earth with his labor goes into oblivion forever, because after him there is nothing left that would live in the deeds and memory of descendants

The problem of essence andappointments person

1. M. Gorky.

What is and what should a person become? This question has always worried G.

G's views on the essence and purpose of man are reflected in almost all of his works - from romantic poems to the play “At the Depths”.

Problem purpose

"War and Peace".

Natasha found her happiness in her family. Loving and being loved is like this life philosophy N. having matured in soul, N. joined great secret a life in which there is a place for every person, every living creature, every grain of sand and every stone. And she found in her her modest and at the same time noble purpose. I couldn't help but find it.

Search problemsense life

1. L.N. Tolstoy. War and Peace

The problem of searching for the meaning of life is one of the main ones in the novel. Andrey Bolk. and P. Bezukhov are restless, suffering natures. They are characterized by restlessness of soul; They tend to want to be useful, needed, loved. Through the difficult and thorny road of knowledge, both come to the same truth: “We must live, we must love, we must believe.”

Pushkin. Eugene Onegin.

Problem loneliness (lonely old age)

"Hero of our time"

Pechorin is a strong, noble man, but he is lonely. He cannot call anyone his friend, he is a stranger everywhere: among his colleagues, in the “water society.”

2. "Thunderstorm".

Katerina is hopelessly alone in a world of lies and violence. The sublime and poetic nature, the bird-soul, has no place in the city of Kalinov.

K. Paustovsky. Telegram.

Bazarov (ideological loneliness)

The hero’s harshness, his inability to comprehend other people’s views and recognize their right to exist doom him to...

Problem mystery Russian soul

1. “Hero of our time.”

The image of Pechorin is surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery; his actions seem strange and mysterious. The events that happen to the hero cannot be called ordinary. Before us is an extraordinary person, with a deep and flexible mind, a strong will, complex character. And every time he turns to us with different facets of his character.

“The Enchanted Wanderer” Leskova N.S.

STORY. PATRIOTISM. MOTHERLAND. FEAT.

The problem of attitude towardspast , to distant ancestors

In a person's life, the past is his roots. Therefore, it is necessary to remember it. At the same time, a person who has forgotten about the past has no future.

Problem communications generations

Paustovsky. Telegram.

The problem of the relationship between man andnature

“Farewell to Matera” by Rasputin V.

V. Astafiev. King fish.

Problem historical memory .

V. Rasputin. Live and remember.

A. Akhmatova. Requiem

Problem ma patriotism

1. Life of A. Akhmatova.

Problemfeat (Is it possible to accomplish a feat in our lives?)

1. V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.

2. Gorky The Legend of Danko.

He is full of deep compassion for his fellow tribesmen who lived without the sun, in a swamp, who had lost all will and courage. For their sake, he performs a feat. Danko became a hero, lighting the way in the darkness with his burning heart (his life!). D. gives his life for the common good and, dying, experiences true joy.

“There is always room for exploits in life!” - says the author. Indeed, without strong and beautiful actions, life seems not only boring and insipid - it is devoid of human meaning.

The problem of preserving historical monuments.

V. Shukshin. Master.

PEOPLE, POWER.

Problemauthorities

1. L. Tolstoy. War and Peace.

Tolstoy convincingly shows in the novel thatNapoleon's power is based on such properties of his nature as ambition, a cold mind, and the ability to make accurate calculations. N. is well aware that, having risen and achieved fame, he is still for a long time will enjoy the rights of the strong.

2. M. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita.

Problem people and authorities

1. “Boris Godunov” by Pushkin.

ECOLOGY , NATURE . HUMANITY

FATHERS AND SONS

Problemmaternal love and our attitude towards mothers

1. K. Paustovsky “Telegram”

Problem fathers and children.

Turgenev. Fathers and Sons.

The views of fathers and sons are contradictory. An ideological duel takes place in the novel. Aristocrat P.P. Kirsanov does not accept and cannot understand Baz’s views. - natural science student. After several verbal altercations at the table, their confrontation ends in a real duel. Bazarov is distinguished by his intransigence and categorical judgments. While recovering from his injury, Kirsanov thought a lot about what had happened and softened somewhat towards the youth.

Bazarov sometimes seems cruel, especially towards his parents. How harshly and coldly he treats them, despite the fact that he loves his old people!

2. K. Paustovsky. Telegram.

3. V. Rasputin. Deadline.

COMPUTERIZATION. GENIUS. THE SCIENCE.

Problemhistorical relationships between science and religion.

Newton, who discovered the laws of motion celestial bodies, was a believer and studied theology. The great Pascal, a mathematical genius, was not just a believer, but also a Christian saint (although not canonized) and one of the greatest religious thinkers Europe. The creator of modern bacteriology, Pasteur was deeply religious in nature. even Darwin, whose teachings were later used by semi-scientists to refute religion, remained a sincere believer all his life.

Religion has always been a force hostile to the daring of philosophers and scientists. (M. Kashen)

The deeper my knowledge in the field of various sciences, the stronger my admiration for the Creator. (Maxwell)

If reason is a gift from heaven and if the same can be said about faith, then heaven has sent us two gifts that are incompatible and contradict each other. (D. Diderot)

BOOK. ART

Rolebooks in human history (in human life)

M. Gorky. Childhood .

A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from the mind.

What does a book, reading mean in a person’s life?Why do you need to read books? “Reading is an increase in human wisdom, that wisdom which, without any doubt, in modern times is needed more than ever by our sad world, drowning in the abyss of shame and crime...” How relevant these words sound today.

“Study and read - read and study, this will make it easier for you to live in the world,” Herzen advised his daughter Olga.

“We buy books and do not spare money on them,” wrote N.V. Gogol, “because the soul requires them, and they go to its inner benefit.”

“When a person picks up a book, what happens between him and the author is confidential conversation alone, which can only happen between the closest people.”

“Whoever you become, wherever the path takes you, may your favorite books always be near you!” (S. Mikhalkov)

The problem of attitude towardsbooks (Do all books need to be read and re-read?)

Oscar Wilde divided books into three categories: those that should be read; those that should be re-read; and those that you don’t need to read at all

The problem of the role of art in human life.

V. Shukshin. Master.

Problem national Russian character

Leskov. The Enchanted Wanderer.

Moral strength, spontaneity, spiritual purity and kindness are the main features of national character.

Problembeauty and its impact

G. Uspensky. Straightened it up.

Modern life is an endless race for survival, because in the years allotted to us we need to do so much. In addition to the well-known principles of “planting a tree, building a house and raising children,” an even larger list of goals is added: making a career, buying a car, getting rich, etc. and sometimes in the endless pursuit of a better life, in the struggle for a place in the sun, we stop noticing the beauty of the world around us, the people around us, we don’t hear the singing of birds, in a word, we miss such ordinary, but at the same time extraordinary moments that make up our life .

V. Shukshin. Master.

Problem human individuality

1. “Freaks” Shukshin.

Problemman's relationship to time

The one who, living in the past, does not think about the present and the future. Comes into conflict with time.

Problem life And of death

V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.

Interoperability problemworks art per person

1. A. Kuprin. Garnet bracelet.

2. V. Shukshin. Master.

3. G. Uspensky. Straightened it up.

Problem acquisitiveness

1. Fonvizin “Minor”

ProblemDomostroevsky principles of life

1. "Thunderstorm"

Problem education , education

Fonvizin “Minor.

“Education of citizens is the same national wealth of the state as gold, oil, diamonds located on its territory. The more knowledge our youth have, the better they can use it, the richer and more glorious our state will undoubtedly be.”

Problemsocial inequality.

A.I. Kuprin. Garnet bracelet.

Love came to him, as they say, at first sight, from the moment Zheltkov first saw Princess Vera. This feeling illuminated his whole life and turned out to be a priceless gift from God. It’s surprising that he dared to love her, because they are separated by an abyss of social inequality. “Reverence, eternal admiration and slavish devotion - this is all that remains for Zh. How little is that! How much is that! Love transforms him from an ordinary person into a Man.

Problemresponsibility for the results of personal labor

1. Bulgakov. Dog's heart.

Prof. Preobrazhensky transplants the pituitary gland of the brain into a dog and gets a monstrous result. + see problem. (128)

Prof. Preobrazhensky considers it his duty to improve human nature. By performing organ transplants, he hopes to prolong a person's life span. But who did he create? A new person?

Realizing the collapse of his scientific idea, prof. Fixes a bug.

Intervention in human nature should not be carried out using violent methods. The consequences of ill-considered intervention in this process are disastrous both for society and for the experimenters themselves.

problemresponsibility Sciences before living life.

Bulgakov. Dog's heart.

In the story we're talking about about the unpredictable consequences of scientific discoveries, that a premature experiment with inadequate human consciousness is dangerous.

Are universal human concepts of morality applicable to the work of a doctor, the work of a physician or a biologist? Do those involved in human cloning think about this? What is it, medical debt?

Unfortunately, no invention or discovery belongs entirely to its author: having created or discovered something new, a scientist often lets the genie out of the bottle and can no longer control the consequences of his scientific experience individually - there are too many users around, and their interests are not always commensurate with morality.

In a word, when starting this or that experiment, a scientist or doctor must calculate its consequences many moves ahead, which is a difficult but always relevant task.

problemmedical debt .

See problem (128).

Problemtruth (What is/is/truth?)

Bulgakov The Master and Margarita.

The heroes of the novel find their truth. For a master, this is freedom. The master is saved by Marg., and this is her truth, because the happiness of her beloved is her happiness. Good is the truth of Yeshua. He is sure that " evil people not in the world." He preaches his truth to everyone, incl. and the procurator. Jesus in the Bible is the son of God. Yeshua in the novel is a man, he is weak. But he is also strong in his faith in goodness. His reward was immortality. It also became a punishment for Pilate.

For Yeshua the truth isthat no one can control his life: “...agree to cut a hair,” onon which life hangs, “probably only the one who hung it can.” ForYeshua is the truth andthat “there are no evil people onlight." ANDif he talked toRat slayer, he would have changed dramatically. It is significant that Yeshua speaks ofthis is "dreamy". HeI am ready to move towards this truth with the help of conviction and words.This is his life's work.

Good day, dear reader! In this article we propose an essay on the topic ““. The following arguments will be used:

– N. M. Karamzin, “Poor Liza”
– A. S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”

Each of us has done things that we later regretted. Small mistakes cause a feeling of shame, and serious offenses sometimes make you repent for many years. A feeling of sincere repentance is not able to correct the situation, but it speaks of a certain nobility of a person’s soul and his desire not to make past mistakes.

In the story “Poor Liza” by N. M. Karamzin, the author tells sad story young girl Lisa. She lives with her elderly mother, the girl's father has died. One day, while selling flowers, Lisa meets a young man. Mutual sympathy arises between them. The time has begun for frequent meetings between Lisa and young man, Erast. He is a rich nobleman, kind, smart, but flighty and wasteful. Erast conquered innocent beauty Lisa: he decided that he had found in her what he had been looking for for a long time. However, after their relationship ceased to be only platonic, Erast changed, and the girl felt it.

At one of the meetings, he told Lisa that he had to go to serve in the army, but upon his return he would not part with her anymore. After a couple of months, the girl meets Erast and finds out that he is engaged. Heartbroken, she cannot stand it; Finding herself on the shore of a deep pond, Lisa throws herself into the water. Erast learns about the girl’s death and blames himself for it all his life, never finding peace of mind.

In A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” we meet a young nobleman with a complex character, Eugene Onegin. Evgeny is a tough and selfish person: he can offend, sometimes without noticing it; he is indifferent to the feelings of other people. As the heir of a wealthy landowner, Evgeniy is accustomed to luxury and spends a lot of time in society. He enjoys the attention of women, but in turn treats love feignedly. The hero is not deprived positive traits, but the selfish sides of nature take over.
When Tatyana confesses her love to Onegin in a letter, he rejects her confession, but at the same time instills hope in the girl’s heart, speaking with the usual “coquetry”.

After the duel with Lensky, Evgeniy wandered and changed. A few years later he meets Tatiana; During this time she got married. A feeling of love awakens in Onegin; he does not believe that this is “the same Tatyana” to whom he “once read instructions.” The hero goes to Tatyana every day and rejoices at the slightest manifestation of attention on her part, but Tatyana avoids him. Afterwards, Onegin writes a letter in which he repents and confesses his feelings. Later he arrives and throws himself at her feet. Tatyana still loves Onegin, but remains faithful to her husband. The hero's repentance speaks of a serious change in his soul, but nothing can be changed.

Thus, the problem of repentance is relevant in life and literature. If a person is able to experience pangs of conscience and repent of what he has done, then he understands and admits his mistakes. The most important thing is not to forget this under any circumstances, take responsibility for your actions and recognize their consequences.

Today we talked about the topic “ The problem of repentance. Arguments from literature“. You can use this option to prepare for the Unified State Exam.

The essay requirements for the Unified State Exam have changed several times in recent years, but one thing has remained unchanged - the need to prove the correctness of your judgments. And for this you need to choose the right arguments.

The problem of repentance will interest us first of all. In this article we will present several options for arguments selected from the school reading list. From it you can choose those that are best suited for your work.

What are arguments for?

When writing an essay for part C, you need to express your opinion regarding the given topic. But your thesis needs evidence. That is, it is necessary not only to express your position, but also to confirm it.

Very often during exams the problem of repentance comes up; it is quite easy to come up with arguments for it if the student is well acquainted with school literary program. However, not everyone manages to immediately remember the desired work, so it is better to select several arguments in advance on the most common topics.

What are the arguments?

In order to fully reveal the problem of repentance, arguments must be selected based on the main Unified State Exam requirements In Russian. According to them, all evidence is divided into three types:

• Personal experience, that is, facts taken from your life. They do not have to be reliable, since no one will check whether this actually happened.
• Information that the student received from the school curriculum. For example, from geography, history, etc. lessons.
• Literary arguments, which will interest us primarily. This is the reading experience that the examinee must acquire during training.

Arguments from literature

So, we are interested in the problem of repentance. Arguments from literature will be necessary if you want to get a high score for your essay. At the same time, when selecting arguments, you need to give priority attention to those works that are included in school curriculum or considered a classic. You should not take texts from little-known authors or popular literature (fantasy, detective stories, etc.), as they may be unfamiliar to the inspectors. Therefore, you need to refresh your memory in advance of the main works that were studied in school years. Usually in one novel or story you can find examples on almost all topics found in the Unified State Exam. The best option will immediately select several works that are familiar to you. So, let's look at the classics that raise the issue of repentance.

"The Captain's Daughter" (Pushkin)

The problem of repentance is very common in Russian literature. Therefore, it is quite easy to select arguments. Let's start with our most famous writer A.S. Pushkin and his novel “The Captain's Daughter”.

At the center of the work is the love of the protagonist Peter Grinev. This feeling is broad and comprehensive, like life. What interests us about this feeling is that it was thanks to him that the hero realized the evil that he had caused to his loved ones, realized his mistakes and was able to repent. Thanks to the fact that Grinev reconsidered his views on life and attitude towards others, he was able to change the future for himself and his beloved.

Thanks to repentance, his best qualities appeared in Peter - generosity, honesty, selflessness, courage, etc. We can say that it changed him and made him a different person.

"Sotnik" (Bykov)

Now let's talk about Bykov's work, which presents a completely different side of the problem of repentance. Arguments from the literature can be different, and you need to choose them depending on your statement, so it’s worth stocking up on a variety of examples.

Thus, the theme of repentance in “The Sotnik” is not at all similar to Pushkin’s. First of all, because the characters themselves are different. Partisan Rybak is captured and in order to survive, he needs to hand over a comrade to the Germans. And he commits this act. But years pass, and the thought of betrayal does not leave him. Repentance overtakes him too late, this feeling can no longer correct anything. Moreover, it does not allow the Fisherman to live in peace.

In this work, repentance did not become an opportunity for the hero to get out of the vicious circle and get rid of suffering. Bykov did not consider Rybak worthy of forgiveness. On the other hand, a person must answer for such crimes throughout his life, since he betrayed not only his friend, but also himself and his loved ones.

“Dark Alleys” (Bunin)

The problem of repentance may appear in a different light. Arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam should be varied, so let’s take Bunin’s story “Dark Alleys” as an example. In this work, the hero did not have enough strength to admit his mistakes and repent, but retribution overtook him. Once in his youth, Nikolai seduced and abandoned a girl who sincerely loved him. Time passed, but she could not forget her first love, so she refused the advances of other men and preferred solitude. But Nikolai did not find happiness either. Life severely punished him for his crime. The hero's wife constantly cheats on him, and his son has become a real scoundrel. However, all this does not lead him to thoughts of repentance. Here repentance appears before the reader as an act that requires incredible spiritual effort and courage, which not everyone can find within themselves. It is for indecision and lack of will that Nikolai pays.

As an argument, an example from " Dark alleys"is suitable only for those who in their thesis addressed the problem of reckoning and retribution for those who did not repent of their atrocities. Only then will mentioning this work be appropriate.

"Boris Godunov" (Pushkin)

Now let's talk about the problem of delayed repentance. The arguments for this topic will be slightly different, since we will only be interested in one aspect of repentance. So, this problem is perfectly revealed in Pushkin’s tragedy “Boris Godunov”. This example is not only literary, but also partly historical, since the writer turns to the description of epoch-making events that took place in our country.

Boris Godunov presents the problem very clearly late repentance. Arguments for written work on this topic must be selected taking into account Pushkin’s tragedy. In the center of the work is the story of Godunov, who ascended the royal throne. However, he had to pay a terrible price for power - to kill the baby, the real heir, Tsarevich Dmitry. Several years have passed, and now the time has come to repent. The hero is no longer able to correct what he has done; he can only suffer and suffer. His conscience haunts him; Godunov begins to see bloody boys everywhere. Those close to the king understand that he is weakening and going crazy. The boyars decide to overthrow the illegal ruler and kill him. Thus, Godunov dies for the same reason as Dmitry. This is the hero’s retribution for a bloody crime, repentance for which overtook him only after several years.

The problem of human repentance. Arguments from Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”

The theme of repentance became the basis for another great work, which gained considerable popularity and love among readers.

The main character commits a crime to prove his inhuman theory about the lower and higher people. Raskolnikov commits murder and begins to suffer, but tries in every possible way to drown out the voice of his conscience. He doesn't want to admit he's wrong. Repentance becomes a turning point in the life and fate of Raskolnikov. It opens the way for him to faith and true values, makes you reconsider your views and realize what is truly precious in this world.

Throughout the entire novel, Dostoevsky led his hero precisely to repentance and recognition of his guilt. This feeling made Raskolnikov's best character traits emerge and made him much more attractive. Although the hero still suffered punishment for his crime, and it turned out to be very severe.

The problem of repentance: arguments from life

Now let's talk about another type of argument. It is very easy to find such examples. Even if nothing like this has ever happened in your life, you can come up with it. However, such arguments are rated lower than literary ones. So, for a good book example you will get 2 points, but for a real example - only one.

Arguments based on personal experience are based on observations of one’s life, the lives of parents, relatives, friends and acquaintances.

Must be remembered

There are several general requirements for any essays, including those that reveal the problem of guilt and repentance. Arguments must necessarily confirm the thesis you have expressed and in no case contradict it. The following points must also be taken into account:

• Reviewers take into account and evaluate only the first two arguments, so there is no point in giving more examples. It is better to pay attention not to quantity, but to quality.
• Remember that literary arguments are scored higher, so try to include at least one such example.
• Do not forget about examples taken from folklore or folk tales. Similar arguments are also taken into account, but are assessed with only one point.
• Remember that all arguments are worth 3 points. Therefore, it is best to follow the following pattern: one example from folklore or personal experience, the second is from literature.

Now a few words about how to correctly write a literary argument:

• Be sure to include the author's last name and initials and the full title of the work.
• It is not enough to name the writer and the title; you need to describe the main characters, their words, actions, thoughts, but only those that are related to the topic of the essay and your thesis.
• The approximate amount of text per argument is one or two sentences. But these numbers ultimately depend on the specific topic.
• Start giving examples only after you have expressed your position.

Summing up

Thus, the problem of repentance is widely represented in literature. Therefore, choosing arguments for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language will not be difficult. The main thing is that all your examples confirm the thesis and look concise and harmonious. Often, the main problem for examinees is not the choice of work, but its description. Expressing an idea in a few sentences is not always easy. In order to avoid such a problem, you need to practice in advance. Take a sheet of paper and try to concisely and clearly describe your opinions, without going beyond the stated volumes.

The main thing is not to lose confidence and prepare as best as possible, then it will not be difficult to get it.